Russian art remakore rechi20 uye mhando yayo

"Wakachena" unyanzvi, vachizivisa tsika Hazvirevi evanhu uye nhoroondo nyaya uye dzinokura, - akakwana, asi shamisa chaiyo.

Hazvibviri kuita pasina upenyu hwezuva nezuva, kwete kuteerera pfungwa richipararira munzanga - zvose yakarongwa uye yakajairwa. Russian Ndiwe remakore rechi20 hwakakanganiswa kuchinja magariro erudzi simba, asingazivikanwi chero nyika.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore, kutsvaka pfungwa itsva

makore 100 XX remakore yose yebudiriro vaiva nguva kumboitika kusagadzikana. By kuguma XX remakore muzvigadzirwa mberi kusvinwa nguva uye nzvimbo yose nyika, nemagakava evanhu zvishoma nharaunda kwakawedzera kuva ukapisa murwi yemapuraneti akamboona. Culture nounyanzvi remakore rechi20 Russia, uyewo zvose voruzhinji basa kuEurope uye America, ane pfupi aida inokosha zviitiko munhoroondo achangopfuura.

Magic nhamba inotaridza mavambo remakore idzva, nguva dzose zvinowanisa tichitya nokuchinja, tariro veMubatanidzwa itsva, inofara nguva. The nemipfumbamwe remakore, uyo akasika nyika yose mbiri kuna Russian tsika, midzi kare, kusiya tsika rusingagoni kubviswa usiku.

"World of Art" - vanonzi kushamwaridzana nenyanzvi kuti yakabuda muna 1898 uye kwakatora pamwe zvinovhiringidza kusvikira 1924, pasina iro hazvibviri kufungidzira uri wekutanga kota remakore rechi20 kuRussia. The "miriskusstnikov" ndisina mumwe, nhamba vanowanika manyorerwo - Painters, hwakajeka vaimbi, vavezi vemabwe vakaenda zvavo vakaparadzana nzira, pamwe mvumo maonero pamusoro chinangwa ounyanzvi uye ayo basa revanhukadzi. Vakawanda zviri maonero ichi vakaratidza shasha Mihaila Vrubelya. Formal makirisito nheyo kushamwaridzana vaiva L. S. Bakst, M. Dobuzhinsky, E. E. Lansere, AP Ostroumova-Lebedev, K. A. Somov. Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, zvakanzi wakapindwa Bilibin, A. Ya. Golovin, I. E. Grabar, KA Korovin, BM Kustodiev, N. K. Rerih, V. A. Serov nemamwe vanatenzi.

Vose vanoziva ukuru professionalism mune mifananidzo, guru chikamu hwokusika rusununguko uye rusununguko womufananidzo kubva kuruzhinji nevanhu, kwete vachiramba kukosha uri upenyu hwevanhu, ndichirairira pamusoro zvedzidzo Rigidity rumwe rutivi uye kunyanya politicization ari mufananidzo panguva vadzungairi - panorumwe. Vakatsoropodza vatsigiri tsika "World of Art" vaisagona kufanira mune nokukurumidza kuedza kuzvarwa "proletarian" unyanzvi, asi yaiva kwakabatsira zvose zvakanaka hwemashiripiti remakore rechi20 Russia - uye vaya vaishanda vari Soviet Union, uye vari kuenda kumwe.

ano

Okupedzisira makumi emakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore yaiva nguva kuzvarwa manyorero idzva akasiya chiratidzo mabasa vatenzi ounyanzvi akanaka uye mapurani. Yaiva pachavo zvachiri mune dzimwe nzvimbo Europe, kwaakanga kunyange kunzi zvakasiyana. MuBelgium uye France, vakaramba zita "Art Nouveau" mu Germany - "Art Nouveau" muAustria - "Secession". Kuziva mamwe mazita chokuita yakakurumbira vemifananidzo zvidavado ichi kana yemakambani kubereka kuitikawo fenicha, zvishongo nezvimwewo zvinogadzirwa: Style Musha, Guimard manyorerwo - muFrance, Liberty muItaly, muUnited States - Tiffany Style, etc. Unyanzvi Russia .. remakore rechi20 mapurani zvikurukuru, kumuziva somunhu modernist maitiro.

