Simbi - nayo ... Mapazi simbi emakambani vavo placement

Nhoroondo yevanhu ane anopfuura chiuru chimwe nemakore. Panguva yose kuvapo nhangemutange yedu akacherekedza akatsiga rwokugadzira mberi, kukosha iyo reDare mano nevanhu vane simbi, kuti asike uye kubereka nayo. Naizvozvo musoro kuti simbi indasitiri - ndiwo chinhu pasina iro hazvibviri kufungidzira upenyu hwedu, sevamwe chokupika basa mabasa uye zvakawanda.

tsananguro

Chekutanga zvose zvakafanira kubata panzira nemashoko zvesainzi, kubva waishandiswa nemaonero, anonzi ano bhora okuwana.

Saka, simbi - iri davi sayenzi, ruzivo, zvinosanganisira muitiro yokuwana nesimbi dzakasiyana kubva esimbi kana zvimwe zvinhu, uyewo pezvakaitwa zvose rine chokuita kuchinja makemikari anoumba, zvivako uye nemamiriro alloys.

mamiriro

To musi, simbi - ane bhizimisi simba. Uyezve, zviri - yakakura pfungwa kunosanganisira:

• Direct Kugadzirwa simbi.
• Processing nesimbi zvigadzirwa zvose inopisa uye kuchitonhora.
• Welding.
• Kushandisa siyana simbi coatings.
• Branch sayenzi - Materials. mirayiridzo iyi iri yokungotaura kudzidza physico-kwemakemikari pezvakaitwa chinotarisa cognition maitiro nesimbi, alloys uye intermetallic yeimwe.

mhando

Munyika mune matavi maviri mikuru indasitiri - ferrous uye nonferrous. gradation ichi kwakasimbiswa kare.

Ferrous simbi iri kubudiswa simbi uye zvose alloys, pazviri aripo. Uyewo, kubva indasitiri kunobatanidza dzokubudisa kubva pasi uye haizopereri kupfeka zviri ferrous simbi , simbi uye simbi foundry, rinopfungaira billets, ferroalloy kugadzirwa.

Vasiri ferrous nesimbi anotaurwa kushanda chero simbi mhangura, kunze simbi. Zviya, asiri ferrous nesimbi iri conventionally rakakamurwa mapoka makuru maviri:

- Heavy (nickel, tini, kutungamirira, mhangura).

- Lightweight (titanium, magnesium, aruminiyamu).

Solutions nesayenzi

Hapana mubvunzo kuti simbi indasitiri - ndiko chiitwa chinoda utsanzi. Panyaya iyi, nyika munyika dzakawanda vari kushingaira mubasa tsvakurudzo basa, chinangwa chiri kudzidza uye kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana zvigare, izvo zvaizobatsira kugadzirisa Somuenzaniso, mumwe mubvunzo nokutsva, sezvo wastewater kurapwa, ndivo inodiwa chezvinonhuwira simbi kugadzirwa. Uyezve, kare zvechokwadi pezvakaitwa akadai zvipenyu oxidation, deposition, adsorption, uye vamwe.

Kupatsanurwa Process

simbi miti inogona pamadiro patsanura mumapoka makuru maviri:

- pyrometallurgy apo pezvakaitwa kutora nzvimbo panguva yakakwirira chaizvo tembiricha (utsotso, roasting);

- hydrometallurgy randinogara mokusvinwa simbi kubva ores nemvura kana zvimwe aqueous mhinduro vachishandisa makemikari.

vakasarudzwa musimboti panzvimbo kuvakwa metallurgia chirimwa

Kuti tinzwisise hwaro chii Zvakawanikwa chisarudzo pamusoro pakuvaka zvebhizimisi panzvimbo imwe nzvimbo, zvakakodzera kufunga huru zvinhu pakugovera simbi.

Zvikurukuru kana mubvunzo inobatana dislocation-ferrous simbi fekitari, vakauya kuoneke, nzira dzakadai:

• Kuwanikwa simba zvinhu. Production chokuita kubudiswa ferrous simbi, zvinoda pakaitwa magetsi simba. Saka, makambani aya chakavakwa sezvo pedyo sezvinobvira kuti Hydroelectric simba miti.
• The zvaida Huwandu mbishi zvinhu. Chokwadi, pedyo ndivo mhangura deposits, saka, naizvozvo, nani.
• Environmental chikonzero. Zvinosuruvarisa, munyika nzvimbo post-Soviet hazvigoni Classified kuva chikamu umo emakambani ane simbi dziri zvakatipoteredza njodzi.

