Synecology kudzidza zvipenyu gadziriro

Ecology zvichienzaniswa bhotani, zvemhuka uye anatomi achiri muduku zvoutachiona chirango yakabuda pakati pezana remakore rechi19. Inoongorora ukama kurarama zvinhu uye pamwe chete uye Mhoteredzo nenharaunda dzavo. Mumwe zvikamu zvaro - synecology - inoongorora ikoroji uye ayo zvipenyu zviri chikamu biogeocenosis: zvinomera, tumbuyu, howa, mhuka pamwe mumwe. Science pacharwo yakatangira basa nyanzvi dzakadai L. Dollo, O. Abheri, DN Kashkarov, VN Sukachev.

Munyaya ino, tichadzidza dzinokosha Dzidziso ikoroji muchikamu uye kuziva marongerwo uye kushanda kwezvinhu zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza gadziriro.

Biogeocoenoses zvinoumba sezvo biosphere

Pamwechete vanhu akasiyana mhando - vakawanda - kurarama zvakaparadzaniswa. Vanobatana kupinda makuru munharaunda - biocenoses. Uyezve, pakati vanhu mukati munhu akapiwa mararamiro panomuka zvemarudzi ukama, yakadai allelopathy, parasitism, mutualism, makwikwi, trofotsenoticheskie kubatana. Synecology inodzidza ukama pakati zvinenge hunoumba zvinhu zvipenyu, uye rinoongorora specificity pamusoro interspecies ukama Zvirimwa uye mhuka subsystems kuti pave noutano munharaunda.

Chii chinorehwa zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza hurongwa

Kune vari zvino kushandiswa kwezvakatipoteredza sayenzi hakusi bedzi rokuti "biogeocoenosis", asiwo kwakadaro chinhu se "mararamiro", hwakatangwa Arthur Tansley. Mashoko Ose anoshandiswa kureva dzinongoitika gadziriro uye zvinoriumba dzavo: fitosoobschestv uye mhuka nevanhu kuti synecology zvidzidzo pachishandiswa nepfungwa yose interconnectedness zvose zvipenyu pamwe zvakavapoteredza. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pakati okuti maviri harifaniri kwaenzaniswa. Shoko rokuti "biogeocoenose" kupiwa V. Sukachyov, anotakura rinoreva guru, pamusoro dzinongoitika zvivako pamwe ichitanga yacho uye simba runoyerera zvichiitika kwavari. Asi pfungwa "mararamiro" kwakapararira, kunyanya mumabhuku zvesayenzi uye dzakakurumbira, nokuda aerodynamics ayo zvino kushandiswa kurondedzera dzakasiyana-siyana zvoutachiona zvivako, zvose zvakasikwa uye chakagadzirwa.

Pfungwa biogeocoenose V. N. Sukacheva

Musayendisiti maonero dzakaumbwa pasi pokudzora vakakurumbira zvipenyu Russian Dokuchaev, mubasa ivhu zvesayenzi, uye Vernadsky - muvambi dzidziso yacho biosphere. Nokuva ruzivo geochemistry, pamusoro Forest, geobotany V. Sukachev akasika kurangwa itsva - biogeocenology. Iye, uyewo synecology - chikamu ikoroji, inodzidza ukama zvipenyu mukati biome, tichifunga mifananidzo interspecific ukama uye vagari vanhu kungova phytoplankton uye zoocenoses. Zvomumusoro ari musayendisiti, vose akaturikidzana ose biosphere izere upenyu, umo mune dzinotsanagura interconversion pakati biomass uye simba. Vanoshanda sezvo nheyo cheni zvokudya.

Vanosanganisira vaburitsi - autotrophic Utachiona, kunyanya zvirimwa. Kutevedzerwa consuments pakutanga, wechipiri, wechitatu kuti, zviri heterotrophs.

The yokupedzisira kubatana ari ngetani zvokudya vari utilizers kwevakafa makemikari nyaya - decomposers. Izvi zvinosanganisira ivhu utachiona, notumwe saprotrophs vamwe nezvipembenene. All zvinhu zviri zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa, akabatanidza zvinhu zvipenyu akadai ivhu, mvura, mhepo, dzainzi biotope.