Art Nouveau akava pashure yakareba kurega kunotanga zvidavado rimwe rinonyanya kuratidza uye nemaziso zvinoyevedza kuitika vakatora chimiro. uswa ake maitiro, anotsvedzerera hunhu zvine yakarongedzwa mitsetse nezvaaiitawo nyore geometric siyana uye kuratidza mwoyo yakawanda freshness uye mavambo nenyanzvi uye ezvivako.

Fodor Osipovich Shehtel (1859-1926) - Russian nyeredzi mapurani ano. tarenda ake akapa nyika Maitiro chezvematongerwe siyana kwemanyorero ounyanzvi Shechtel - Yaroslavsky Station, Ryabushinsky imba - chisikwa ichi Russian mapurani, uye vose zvavo, uye mashoko.

Pre-echimurenga Vanguard

muitiro yokuwana itsva siyana ounyanzvi, uye zvakawanda - ake itsva chokwadi - zvaikosha unyanzvi Europe uye America yose. Russian art remakore rechi20 ine vamwe zvechokwadi echimurenga nguva, apo basa vanochinja shoma akanongedza itsva mirayiridzo okukura romubati pfungwa. Chimwe chezvinhu unoshamisa uye kunoshamisa aiva Inter-echimurenga nguva kubva 1905 kusvika 1917. Zvinoumba chains-garde uri Russia vakanga anokonzerwa dambudziko Russian upenyu paruzhinji mushure nedambudziko Russian-Japanese Hondo uye Revolution pakati 1905.

Akasimuka panguva iyi vazhinji chains-garde kufamba uye okusika vomunharaunda zvakafanana zvikonzero uye generating zvinangwa zvakafanana romubati kutsvaka. Ivai simba rokuchinja dzinokosha hwemashiripiti remakore rechi20 zviri Russian Futurists uye Cubo-Futurists, "Jack kuti Diamonds" uye "Blue Rose", Kandinsky uye Malevich raMwari Suprematism dzakasiyana kutsvaka nyika itsva, akaratidza yakare uri dambudziko, isu havachakwanisi kubatsira chokwadi, asati veMubatanidzwa pose nenyonganyonga .

Pakati pfungwa itsva akaberekwa chains-garde, aiva nepfungwa kwetunhu unyanzvi. Kunoshamisa uri remakore rechi20 Russia ine anotevera mapeji sezvo inozivikanwa kutamba - the Manifesto idzva nounyanzvi "Kukunda Sun" (1913). Raiva mugumisiro nevakawanda okusika Futurist vadetembi A. vakamonyanisa, M. Matyushina, Khlebnikov uye kushongedzwa akaurayiwa Kazimir Malevich.

Vandudza kwenyu tsvakurudzo art vemifananidzo remakore rechi20 Russian Konchalovsky, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Mashkov, Goncharova, Marc Chagall akava vanyori emifananidzo kuti vagamuchira kuzivikanwa dzakawanda. Zvakatanga pamutemo uyu kwemakore gumi XX remakore, munguva yokuberekwa chains-garde mufananidzo nhoroondo achangopfuura.

Nezvekugadzirwa unyanzvi Soviet

Mushure October Revolution, Russia nomukana kuvhura horizons matsva munyika yose muupenyu paruzhinji, kusanganisira unyanzvi. Uye mamiriro ezvinhu zvakasikwa pakutanga, kana risingayereki zvakawedzera kukosha ose pakuridza munhu, yakatsviriridza emagetsi pfungwa itsva okusika.

How inobata apo nhoroondo mifananidzo? Remakore rechi20, Russia, dzinoomba maviri - iri unprecedentedly vanoshingaira zvinoyevedza upenyu mapoka akawanda iwe, pakati zviri:

- UNOVIS - "unyanzvi kutsigira itsva" (Malevich, Chagall, Lissitzky, Leporskaya, Sterligov). Umbwa pahwaro uri chikoro muna Vitebsk, kushamwaridzana ichi chaiva chomurevereri nokuti mifananidzo chains-garde, akaita aida kutsvaka madingindira itsva uye siyana art.