Nokudaro, placement nesimbi - imwe nyaya yakaoma kuti anofanira kupiwa zvikuru kuteerera, kufungisisa zvose zvaidiwa uye nuances.

Kuti vabudirire zvikuru hwakadzama mufananidzo kutsanangura kubudiswa nesimbi inokosha kuratidza kiyi nzvimbo kugadzirwa.

Ironworks akaumbwa dzinoverengeka kunzi ukoshi-vakawedzera. Pakati pavo: Nokufema-chamatare, steelmaking, rinopfungaira. Ngatikurukurei chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi zvizere.

Nokufema yamavira

Panguva iyi pavaipfuura kusunungurwa rinoitwa zvakananga kubva simbi mhangura. Izvi zvinoitika muna bhomba romoto panguva kutonhora pamusoro 1000 Celsius. Saka pane nguruve simbi. ehupfumi Its achavaponesa nzira utsotso kwacho. Nokuchinja utsotso mhangura anogona vanogumurwa mumwe maviri mhando dzamatare nguruve (hereinafter kushandiswa pakugadzira simbi) uye yokudzinga (ari kukandira resimbi billet).

kugadzirwa simbi

Kusanganisa kabhoni nesimbi chete, optionally, dzakashongedzwa alloying okunze, somugumisiro manzwirwa simbi. Nzira dzacho simbi yakakwana uwandu. Tinoona zvikurukuru okisijeni-convert uye emagetsi simbi, inova kupfuura ano uye zvikuru zvibereko.

It dzinoratidzwa kwayo utsotso Konverternaya tinongorarama kwemakore mashoma uye nokudaro richabereka kwokupedzisira vaida simbi makemikari anoumba. Hwaro kwacho rokuridza yakaumbwa simbi pamwe okisijeni kuburikidza tuyere, apo dare oxidised uye kuva simbi.

Of chinhu chakakombama - inonyatsobudirira. Zviri Vongai kushandisa yemagetsi chinhu chakakombama yamavira anogona tsvina chemhando yepamusoro chiwanikwa steels. In dzakadaro kudziyisa zviumbu vakaremerwa simbi pakati pavo kutsanya chaizvo, apo zvichibvira kuwedzera runodiwa uwandu alloying zvinhu. Uyezve, simbi yaunganidzwa nzira iyi ine pasi kugutsikana vasiri esimbi inclusions, sarufa phosphorus.

alloying

Izvi nokuchinja Kuronga simbi nokusuma pamberi vakaverenga kuwanda ebetsero zvinhu mamwe kupa chaiwo ehupfumi. Pakati anowanzodanwa kushandiswa alloying zvinoriumba ngapaonekwe; manganese, titanium, cobalt, tungsten, aruminiyamu.

haya

mafekitari zhinji uye simbi It rinoumbwa mupumburu boka okudhindira. Ivo kubudisa vose Semi-rapera uye rakapedzwa zvigadzirwa uchitova zvakakwana. Musimboti kwacho ndiko kupfuura simbi iri NIP pakati pakaunda-kutenderera mabhanzi ari rinopfungaira chigayo. Uyezve, pfungwa huru ndeyokuti kure pakati rollers zvishoma pane pakukora yacho workpiece akapembera. Nenzira iyi simbi wavhomorwa kupinda lumen, Uchibviswa uye pakupedzisira deform kuna zvakafanorongwa parameters.

Tapedza zvakaitika musiyano uri pakati mabhanzi unoitwa duku. Pfungwa inokosha - kazhinji simbi ndiyo ductile zvakakwana kuchitonhora. Naizvozvo nekuda pakurapa ake pre-nenharo kuti tembiricha kunodiwa.

