Miganhu uye dzinongoitika kunzwisisa. Russian dzinongoitika zvivako

Vakawanda vanofunga kuti hunhu - vari disordered chivara runobva chaiyo. Masango uye mumasango, steppes uye mumarenje - zvose izvi inonzi randomly akaronga dzinongoitika nzvimbo. Ngazvisadaro.

All dzinongoitika enyika ari mundima dzakapiwa nguva dzose pedyo pamwe kwete chete nemumwe asiwo dzimwe nzvimbo, riri pasuo rinotevera. Ndizvo hondo yose mukukurukurirana uye dzakasiyana nzvimbo (dzimwe nguva ane zvachose pakatarisana maitiro) chinhu dzinongoitika kunzwisisa.

Most muenzaniso pasi pose nekuita kwakadaro zvikuru goko yomuka somugumisiro nekuita pamusoro lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere uchingodzikira mhepo. Chokwadi, zvinoriumba aro zvikuru heterogeneous, nokuti anouya achariwisira ari akasiyana chaizvo, izvo kuti paumbwe nemamwe dzinongoitika zvivako.

Saka, yepanyama maitiro - ibatanidzo okunze, zvoutachiona uye Geological zvinokonzera paumbwe imwe nharaunda chaiyo dzinogarisana, dzinoratidzwa yakasiyana akagadzirwa mhuka. Kusiyana nezvinofungwa nevakawanda, zvivako izvi hazvisi kugadzikana, anogona kuchinja panongova nokukurumidza, pova yakasiyana zvachose mhando mamiriro enzvimbo.

Pokudzora zvezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu

Big rokuchinja paumbwe dzinongoitika dzinogarisana Latitude ekunze. Hazvishamisi kuti mumwe chete Latitude anogona kusangana chete dzinongoitika kunzwisisa ine siyana kwemarudzi asi tine anenge chete unhu. Mumakungwa kunonzi dzinongoitika hwemvura gadziriro. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nedanho paumbwe imwe refu kwazvo, hakubvi chete zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu, asiwo mhando vagere biotope ichi.

A muenzaniso mukuru - the nekorari kumboongororwa. Kana uine polyps mugungwa, Musana kwakaita nzvimbo yacho iri rakasiyana zvinoitwa yakapoteredza apo nekorari vamwe chikonzero regai. Zvisinei, usakanganwa pamusoro Geological zvinhu: kumboongororwa aigona aumbwa kungotaurwa munzvimbo makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 60 apfuura zvakanga yakatotsakatika anoputika. Sezvineiwo, ichi kwakaratidzei yakakurumbira Darwin, zvichiita tsananguro chaiwo zvakaoma nyanza uye makungwa. Saka, tinogona kugumisa nyore.

Chero dzinongoitika inotungamirwa achigara Evolving, uye kumhanya izvi zvakasiyana. Kumwe aifanira mamiriyoni emakore, nepo mune dzimwe nguva zvingava mishomanana.

The Pane zvinhu okukura

Timupe kuti chinobata chero dzinongoitika zvakaoma zuva nemwaranzi, ari rotational kumhanya panyika, uyewo kuunganidzwa zvose kwemasayendisiti kuitika mumhepo, iyo lithosphere, hydrosphere. Nokuda kwaizvozvo, nzvimbo dziri chakakosha zvikuru uye kubatsirwa, asiwo vanotambura idzodzo. Kana pane imwe chaikosha raputsika, pakarepo kukanganisa mamiriro yose kunzwisisa. Somugumisiro, iye kana kushandura kana kunyange kunyangarika. It chakaitika marshes muna Polesye.

A hunoshanda Muenzaniso dzinogarisana shanduko

Kare, nzvimbo iyi achiumbwa vakawanda nzizi, ayo akaramba zvokudya achishandisa muzvizhinji kuti kiyi. Uyewo, yokupedzisira chikwereti kuvapo kwavo yakakura strata yevhu, izvo haana kubvumira kuenda rakadzika pasi. High mwando vakabatsira pakusikwa streek rinokosha microclimate. Ivhu iri zvishoma nezvishoma akafukidzwa mumatenhere pamusoro nemiti, chikwindi uye lichen.