- "Four Arts" - nokuti zvinoenderana "World of Art" Chinangwa chikuru - kuratidza zvikuru kuratidza rine mapurani, chivezwa, richiswedera uye kupenda. Kuti ndizivise kudiwa zvakaisvonaka uye zvakasikwa rusununguko. Vamiririri vakakurumbira zvikuru murongedzeri A. V. Schusev, kuronga V. A. Favorsky, muvezi V. I. Muhina, Painters Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, AP Ostroumova-Lebedev nevamwe.

- "OST", "Society of Easel Artists". It anonzi huru inoratidza zviratidzo kutanga upenyu hutsva rugare, kuvaka imwe ano vechiduku nyika pachishandiswa yepamusoro anotaurisa, asi nyore uye zvakajeka manyorerwo. Vatungamiri: J. Sternberg, A. Deineka, Yu Pimenov, P. Williams.

- "Circle of Artists" (Leningrad). Zvichitevera pamutemo Gengi, kukura "paraiitwa zvidavado." Active nhengo dzeboka: A. Samohvalov, Pakhomov, VA Pakulin.

- AHRR - "Association of Artists pakati Revolutionary Russia" - mubatanidzwa kuti akava hwaro vakazoroorwa akasika Union of Artists of USSR, vanoshingaira kondakita akarongwa Pfungwa utungamiriri zvinoyevedza mutoo, Kunoshandiswa webato anoparadzirwa, venhaka vadzungairi. We akamira kumusoro I. Brodsky, A. M. Gerasimov, MB Grekov, B. V. Ioganson.

constructionism

In zvirongwa zvikuru nomukurumbira masangano zvedzidzo kuti kudzidzisa ezvivako varipo nguva dzose kuongorora waiti "Russian Constructivism - mapurani chains-garde 20-ies". Zvikuru ine kuti kunzwisisa unyanzvi kuvaka, akakodzera chaizvo nokuti chero nguva yakareba ndiyo pfungwa enunciated kubudikidza vatungamiri mirayiridzo. Dzimba vachapukunyuka Konstantin Melnikov (imba mapurani Krivoarbatsky Lane tsvimbo Rusakova musi Stromynka, Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage, etc.), The Vesnin hama, Moiseya Ginzburga (Narkomfin musi Novinsky Boulevard) uye dzimwe nyeredzi Russian mapurani nhau - chendarama pavane reNational mapurani.

Functionalism, nokudzivisa embellishment, ivo aesthetics kweimba mamiriro, kuwirirana vakasikwa kwezvakatipoteredza - pfungwa idzi vakava hwaro matambudziko matsva wakabvunzwa vaduku ezvivako, vemifananidzo uye nyanzvi yacho kuti akazozivikanwa maindasitiri kugadzira. Vaifanira kuvaka uremu dzimba pamaguta itsva, vashandi 'netsvimbo kuva unhu hwavo, kuti asike zvinhu basa uye vakasara murume mutsva. Amazing nebudiriro chains-garde ari maviri hazvigoni vadarika nokudzidza unyanzvi Russia remakore rechi20. Architecture muna Europe uye America unozotevera nguva zvose dzinongoita yakavakirwa pavo. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti pfungwa idzi mberi vaiva muduku kudiwa kumba, uye mukuru budiriro yose mapurani Soviet zvinowanzodavirwa sechinoitika "Stalin kuti umambo".

Art ari ichikosha kuti totalitarianism

Muna 1932, chisarudzo muCentral Committee of CPSU (b) basa unyanzvi mapoka. Stormy Nguva dzinokura siyana uye mirayiridzo pamusoro nezviito vakawana simba ehurumende michini raitungamirwa Pfungwa midziyo, zvakasimbisa chete simba. Kwemakore akawanda, Russian art remakore rechi20, sezvo zvakawanda muupenyu munyika, razova novimba zvinofungwa mumwe murume - Iosifa Stalina.

