The ehupfumi kuti makabhohaidhiretsi. Mashandiro uye zvivako zviri makabhohaidhiretsi: tafura

In mhuka hazvizivani, zvinhu zvizhinji, kukosha iyo asingarambiki dzakanaka. Somuenzaniso, izvi zvinosanganisira makabhohaidhiretsi. Ivo zvikuru somunhu simba rine mhuka uye vanhu, uye dzimwe nzvimbo pakati makabhohaidhiretsi vave chinhu chinokosha mbishi zvinhu nokuda indasitiri.

Chii?

Izvi zvose zvinhu mamiriro anogona yakarondedzerwa nzira Cn _(H2O) m. Vane zvipenyu kukosha kukuru, kuridza inokosha basa muupenyu mazhinji zvipenyu.

Zita boka iri masayendisiti vakwira pashure pokuiswa Kuongorora zvinhu raitwa kuti rine. Zvino vakawana kuti chavainyanya zvinoriumba vari kabhoni uye mvura. Gare gare Vakawana kuti musoro rwauya kuva zvikuru chaiwo, sezvo zvivako zviri carbohydrate zvokuti nhamba sehydrogen okisijeni maatomu mairi fanana zvachose kuti mvura. Tingangoti, pane imwe okisijeni, vaviri rehydrogen maatomu. nguva yokutanga wokuRussia shanduro zita rakanga wakatangwa muna 1844 na Purofesa K. Schmidt.

vamwe wedzera-Ons

Kana zvishoma kuchinja apa payakavakirwa, kutaura «N» of mumabhuraketi, mashoko achava zvishoma dzakasiyana: Ona (H ₂ O) n. Zvichida, izvozvo zvinogona kuva nani unoratidza musimboti "marasha - mvura" zita.

To musi, masayendisiti makasimbisa kuti pane vakawanda zvinhu kuti vane ehupfumi pamusoro makabhohaidhiretsi, asi kwete chaizvo dzinoenderana nzira anorondedzerwa nesu. Uye nokuti dzimwe mabhuku mumwe kazhinji vanogona kuuya mhiri shoko "glycidyl" inova ano kureva 1844, zvakanga zvisiri zvikuru yakarurama.

nyore kupatsanura

All kirasi nezvinhu hombe inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata zviviri: nyore uye kunzwisisa glycidyl. Ndezvipi ehupfumi pamusoro makabhohaidhiretsi zvinoitika maari? Chaizvoizvo, ivo havana kunzwisisa chaizvo:

• Simple zvinhu ndivo vaya veboka dzisiri amenable kuti hydrolysis ne matambudziko inotungamirwa dzimwe makabhohaidhiretsi. Musiyano chikuru ndechokuti nhamba reokisijeni maatomu ari nechivako wavo achiri zvakafanana uwandu kabhoni maatomu. Vakatumidza monosaccharides.
• Nokudaro, tsanangudzo "kunzwisisa" rinosanganisira avo glycidyl zvose izvo anoora kubudikidza hydrolysis chokuumba muzvizhinji nyore makabhohaidhiretsi. Chokwadi, vane nhamba okisijeni maatomu uye kabhoni-siyana. Vakadana disaccharide. A basa rinokosha mune hunhu kutamba makabhohaidhiretsi yakaoma, pakarongwa yatiri ubatanidzwewo chipo munyaya.

Uyezve, pane chimwe kupatsanura, umo makabhohaidhiretsi akakamurwa zvitatu marudzi. Pano vari:

• Monosaccharides.
• Oligosaccharides.
• Polysaccharides.

Zvinotevera tafura makabhohaidhiretsi vachavatumidza kukubatsira kukurira zvavo misiyano.

mono- (Morekuru 1)	oligo (<10 mamorekuru)	poly- (> 10 mamorekuru)
Aldose, ketose	Vakanga zvinosanganisira disaccharides, trisaccharides, uye zvichingodaro. D.	Pane mhando mbiri: Gomopolisaharidy. Heteropolysaccharides. Kubva zita unogona kunzwisisa kuti dzomunyika samolecular maumbirwo izvi kwemarudzi maviri vari kwakasiyana

Chokwadi, tine pfupi tafura makabhohaidhiretsi zvakaratidzwa, asi ayo kukura hazvitomboiti kuti aenderane zvose chaizvo zvinhu zviri yaingowanikwa dzimwe nhengo dzekirasi ichi rwakafara. Saka isu ongorora huru mapoka neimwe yoga kutsanangura zvimwe zvivako wacho, rakajairika zvinhu. Saka, chii vari makabhohaidhiretsi makirasi?

monosaccharides

Yeuka kuti vose vari muboka nezvishoma, nyore yavaizopfuudza kupinda crystalline wehurumende. Vane hygroscopic zvikuru, zvakanaka soluble nemvura kuti vaumbe manyuchi. Sarudza navo muchimiro crystals, pane chakaoma chaizvo. Dzavo mhinduro vane kwazvakarerekera maitiro, kazhinji sweetish kuravira. Kuravira kuchinyanya kwakasiyana: somuenzaniso, fructose vanenge 3-3.5 nguva zvinotapirawo kupfuura kakawanda shuga.