Heunoi anokurumidza akawandisa nezvipembenene. Uyewo, vakanga akakwezva amphibians, nezvinokambaira uye neshiri dzedenga.

Chii chakaita kuparadzwa yose biotope? Uye chete ipapo vakadzokera zvakakwana kuvhiringidza impermeable nevhu rukoko. Achangotaura akanga akayambuka kudiridza chiteshi, dzinogarisana akatanga kuchinja nokukurumidza. The rakasiyana microclimate yatyorwa, mvura-vachirayira mhando vakatanga kufa chirwirangwe. Swamp akapa nzira kuti zvine mwero akaoma Mafuro pamwe acidic ivhu, akafukidza kukakanganiswa zvinomera. Saka, yepanyama nzvimbo yakaoma yakaparadzwa zvachose, asi rwakatsiviwa pakarepo akasvika mumwe inotungamirwa.

Historical kusiyana rwokuzvarwa gadziriro

Hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti nguva dzose dzakaitika muitiro pamusoro pemvura redu vakaumba uye akanyangarika zviuru mhando dzinongoitika zvivako. Kakawanda alternated gungwa nenyika yakaoma akaonekwa uye akanyangarika pasina zvikasawanirwa, mamiriyoni mhuka. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti ano dzinongoitika zvivako akatanga kuumba 10-12 chete zviuru. Makore akapfuura.

Zvisinei, zvichiri zvikuru 'refu' Zvaifungidzirwa. Vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakati refu kuti kamwe Aleksandr Makedonsky akakwanisa kuenda kure Asia oga nokuti vamwe zviuru zviviri kana zvitatu zvemakore akapfuura Amudarya uye Syrdarya vaiva nzizi zvikuru zvakadzama. ducts dzavo ikashandiswa pamwe chete nzvimbo dzakawanda dzisingambosvikiki nomunzvimbo dzine makomo, iyo zvino chete nyore nendege kana nyika.

Nokumhanya kuchinja zvakasikwa gadziriro

Zvisinei, mune zvimwe zviitiko, nzvimbo vanowanzotevedzera kuchinja tichizviona. Chokwadi, izvi hazvisi nokuda zvimwe zvakasikwa zvinhu (kuputika kwemakomo, uye dzimwe njodzi regai kuitika kazhinji), uye pasi pokudzora anthropogenic zvinhu. Zvinosuruvarisa dzinenge nguva dzose zvakaipa pamuviri kupindira kunotungamirira zvinoodza chaizvo nemigumisiro.

The chikuru zvinoumba yepanyama kunzwisisa

Mumwe dzinongoitika kunzwisisa zviri inoumbwa vorudzii "Dzinovaka", zvainyanya iyo kuvimba ehupfumi yose dzinogarisana. Chekutanga, kwenzvimbo. Shoko iri rinoreva kwakadaro kwenzvimbo, okunze akafanana, zvikabatanidzwa zvimwe nemiti uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Nemamiriro kwenzvimbo zvinosanganisira munzvimbo maturakiti facies.

Ngatimboonai zvakamisa hurongwa zvishoma muudzame yepanyama kunzwisisa.

mamirire zvinhu

Facies anonzi biotope aumba mukati chinokosha chikamu mamiriro enzvimbo. Muenzaniso uri pasi pomupata, megomo kana pamusoro, kwerwizi kana gungwa. Muchiitiko chino, vanozowanzova endemic mhando, facies mamiriro sezvo vari dzakafanana chaizvo uye kumbonyanya kuwedzera.

Kana isu nezvazvo seboka chokuita mumwe facies, inotungamirwa ichi anonzi yepanyama muganhu. Somuenzaniso, miganhu uye dzinongoitika kunzwisisa, riri pamwe murwizi - turakiti. Chokwadi, kuva dzakawanda uye nguva dzose chokuita mumwe, vanoumba nzvimbo. Izvi zvinosanganisira hombe floodplain uye rakadzika rwizi, pakati nzizi mbiri, matombo rakaorera.

Sezvo Classified nharaunda?