Creative mibatanidzwa vava nzira kuzviisa pasi romubati pfungwa chete Pfungwa mureza. Nguva mugovanisi realism paguva. Zvishoma nezvishoma, chero yakatsauka kubva pamutemo mwero zvakavharwa criminalized, vaipikisa kuuya pasi chaiyo udzvanyiriri. Kupomerwa kuti kutsauka kubva bato mutsetse yaiva nzira kugadzirisa muchikurukura okusika. The progressiveness izvi ndizvo chaizvo negakava. How kutanga Somuenzaniso, Russian yemitambo remakore rechi20, kana asina vakawirwa nenjodzi udzvanyiriri guru muvandudzi Danho Vsevolod Meyerhold?

Hunhu unyanzvi tarenda yakaoma uye kutadza kunyatsonzwisiswa navanachiremba. Images kwevatungamiriri zimukadzimu nounyanzvi kukuru uye kunzwa zvepachokwadi. Kwete kunyange utsinye udzvanyiriri vasingagoni kudzivisa chidzoke ane zvechokwadi unyanzvi vemifananidzo, nokuti uyo chinhu chikuru chakanga yokuzviratidza pasinei Pfungwa kuumbwa.

In mapurani, inguva "Stalin kuti umambo". Kutsvaka mashoko chains-garde chikatsiviwa kudzokera kuna nekusimba canons. Simba pfungwa yoMushandirapamwe rinosanganisa zvinoshamisa specimens kupatsanurwa neoclassicism - paitonga Stalin "nhurikidzwa dzakawanda".

Art yehondo

Munhoroondo nyika yedu tine nguva, akava mukuru nenhamo uye kumboitika danho kukura pakunamata. Russia 20-21 remakore uri yave imwe huru misoro, anotibvumira kuratidza ukuru Russian National hunhu, ukuru manzwiro anogona ishe wacho uye hombe zvavo panguva enhoroondo nenyonganyonga.

The Great Patriotic War kubva pamazuva okutanga akawana mashoko ari mumufananidzo mifananidzo simba zvinoshamisa. I. Toidze posita "The Motherland Inokumbira!" Akamutswa kudzivirira nyika nani kupfuura vehondo, uye "Kutsigira Sevastopol" Deineki kunotyisa munhu, pasinei pfungwa kuti anopa. Just chaizvo Wechinomwe Symphony Dmitriya Shostakovicha, uye zvokuridza art remakore rechi20 Russia haidereri pane dzimwe mhando hwokusika basa akabhadhara mutero nomusoro kunorwa Fascism.

nyungudika

Mushure Kukunda Great inotevera simba nhoroondo chinoita kuti kuchinja upenyu voruzhinji vari USSR aiva rufu Stalin (March 1953) uye XX Congress of CPSU, uyo akarera nyaya achifumura kunamatwa unhu. Panguva imwe nguva yokuti vaimbi, uyewo rose muvanhu, mweya rusununguko okugadzira zvinhu uye pfungwa itsva. Generation "Sixties" - kuti chinhu chinoshamisa kwazvo chaiwo, akasiya ndangariro pachake somunhu pfupi kufema mhepo yakachena, akaita asati Diving kunyika doro kwemakumi emakore akayera, kupendwa, yaidzorwa kuvapo.

The kuedza rokutanga kunyorwa chains-garde yacho "chinozunguzirwa chechipiri" - anoshanda E.Belutin, Yu Sooster V. Yankylevsky, B. Zhutovsky etc. -. Kuna pashoo kuna yechi30 musi unoenderana Moscow bazi Union of Artists, akanga nehasha mhosva pachake mutungamiri munyika itsva H . Khrushchev. Party akatanga zvakare kutsanangurira vanhu kworudzii Ndimi zvakafanira, uye Artists - sei kunyora.

Architecture akarayirwa kundorwa eChechi kuti ichokwadi nokuda matambudziko emari ari yepashure pehondo, yakanga nguva yokuti vakawanda pekugara, asi "Khrushchev", iro akabvisa zvimwe acuteness dambudziko redzimba, asi chimiro chiso maguta akawanda.

