Scientific uye hwokugadzira mberi (Stp) - iri nheyo ano Western yebudiriro

Scientific uye hwokugadzira muitiro dzazvino (hereinafter Stp) - akurumidze kukura zvigadzirwa, iro rakatanga XVIII remakore uye kuramba nhasi. Kukosha muzvigadzirwa utsanzi zvakaoma kuona simba ravo European budiriro. Uye yose nyika.

kwemaindasitiri

Danho rokutanga Stp - anonzi Industrial Revolution, rwakatanga muEngland pakati XVIII remakore uye kusvikira pakutanga XX remakore. Danho iri mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira mberi akanga dzinoratidzwa zvikurukuru nokuda Mechanisation webasa, izvo zvakanga zvamboshandiswa Chinyorwa.

Mapiyona of British Isles

Setsika, asi NTP - ndiye brainchild venyika ino. Zviri pano kuti kubvira 1760, chinonyanya kukosha kuchinjai kubudirira mune dzimwe nzvimbo uye chiedza uye rinorema indasitiri. Somuenzaniso, nokugadzirwa ndiyo muchina kuti neshinda kwakatungamirira kuti kutonga muEngland European uye American misika munyama. The pakuonekwa wokutanga hwemvura injini munyika kwakakonzera kuti yokutsiva kuBritain rengarava mutsva mhando ngarava - kutsanya uye ergonomic. Izvi zvakatonyanya pachirauro, uye naizvozvo zvetsika mukana British rengarava kune vamwe vokuEurope.

NTP kubudirira richiratidzwa kwezvivako kukura. Muenzaniso pakuonekwa locomotives, nokuda iyo nyika yakanga nokukurumidza enmeshed mumidziyo njanji, kuti zviite kutaurirana pakati siyana dziri munyika, kutengeserana pakati pavo uye zvichingodaro. kuchinja kunokosha kwakaitika muna rinorema indasitiri. Somuenzaniso, nokugadzirwa ndiyo imwe azvikuya muchina kwakaguma chinokosha kusvetuka iri ouinjiniya kukura.

The kwemaindasitiri mu Europe

Chokwadi, dariro rokutanga NTP - kutanga tsika kwete chete nokuda England. Munyika ino, zvose vakatanga, asi nokukurumidza mberi kuitikawo vakagamuchirwa uye kondinendi. Paiva Hofori chiedza chavo uye inorema indasitiri. Somuenzaniso, Germany, sezvo mangwanani sezvo pakati XIX remakore ane nenhendashure agrarian nyika, pakutanga XX-ndipo rave vakakwanisa yekudyidzana kuwedzera zvayo zvechiuto uye kwesayenzi nezvaanogona. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo - namakemikari Somuenzaniso, haana kuva mutungamiri.

NTP ari upfumi uye nzanga

Zvisinei, azvaiitwa regai -bereka chete rwokugadzirwa, wezvokutengeserana uye uto kunetsana yemakwikwi inotaura. mberi zvabuda vaiva zvikuru zvakadzama. Mberi zvemichina uye yezwi muchina basa chaizvoizvo akaparadza yekare agrarian-feudal noukama uye kwakamutsa kukura Bourgeois-capitalist ukama hunobva wezvokutengeserana uye vakasununguka makwikwi. Pamwe chete Kushandurwa zvoupfumi, kuchinja chaiye kwenzanga: kwaiva itsva nemakirasi ake (chokutanga ndicho vashandi uye bourgeoisie), nokukurumidza madhorobha kukura, zveupfumi zvitsva kuti vaifanira zvinoshamisa kuchinja chitarisiko kwenyika.

The muzvigadzirwa chimurenga muupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva

Nhasi, tiri tose - zvapupu vane Danho rechipiri musayenzi uye kwesayenzi mberi. pamusoro Vanotsvakurudza vanofungidzira kuti vatanga kumativi pakati XX remakore uye runoratidzwa mune ubanguranyika nzvimbo, vakawanda computerization (yokutanga IBM kukura anoenderana 1940) uye connectedness yacho yose nzvimbo. Uyezve kare kumbonzwiwa mberi mune zvemichina kunokonzeresa kunounza mumagariro kushanduka. Somuenzaniso, Comprehensive kushandisa michina inoshandiswa bhora zvaiita kusunungura mabhiriyoni maoko mamwe mabasa. Kokutanga munhoroondo yenyika zvokutora chikamu kwevanhu kwete mubasa kugadzirwa zvokudya uye zvekudya kunokosha. Zivo yakawedzerwa-nyanyisa maindasitiri, nokure Marketing unyanzvi, uye zvichingodaro, achipa pave chii zvino tinoti post-maindasitiri munzanga.