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nzvimbo anofanira Classified maererano Geological zvinhu. Ivo kuvimba tectonic inochinja uye mamiriro enzvimbo. Kunyanya, Russian dzinongoitika zvivako zvinosanganisira pachena uye gomo nharaunda. A mutsauko kuri kirasi amapani uye Upland nzvimbo. A yoga Kirasi vari gomo-taiga nharaunda, munharaunda nyika yedu haina.

The sandara idzodzo dziri akakamurwa marudzi anotevera: Deciduous, zvakavhenganiswa-Deciduous, coniferous, dondo-inowanzorimwa uye inowanzorimwa. Vamwe idzodzo ndidzo pamhenderekedzo yorwizi estuaries, madhamu uye marshes. The chikuru dzinongoitika zvivako yeRussia - ndiwo bani akafukidzwa vanoondoroka masango, dondo-inowanzorimwa, achinaya mvura uye makomo nzizi, runowanzoitika kuCaucasus.

Chii matambudziko mabasa evanhu pamusoro dzinongoitika nzvimbo?

Isu kakawanda akataurawo kuti basa evanhu kazhinji kunotungamirira kune kusingarapiki kuchinja okunze yacho. Zvino ichi zvakafamba dzinosiyana zvikuru zvakasikwa kunzwisisa noruzhinji. Uye kuzorodzwa kwete chete, asiwo okunze, ivhu unhu, kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Masayendisiti kusiyanisa evasingatombonamati zvokurimwa, miti, mvura zvakanaka, uyewo maindasitiri uye dzinogarwa dzoga (maguta, maguta makuru).

In nyika yedu munhu vanoshingaira kupindira kwakatanga muna VI-V chemakore BC. e. Saka, masango uye mapani dzakaumbwa zvikurukuru nokuda kukura munzanga roswedera uchapedza zvakawanda huni, kushingaira kutema masango. Zvisinei, izvi zviri kunyanya kushingaira akaramba ari 18-19 emakore fung. Somuenzaniso, imwe Udmurtia, kusvikira ichangopfuura, aizivikanwa se "guta akafukidzwa masango." MuHondo Yenyika II, apo nyika yaida yakawanda marasha, icho chinenge chinhu chakasara.

Mukuwedzera, kuvandudzwa mugungwa kutengeserana kwaiva kutanga vakawanda kukura romumhenderekedzo yegungwa nyuchi kuti yakatanga kukurumidza kukura makuru maguta-policies (panyaya nevaGiriki). On the 16-18 emakore fung. paiva hombe mutoo rokutendeutsa masango kuti mumipata. Kubvira muzana remakore rechi15, vanhu kuzviita nyanzvi inowanzorimwa. izvi zvose zvakaitika nokuti kuti vanhu rakakura nokukurumidza, vanhu vaida zvokudya zvakawanda. Sezvo kukura zvokurima panguva iyoyo aiva akakura, chaifanira kurima zvakawanda minda kurega sango demo.

Saka, chaizvoizvo hapana inoona nezvenjodzi dzinongoitika kunzwisisa wakapukunyuka chinja.

Kusvikira remakore rechi19 riri Muganhu nyika yedu yakanga yakawanda masango vakaenda zvinodiwa kukurumidza kukura indasitiri. Panguva mbiri World Wars kumhanya izvi yakawedzera zvinooneka. First akazviratidza zvechokwadi maindasitiri nzvimbo apo muna Kuzbass vakatanga ndichibvunza marasha migodhi, uye muna Baku - panguva matsime mafuta yokutanga.

Early 20 fung remakore aizivikanwa zvikuru vakawanda kusanduka nharaunda pasi zvinodiwa nevanhu. Tichigadzira kuwanda migwagwa, simbi uchapedza zvakawanda marasha, matanda uye mhangura, uye ikawanda kudiwa magetsi akabvunza kuvaka vakawanda Hydroelectric simba pazviteshi, nemhaka iyo vazhinji pamapani nzvimbo dzakanga nemafashamo.

chipo

Saka, muna European munharaunda yeRussia nhasi dzinongoita hunodzorwa maindasitiri nharaunda nevanhu. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo mune asingasviki 20% zvakasikwa hurongwa kuti vasina kukanganiswa mabasa evanhu. Sezvineiwo, pachine kudzivirira dzinongoitika zvivako riri yedu dzinenge kuchangotanga. Makore achangopfuura vakaratidza katsika akavandudzika zvishoma, asi zvinoitwa mirayiridzo iyi ichiri kwete zvokuti.