Unyanzvi "dzakabudirira gutsaruzhinji"

Zvikurukuru Russian art yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20 zvikurukuru nhoroondo unyanzvi unhu kurwisana uye ringareva dzidziso. Asi kunyange pave Pfungwa murau imwe neimwe nzvimbo yomudzimu vemifananidzo vakawanda vakawana nzira zvishoma kuchinja ushandiswe nzira mugovanisi realism.

Saka, muna muenzaniso uyu wechiduku akanga vatenzi kuti kuumbwa zvavanotenda kunyange maviri: N. Romadin, M. Saryan, A. akaturikidzana nevamwe. Mufananidzo aimbova nhengo unyanzvi sangano "OST" by Yuri Pimenov "Wedding pamusoro Mangwana Street", zvakanyorwa muna 1962, akava chiratidzo tariro munharaunda update.

Chimwe Chiitiko unoshamisa muSoviet art iyoyo yakanga pakusikwa "zvikuru manyorerwo". In iri izwi rinoreva kushanda G. Corjova, P. Ossovsky hama Smolin, P. Nikonov and said. In mifananidzo yavo, rakanyorwa dzakasiyana Genres (wechipfuwo, nhoroondo), paiva gamba vasina kuda mirayiridzo, vakabatikana anonzwisisika uye zvakakodzera chinhu. Iye akaratidzwa pasina zvisingakoshi mashoko uye coloristic zvinofadza, muchidimbu uye kunonyatsopupurira.

Zvikuru kukosha ibasa vatenzi akadai Victor Popkov. Civil inzwi emifananidzo ake rine kushoma kuti Soviet unyanzvi zvakafanana humanistic, mashoko anenge zvechitendero, uye kupenda manyorerwo rine midzi yawo: rokuItari Renaissance.

recusancy

Official kwaizoita "mugovanisi realism" inoita kurongwa Artists kuwana nzira yavo Fafitera, kana kushandisa kuenda kumwe. Left Shemyakin, I. Kabakov, Rabin, E. asingazivikanwe, uye vamwe vakawanda. Ndivo vemifananidzo remakore rechi20 Russia, inova mutakuri pakunamata, vakaberekwa mukutanga ramakumi remakore chains-garde, vakadzokera kunyika yavo pashure pokuwa pfungwa yoMushandirapamwe.

Uye panguva yaro kutonga akazviratidza womukati kuenda kumwe, nokuda kwounyanzvi yakakurumbira kweshoko ane aipenga, akadhakwa yokudhirowa ugere mupfungwa zvipatara, vakatambudza nezviremera uye utungamiriri rokusika mibatanidzwa asi aidiwa chaizvo akazvimirira vokumadokero nyanzvi. A chaiwo mutakuri iyi nzira Zverev - a womungano nokuda Moscow nguva dzakabudirira gutsaruzhinji.

Polystylistics uye pluralism

Vasunungurwe zvinorayirwa mamiriro reSoviet nguva, dzakanaka hwemashiripiti remakore rechi20 mu Russia waibatanidzwa yose muitiro sezvo chiri vasingasiyani chikamu, kuva chakafanana navo zvivako uye nemiitiro. Siyana ounyanzvi, zvaizivikanwa West kwenguva refu, akakurumidza Inoziva uye nemakanzuru Artists. .. Shoko "waivako", "mavhidhiyo chokugadza", etc. vava chinowanzoitwa mukutaura kwedu, uye pakati chinokosha dzinoitwa Artists vane dzakawanda mukurumbira - vemifananidzo diametrical maonero mirayiridzo: Zurab Tsereteli, Shilov, T. Nazarenko , M. Kishev A. Burganov nevamwe vazhinji.

Stormy, nezvimwewo nhoroondo achangopfuura munyika, uyo akatora wechitanhatu munyika paNyika, achitarira girazi yako - Russian art remakore rechi20 - uye zvinoratidzwa zviuru chisingakanganwiki mifananidzo ...