On the STRUCTURAL chimiro

Vose zvinhu izvi - remubatanidzwa wenyika bifunctional mamiriro, murwiyo izvo hazvo rinosanganisira kabhoni marangwanda, rimwe carbonyl boka uye akawanda hydroxyl. Kana basa carbonyl boka anoita boka aldehyde, imwe pfuma inonzi aldose. Nokudaro, kana pane ketone "muswe" vanonzi ketose.

Sezvo hunhu izvi zvinhu zviri zvikuru zvakafanana, vanogona kuwanikwa zvose zvavo vakasununguka ehurumende, uye muchimiro anhydrite siyana. Kazhinji, rinenge ose makabhohaidhiretsi zvakaoma pakawanda, muri anhydrides nyore shuga, izvo zvikuru nyore kuwana nokutora kure mashoma (kana mumwe) emvura mamorekuru (the chivakashure "en" - hapana).

Shuga iri kupfuura chaiwo mumiririri

The yemaitiro zvikuru hwokufananidzira mumiririri boka - C ₆ H ₁₂ O _6. Kakawanda pane makabhohaidhiretsi aya chirimwa mumasero. It haana chete zvakapararira, asi zvikuru kuti muviri nokuti chikuru tsime simba kwaari (kutaura mhuka uye murume, chokwadi). Pfungwa idzi mukuru ehupfumi kwemapurotini, makabhohaidhiretsi uye mafuta vose zvipenyu. Rinoshandiswawo nevakawanda mukurapa, mushonga wemhuka, indasitiri (kusanganisira zvokudya).

mumuviri ehupfumi

Ndezvipi mukuru ehupfumi zvokunyama makabhohaidhiretsi muboka iri? Chitarisiko - chena yakanaka crystals, sweetish kuravira, nyore soluble mumvura. Solubility inowedzera zvinoshamisa kana reheat mhinduro: saizvozvi ari shuga manyuchi.

mashoko muchidimbu pamusoro makemikari mamiriro

Kana nokutarisa Linear inonyatsoita kuti Zvinoumba carbohydrate ichi zvakajeka kuonekwa chete aldehyde uye mapoka mashanu hydroxyl. Kana fuma iri crystalline wehurumende, mamorekuru ayo anogona kuve rimwe zviviri zvinoita siyana (α- kana β-shuga). Chokwadi chokuti boka hydroxyl dzinoenderana kune rechishanu kabhoni atomu, angadzorwa vakaita aine carbonyl moiety.

Kuwanda mu dzesango

Sezvo wake zvikuru kwazvo muto wemazambiringa, shuga iri kazhinji vachinzi "ramazambiringa shuga". Pasi zita iri richiri anozivikanwa madzitateguru edu. Zvisinei, zvinobvira kuwana zvimwe inotapira michero kana miriwo, iri zvinyoronyoro nyama yacho chirimwa. Munguva mhuka nyika, ayo hwakapararira haisi kudzika: anenge 0.1% ropa redu - ndiwo shuga. Uyezve, unogona kuwana makabhohaidhiretsi izvi muchitokisi chero zvemukati nenyere. Asi kunyanya yakawanda vari chiropa, sezvo ndipo kubudiswa rinoitwa shuga kupinda glycogen.

It (sezvo isu kare) inokosha tsime simba muviri wedu, ndiye chikamu zvinenge zvose makabhohaidhiretsi dzakaoma. Nezvimwewo makabhohaidhiretsi nyore, zvakasikwa richiwanika pashure photosynthesis maitiro zvinoitika chete ari masero chirimwa zvipenyu:

6Saka ₂ + 6 ₂ O chlorophyll C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 6D ₂ - Q

Saka Plants kuita chinhu chinopa chinokosha mashandiro ari biosphere, kuunganidza simba, iyo inotengwa navo kubva zuva. Panyaya maindasitiri ezvinhu, mazambiringa shuga kubva kare vakawana kubva starch hydrolysis inobereka payo, sezvamakaropafadzwa maitiro tiwedzere iri pfungwa sulfuric asidhi:

(C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₅₎ N + NH ₂ O H ₂ SO _4, T NC ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆

mushonga ehupfumi

Ndezvipi makemikari ehupfumi pamusoro makabhohaidhiretsi kwakadai? Rine zvose zvakafanana zvinhu zviri kuri mumashoko evasingatombonamati alcohols uye aldehydes. Uyezve, pane vamwe chaiyo zvinhu. First kwetunhu makabhohaidhiretsi nyore (kusanganisira shuga) akaberekwa zvikuru unyanzvi kemisiti A. M. Butlerovym muna 1861 gore, uye somunhu mbishi zvinhu rinoshandiswa formaldehyde, anotsemura nayo pamberi calcium hydroxide. Hekuno yokuita izvi:

6NSON -------> S6N ₁₂ O ₆

Uye ikozvino tarira zvimwe zvivako vemamwe maviri nhengo dzeboka, yepanyama zvinoreva izvo haidereri kukuru, uye nekuti zvavo kudzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu. Makabhohaidhiretsi Miti izvi vanoita basa rinokosha muupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva.

fructose

The yokuita isomer iyi shuga - Sep _12, O _v. Kufanana "muvambi" anogona kuvapo ari Linear uye cyclic chimiro. Anouya Maitiro zvose vari chakanangana polyhydric alcohols, asi, nokudaro dzakasiyana kubva shuga, hazvina sei nemunhu ammoniacal mhinduro zvesirivha oxide.

ribose

Zvikuru yakakwirira mubereko ribose uye deoxyribose. Kana iwe yeuka purogiramu zvipenyu shoma, uye munoziva kwazvo kuti makabhohaidhiretsi izvi mumuviri uri chikamu DNA uye RNA, pasina iro kuvapo kwoupenyu pasi pano zvinoita. The zita "deoxyribose" zvinoreva kuti ayo Morekuru mumwechete okisijeni atomu (kana zvichienzaniswa zvarakanga ribose). Kuva zvakafanana panyaya iyi kuti shuga, kunogonawo kuva Linear uye cyclic marongerwo.

disaccharides

In Zvinotaurwa, zvinhu izvi zviri nechivako dzavo uye mabasa zvikuru akadzokorora kirasi zvapfuura, asi nokuti haatombotauri musoro uchifunga ichi zvizere. Ndezvipi makemikari ehupfumi kuti makabhohaidhiretsi muboka iri? Chinonyanya kukosha vamiririri mhuri vari sucrose, maltose uye lactose. Vose inogona yakarondedzerwa nzira C ₁₂ H ₂₂ O _11, sezvo vari isomers, asi izvi hazvirevi apikise huru kusiyana maumbirwo yavo. Saka chii anowanzoramba makabhohaidhiretsi akaoma, pasi uye rondedzero paunogona kuona pazasi?

saccharose

Morekuru Its rinoumbwa zvinogara maviri pakarepo: mumwe munhu-membered nhanhatu (α-shuga vasara) uye vamwe - a shanu-membered (β-fructose vakasara). It chinobatanidza zvose kuvakwa iyi glycoside hydroxyl shuga.

Kugadzirira uye zvachose ukoshi

Maererano akachengetedzwa nhoroondo data, kunyange kwemakore mazana matatu Kristu shuga pamberi nzimbe vakadzidza sei kupinda Ancient India. Chete pakati pezana remakore rechi19 zvikazooneka kuti zvakawanda zviri sucrose mashaya ichi kuedza inogona zvikaramba kubva shuga beets. Mune dzimwe mhando rine kusvika 22% of carbohydrate, ukuwo rutsanga kugutsikana kungava mukati 26%, asi zvinokwanisika chete pasi akanaka kukura ezvinhu uye zvakanaka okunze.

Isu kare kuti makabhohaidhiretsi nyore soluble mumvura. Kwakavakirwa nheyo iyi kuwana sucrose kana kushandiswa chinangwa ichi mano, diffusers. Possible tsvina kuti precipitate, mushonga akanga yakasvinwa kuburikidza filters anosanganisira madota. Kubvisa zvichiguma mhinduro calcium hydroxide, wapfuura kuburikidza kwakajairika carbon dioxide. The precipitate iri yakasvinwa, uye shuga manyuchi iri Ipwa mu chaiyo yamavira, ichibereka kare akajairwa shuga.

lactose

carbohydrate ichi ukasunungurwa muindasitiri ezvinhu kubva zvavo mukaka, umo iri zvakawandisa kwemafuta uye makabhohaidhiretsi. Rine zvinhu kuti zvikuru zvizhinji, somuenzaniso, mukaka rine vanenge 4-5.5% of lactose mumukaka vakadzi ayo vhoriyamu chakapatsanurwa rinosvika 5,5-8,4%.

Mumwe morekuru glycidol ine residues 3 uye galactose-shuga pyranose chimiro, izvo zvinoumba akwirwe pedyo wokutanga kabhoni chechina atomu.