Kudyiwa recycling zvinhu

Mumazuva ano pamusika ezvinhu, mutengi kierrätys zvose ferrous uye vasiri ferrous nesimbi yave kuramba kukura. Izvi kunonyanya kukonzerwa ndechokuti mhangura pfuma, zvinosuruvarisa havasi renewable. Gore negore, kugadzirwa kwavo yekudyidzana kunoderedza nehwemweya. Akapiwa chokwadi kuti kwokudiwa simbi iri engineering, kuvaka, avhiyesheni, shipbuilding nezvimwe sectors hwenyika iri kukura zvishoma nezvishoma, zvinoita sezvine musoro kuti vave kubudiswa mhinduro azadzisa ayo upenyu basa zvikamu uye zvigadzirwa.

Zvinokuchengetedzai kutaura kuti kukura simbi indasitiri kusvika pamwero akatsanangura zvakanaka simba pamusoro chidimbu of indasitiri - kushandiswa zvishandiswezve zvinhu. Panguva iyoyowo mubasa kubudiswa chinyorwa simbi uye makambani makuru uye duku.

Global dzinoitwa kukura simbi

Mumakore achangopfuura kwave kune kuwedzera hwakajeka bhuku zvesimbi yokusunungurwa, simbi uye vakakanda simbi. Izvi dzinongoita akatsanangura pakuwedzera aripo China, razova rimwe vaitungamirira vatambi pamisika yemapuraneti metallurgia kugadzirwa.

The siyana simbi zvinhu akabvumira China kukunda pachako vanenge 60% of musika nyika. Vamwe pamusoro vaburitsi zvikuru gumi ndeinotevera: Japan (8%), India uye United States (6%), Russia uye South Korea (5%), Germany (3%), Turkey, Taiwan, Brazil (2%).

Kana tikafunga oga muna 2015, saka pane katsika kuderedza basa simbi zvigadzirwa vagadziri. Uyezve, chinonyanya kuderera chakanyorwa Ukraine, uko mugumisiro hwakanyorwa, inova 29.8% kudzika pane gore rapera.

michina New mune simbi

Kufanana mimwe indasitiri, ndarira indasitiri Handingambofungi pasina kugadzirwa uye Implementation ose zvakagadzirwa uchidzidzira.

Saka, mudonzvo Nizhny Novgorod State University taumba uye akatanga kushandisa iri tsika itsva nanostructured kusakara nemishonga carbides, izvo kwakavakirwa tungsten carbide. The chikuru vatungamirire kushandiswa utsanzi - kubudisa ano zvishandiso resimbi-kushanda.

Uyezve, Russia yave modernized chendarira Drum chaiwo bhora kamwene kuumba munhu zvigadzirwa zvitsva kuti processing mura gang. chiitiko ichi chakaitwa pachishandiswa mamiriro sezvakarayirwa reBazi Redzidzo uye Science. Kutama kwakadaro vaakaruramisawo pacharo zvizere, sezvo inoguma mugumisiro kumbenge zvose.

The emakambani pakukura simbi munyika

ratings International vanoti aitungamirira simbi vagadziri munyika vari:

• Arcelor Mittal - kambani kudzimbahwe kwaro Luxembourg. mugove wayo 10% zvachose nyika simbi kugadzirwa. In Russia kambani mwene zvimbambaira Berezovskaya, Ordzhonikidzevskaya Anzherskaya uye "Severstal-mapoka".
• Hebei Iron & Steel - hofori of China. Zvinonzi zvakazara muridzi neHurumende. Kuwedzera kugadzirwa, kambani iri mubasa remigodhi pakugadzira zvinhu, zvokufambisa uye kuita tsvakurudzo basa. At nekambani zvinomera anoshandiswa kukura itsva chete, uye zvikuru ano kugadzirwa mitsetse izvo akabvumira Chinese kudzidza kubudisa Ultra-dzakatetepa simbi yairema uye Ultra-matetetete inotonhorera-anokungurutsirwa papepa.
• Nippon Steel - mumiririri Japan. Chekambani utariri, iyo yakatanga basa rayo muna 1957, anoda ibatane nomumwe sangano, kunzi Sumitomo Metal Industries. Maererano nenyanzvi, kwakadaro batanidzo akakurumidza kubuda vokuJapan pakutanga munyika, mberi zvose vakwikwidzi dzayo.