Tar ndiye kuti chii. Kuumbwa uye kushandiswa

Kuumba nzira yakakwirira uye yakavimbika yemugwagwa, zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvinhu zvinoshandiswa. Chimwe chazvo tar. Chii chinonzi chinhu ichi, icho chakanaka uye chinoshandiswa, chinonyatsozivikanwe kutanga kune vavaki nevashandi vemugwagwa. Vanhu vezera rekare, avo vana avo vakagara mumakore eSoviet Union, zvichida yeuka zvavakatanga kutsva gum - tar. Kunze, iyo chinhu chinotapira chakaumbwa mushure mekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinonzi petroleum , kuva nechirwere chekuvhenekera uye chakasvibisa mutsvuku. Izvo zvinokonzerwa ne tar ari 8 kusvika 45 muzana yehuwandu hwemafuta.

Tar - chii ichocho?

Nheyo yeiyo zvinhu ndeyezvinhu zvepetroleum, saka kuumbwa kwe tar kunofanana zvikuru nezvikamu zvemafuta. Izvo zvinomiririra zvikamu ndezvekuti:

- Petroleum resins, iyo inosanganisira mahedrocarboni akaoma uye inopa kuvonekwa uye kutcidity kuti igare.

- Asphaltenesi mashesi anowedzera kupisa kusimba.

- Asphalt acids uye anhydride avo, vane gummy kusagadzikana uye yakabatana ne polynaphthenic acids.

- Uyewo chikamu chezvigadziro zve tar ndezvakawanda zvehutsvina hwesimbi zviripo mumafuta.

Properties of tar

Vanonyanya kuvimba nezvezvinhu zvemafuta, pamwe chete nemichina inoshandiswa mukugadzirisa kwayo. Mhando yezvikamu zvamafuta inobatawo zvimwe zvigaro zve tar, zvakadai sehuwandu hwemashoko, kupera kwemafuta uye kupisa, kukwanisa kukwanisa. Tarani iri nani inowanikwa kubva kune mafuta ane mafuta akaoma uye inenge 8% yehuwandu hwayo.

Kushanda kweti

Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzemabhizimisi, tar inoshandiswa. Icho ichi chikamu chinonyanya kukosha pakugadzirwa kwemugwagwa nekuvaka bitumen inozivikanwa, zvichida, kune vose. Asi kuwedzera, tar inodawo mukugadzirwa kwemotokari yemafuta, mafuta emafuta uye magasi anopisa. Mukuvaka uye mabhizinesi erubha inoshandiswa seinochera. Mafuta eTar ane tarani yakakwirira inogona kushandiswa kuva mafuta edizizi uchishandisa hydrogenation uye cracking method.

Kuti abvise tar-asphaltene components uye polycyclic hydrocarbons, dzine chinyorwa chechidiki chinonzi viscosity uye chepamusoro chekubika, tar deasphalting inoshandiswa. Izvo zvinoshandiswa, sekutonga, ndeye propane. Asi pamwe chete naro, kana zvichidiwa kuti uwane feedstock ye hydrocracking kana miti inokonzera kupisa, pentane uye butane inogona kushandiswa. Dzimwe nguva mapasita maviri ekusimudza maruva anoitwa, apo asphalt inowanikwa mudanga rokutanga inopa chikamu chinowedzera chechivako, deasphalting 2.

Paunenge uchiita basa remugwagwa, tar inotakuriswa nenzira yakasimba, uye pakarepo isati yashandiswa, inopisa kune imwe nzvimbo yevhu.

Secondary resources

Pakugadzirwa kwezvinogadziriswa, mafuta anovhenekera, kucheneswa kweparafini nedzimwe nzira dzesayenzi, apo sulfuric acid inoshandiswa seyakagadziriswa , chinhu chinogadzirwa chinogadzirwa chinonzi acidic tar. Ichi chinhu chinokosha chechipiri mumhando yehutu hwakawanda hwemusiya hunosanganisira sulfuric acid uye zvinokonzerwa nehupenyu. Iko rine turu yakasviba inobvumira 600 kilo yemafuta emvura, 230 kg yegypsum, 110 kg ye coke kana 60 kg yegaseous hydrocarbons.

Dambudziko reAicid Tar Oil yeEcology

Pasinei nekukosha kwayo sechinhu chakavhenekera chezvisungo zvisungo, chimwe chezvinhu zvakakomba zvinokonzera kutyisidzira kumhepo ndeye acid sludge. Kuti ichi chinhu chinokonzera njodzi kumuti nemhuka yemhuka, zviri nyore kufungidzira kana iwe uchiyeuka zvakagadziriswa-zvinhu zvakasara uye sulfuric acid, izvo zvingave zvinosvika 70% zvehuwandu huwandu.

Dambudziko ndiyo nzira yekuchengetedza tar. Nokuda kwekuti mazuva ano hapana mazano ekushandisa kwavo, aya matongo anongowira mumadziva ekuchengetedza, dzimwe nguva achigara munzvimbo dzakakura zvikuru. Somugumisiro weakisii-kuderedza zvirongwa, izvo zvinowanzoitika panzvimbo yezvinhu izvi zvekuchengetedza, yakawanda sulfur dioxide inosunungurwa. Pashure pemvura inonaya kana kuti kunaya kwechando mukati megore, mvura yakaoma, ichidonhera kubva mumadziva akazara, acidify ivhu nemvura pasi.

Zvose izvi zvinoshungurudza mamiriro ezvinhu zvakasikwa pedyo nenzvimbo yemadziva akadaro, zvinokanganisa utano hwevanhu vanogara munharaunda iri pedyo. Mamiriyoni eatani eatari tar anochengetwa mumadziva ekuchengetedza akazaruka muRussia. Zvinenge zvese zvinonatswa zvine dambudziko rakadaro. MuNizhny Novgorod oga, vakaunganidza mashekeri anopfuura 250.

Kuderedza utsi

Nezvinobudirira zvekuvakwa, chido chezvinhu zvakadai sebhitumini, tar, bitumen mastic, asphalt iri kuramba ichikura. Saizvozvowo, nhamba yevarimi inowedzera. Vakawanda vavo vanoedza kugadzirisa dambudziko re acid acid sludge, vachishandisa sulfuric acid yekuchenesa nzira, asi izvi zvisati zvaringana, nokuti ndiyo inyanzvi yekugadzirwa kwemichina. Inoda mari inodhura yakawanda-inogadzirisa zvinhu, kusimbiswa kwezvinhu zvakananga zvekambani nekuchengetedza mamiriro. Nhasi, iyo inyanzvi inoshandiswa pakushandisa saridge sludge irikudziridzwa.

Vanenge vese vadzidzisi vanoita basa rokuvaka mumugwagwa, zvakanaka funga kuti tar ndiyo inonyanya kukosha. Kudzokorora kwadzo kunokonzera kuti zvive nyore kugadzira kuwirirana kwakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvinobudirira kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemigwagwa. Uye kushandiswa kwetiri mubasa rekugadzira uye rokuvaka, kubudisa mafuta emafuta, kuisa mafuta nemafuta anowedzera zvinowedzera kukosha kwayo.