Kusiyana nevamwe shuga mune lactose ane asina pfuma. Zviri pamusoro kusavapo Absorção de Água chakakwana, zvekuti kunyange mune nyorovera ezvinhu kuti glycine haana hazvivaodzi. pfuma iyi zvinowanzoshandiswa neindasitiri inogadzira mishonga: kana chikamu mushonga mu upfu muchimiro chikamu kwakajairika sucrose, achifanira kuwedzera lactose. Rutori uye hazvikuvadzi muviri, kusafanana dzakawanda chakagadzirwa yokuvirisa kuti kudzivirira caking uye kunyorova. Ndezvipi mashandiro uye zvivako zviri makabhohaidhiretsi kwakadai?

Biological lactose zvikuru zvikuru, sezvo lactose unonyanya kukosha muviri chezvinonhuwira mhuka mukaka uye vanhu. Kana maltose, ehupfumi aro siyanei.

maltose

It is zvenguva chigadzirwa icho yaunganidzwa hydrolysis kuti starch. The zita "maltose" kwakakonzerwa chokuti, munyika dzakawanda pasi pokudzora mumera (mumera muchiLatin - maltum). Zvachakapararira kwete chete pane miti asiwo mhuka. Akawanda, anogadzirwa zvomudumbu chomunda ruminants.

Makemikari mamiriro uye zvivako

Izvi carbohydrate Morekuru anoumbwa maviri α-shuga vezvikwata zviri pyranose chimiro, izvo interconnected kubudikidza wokutanga uye chechina kabhoni maatomu. In nechitarisiko Hauoneki, crystals chena. The kuravira - sweetish, tsime soluble mumvura.

polysaccharides

Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti polysaccharides zvose zvinogona kunzi kubva kuti ndivo zvibereko condensation ose monosaccharides achitandadza maonero. Dzavo namakemikari payakavakirwa - (C _b H ₁₀ O ₅₎ n. Munyaya ino tichakurukura kutarira starch sezvo iri kupfuura hwokufananidzira mumiririri mhuri.

sitachi

It akaumba somugumisiro photosynthesis, akawanda iiswe midzi uye mbeu chirimwa zvipenyu. Ndezvipi ehupfumi ari makabhohaidhiretsi uyu mhando panyama? In nechitarisiko chinhu chena upfu ine havaratidzi raidudzwa crystallinity, insoluble mumvura inotonhora. The Hot mvura anoumba munhu colloidal yakarongeka (namatidza, mondo). Mugore zvomudumbu turakiti remhuka, pane makemikari akawanda kuti dzinobatsira ayo hydrolyzed kuti shuga.

Ndiyo zhinji dzinongoitika polymer, iyo yakaumbwa ane muzvizhinji ane-shuga residues. Zvakasikwa, panguva imwe chete pane zvimiro zviviri: amylose uye amshopektin. Amylose, ari Linear polymer anogona zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura. The Morekuru ine Alpha-shuga residues izvo chokuita kuburikidza wokutanga kabhoni chechina atomu.

Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti starch uyu wokutanga inooneka rakavapo photosynthesis mune miti. In gorosi nezvimwe zviyo rine kusvika 60-80%, nepo mune mbatatisi - 15-20 chete%. Nenzira kutaura, zvinoreva starch zviyo pasi maikorosikopu anogona zvakarurama kuona mhando zvinomera, nokuti zvakasiyana.

Kana carbohydrate iri nokukurumidza pakutsamwisana ndiko morekuru hombe achaita nokukurumidza zvinoshatisa kuti madiki polysaccharides izvo vanozivikanwa se dextrins. Vakanga vane starch oga vakawanda namakemikari payakavakirwa (C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₅₎ X, asi pane musiyano pakati kukosha shanduka "X" idukusa kukosha «N» ari starch.

Pakupedzisira ratinoparidza tafura, iyo inoreva kwete chete huru makirasi makabhohaidhiretsi, asiwo avo ehupfumi.

Huru mapoka	Features ezvinhu mamiriro	Siyana ehupfumi kuti makabhohaidhiretsi
monosaccharides	Ivo zvisingapindirani nokuwanda kabhoni maatomu: Triose (C 3) Tetroses (C4) Pentoses (C5) Hexose (C6)	Hauoneki kana chena crystals, zvakakwana soluble nemvura, inotapira kuravira
oligosaccharides	The yakaoma mamiriro. Zvichienderana mhando, rine 2-10 residues nyore shuga	The pakuonekwa chete, zvishoma soluble nemvura shoma inotapira kuravira
polysaccharides	Zvinosanganisira yakakura kwazvo monosaccharide residues	White upfu, crystalline mamiriro simba, regai mudutu mvura, asi ave mairi anogona kuzvimba. The manakiro-kwazvakarerekera

Ndizvo mashandiro uye zvivako huru makirasi makabhohaidhiretsi.