Research Nzira synecological

Mumazuva nesayenzi mangwanani, masayendisiti vakagamuchira experimental Data tichibatsirwa pakutsvakurudza - nzendo. Pakati pezana remakore rechi20, nzira dzakadaro vava hune sezvo mira-kumativi kuedza tracer nzira, radiotreking. Muzana remakore rechi21, zvava rinoita kushandiswa club uchibatsirwa chakagadzirwa Pasi satellites kuti kufamba vanhu mhuka. Somuenzaniso, zvinetsoka hoofed makuru mhuka, akanzi radiochipami. Akapiwa chokwadi kuti synecology - ichi chikamu ikoroji, inodzidza ukama pakati vakawanda zvipenyu nemumwe, vatsvakurudzi akashandisa kwemasvomhu kuongorora uye cybernetics. The yokupedzisira rinoshandiswa nokuda simulation uye Kufembera zvakamisa hurongwa anoumba dzinongoitika hurongwa.

Kuti anoongorora dzichipfekeka phytosociology

Plants ndivo vechikamu anokosha ari mararamiro roupenyu. Somugumisiro photosynthesis, dzinopa zvose zvimwe zvipenyu zvokudya, zvichipa vamwe simba chengetedza. Synecology anoongorora ukama pakati zvinoriumba uye phytocenosis nevanhu vane heterotrophic zvipenyu, tumbuyu, Muriwo-uye carnivores.

The floristic Zvinoumba chirimwa munharaunda dzakawanda biotsenozov zvikuru yakaoma uye akadana marudzi kukwana. Dyarai zvinenge zviri zvinhu zvipenyu anomirirwa muchimiro zvese, izvo zvinokosha zvakasiyana-siyana zvipenyu niches. The chinjikira vakasiyana miti inonzi waMosesi uye, mukusiyana kusvika layering, zvishoma zvinoenderana nokureba masikati. Asi zviri zvakananga nokuda mhando ukama, akadai allelopathy uye makwikwi. Dyarai vemunharaunda kushandura emuchina dzavo nokuda Ritmos circadianos uye successions, zvakadai kwemiti, geokataklizmy, dondo moto.

Zvikonzero chavagari rinomutsa vana vanhu mhuka

Zvakadai anozivikanwa masayendisiti sezvo S. Severtsov, N. V. Turkin, C. L. Elton, akadzidza kuchinja kwenhamba yevanhu intraspecific munharaunda. Uye Charles Hewitt rokuti "namafungu upenyu". Zvaitika dzinongoitika zvivako uye trofotsenoticheskimi pezvakaitwa vari zviratidzi ari biotic zvinogona mararamiro. Kudzidza quantitative emuchina evanhu ane zvikuru inoshanda kukosha nokuti Anti-dambudziko matanho kuti kudzora Ritmos circadianos ose nemakonzo ruminant, kuparadzira zoonotic zvirwere, zvakadai denda uye tularemia. Synecology anoongororawo matambudziko basa evanhu pamusoro chinzvimbo zoocenoses, kunyanya rutapudzo pamusoro nevanhu vane isingawanzowanikwi uye pangozi, zvinoderedza uwandu Nzanga mhuka nemabhindauko anokosha.

Mhando ukama zvipenyu zviri biomes

Yeuka kuti synecology - ikoroji kuti vanodzidza ukama pakati nevanhu kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Izvi zvinosanganisira mutualism, makwikwi, allelopathy. Somuenzaniso, muna phytocenology vagara aiziva chokwadi pamusoro kusapindirana mamwe zvinomera nemumwe: Black walnuts inongorira chepfu kuti pome uye ibwe michero yemiti fuma kuchititadzisa kukura kwavo uye fruiting, uye inotungamirira kurufu zvinomera.

Mutualism - mufananidzo coexistence ose nevanhu akasiyana kwemarudzi, umo zvinenge zvinowanwa yakawiriranwa zvikomborero (the munamati gakanje uye gungwa anemon, flagellates kuti vandogara ura nezvipembenene uye kuvabatsira kuputsa cellulose).

Energy Exchange ari biosphere

Biogeocoenoses vanoumba mumwe mupenyu goko Nyika, kutendeuka rinoitwa ave biomass uye simba, uye dzinonzwa nehurongwa. Izvi zvakasikwa hurongwa inoda kudirana chiedza simba. Phototrophs kushandiswa kwayo nokuda kwetunhu Organic zvinhu, ivo mamorekuru ose ATP uye ₂ NADFhN. Synecology - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza yakawiriranwa kuchinja biomass uye simba.

Vane maonero zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza chepiramidhi uye ayo zvitengeswa cheni. Dynamics simba kubva rezasi trophic pamwero kuti dzakakwirira anoteererwa mitemo mukuru wefizikisi, uyezve, musiyano simba kwevari pedyo potentials yaiva 10-20%, nepo simba asara ari akaparadza sezvo kupisa. In bepa iri tikatarisa Chikamu ikoroji - synecology, uye akawana nzira tsvakurudzo yaro, uye kukosha muupenyu-anotsigira biosphere.