Munhu anogona sei kuchengetedza zviwanikwa nzvimbo?

Vazhinji vanodavira kuti anofanira kusika reserves vakawanda sezvinobvira. Chokwadi, kusvika pamwero wakati, uku kwakarurama, asi zvakafanira kufunga nzira zvikuru munyika yose. Rangarirai zvatinenge akati pamusoro interconnectedness dzinongoitika gadziriro?

Kana pedyo kuchengetedzwa nzvimbo ndiyo pakukura maindasitiri zvebhizimisi, ipapo zvose akaenzaniswa kuti zvisikwa kudzivirira kungava pasina. Zvakakodzera kusuma kumarudzi zvekuvaka-kuponesa ruzivo, kuti vanoirima pamusoro unyanzvi ano izvo zvinoda yakakwirira goho pamwe munzvimbo duku. Panyaya iyi, munhu wacho zvisisadiwi kurima mamwe uye mamwe nyika.

Zvinokosha kuti kuderedza uwandu choutsi mumhepo uye hydrosphere, sezvo zvichaita chete ipapo isu kukwanisa kuchengetedza kusiyana chaivo nzizi, uye nyanza vana vedu.

Zvisinei, hatifaniri kufunga kuti vanhu zvivako upenyu ndima akafukidzwa mafekitari pombi. Nature zvinoratidza zvinoshamisa mukana wokushandiswa, kuramba achichinja kuita changing parameters kwezvakatipoteredza.

Somuenzaniso, vakawanda mhando vakadzidza kurarama pamwe chete nomunhu, tikanyatsoshandisa yakadaro kudyidzana. Saka ornithologists kare akanongedza kuti rwamaguta makuru Wakatotanga kuumba yoga Sub-mhando tits, izvo kunyange muzhizha kuramba mukati miganhu yacho chokugara kunzwisisa.

Muchidimbu, yepanyama kunzwisisa - ndiwo kuzvipira yokudzora kuko kuti anogona kuchinja dynamically.

ndiko kuti mhando mu anthropogenic biocoenosis?

Kazhinji, shiri idzi tama kumaguta chete yechando, kana dondo akanga achiva zvakaoma kuti vawanire zvinodiwa huwandu chikafu. Nhasi vanorarama yegore musango an, pasina nematambudziko nezvokudya. Somugumisiro, Kuwanikwa zvokudya yakawedzera nhamba mazai vakaisa, sezvo vose kako inogona zvokudya. Vaongorori vanodavira kuti mukati mashomanana emakore zvakajeka Mukati subspecies izvo vakasiyana kwakajairika tits makuru saizi uye zvishoma kuoneka Feathering.

Ndizvo chaizvo mhuka richachinja ayo dzinongoitika siyana. Mienzaniso inogona nemhepo kwenguva refu, asi imwe yakanakisisa ndivo makonzo. In mumadhorobha mezviruva, ivo yakakura zvikuru uye akangwara vehama dzavo yomusango. Dzinoratidzwa yakakwirira pamuviri pevana vakawanda uye dziberekane zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana. Ekupedzisira rinoratidza rakapinza rutapudzo nhamba dzinongoitika vavengi, sezvo mhuka ne "kujairika" chitarisiko vakakwanisa kurarama uye kubereka vana.

Kune zvikuru akatarisana mienzaniso. Munguva Suburban nzvimbo akawandisa packs it dzembwa feral imomo panguva iyoyo. Vane hasha, havana kutya vanhu. The dzakachinjwa nzvimbo, mhuka idzi rwaigara mumwe niche dzinongoitika mapere. Vaongorori vanofungawo kuti mapoka aya mhuka rakarasika pamagumo achakwanisa kumira panze, ndinosika unokosha chaizvo genotype.

Sezvaunogona kuona, murume-akaita dzinongoitika enyika kunyange vari artificially vakadzidza uye akatsigira idzodzo, kugara dzinongoitika mitemo zvakarurama mureza, hunoita kuti aponese biosphere.