The kaunda-tsamwisa pa Stalingrad, "Uranus" mashandiro: Kutama musi, vadzidzi

Stalingrad akava nzvimbo kwaiva kuchinja of Great Patriotic Hondo uye Hondo Yenyika II. Hwakatanga anobudirira Red Army tsamwisa, bumbiro-anonzi "Uranus".

prerequisites

The Soviet kaunda-tsamwisa pa Stalingrad akatanga muna November 1942, asi kuti kugadzira chirongwa remapazi paDzimbahwe Command yakatanga kufamba muna September. In kuwa kufamba German kuna Volga vakanyura. Nokuti mativi, Stalingrad kwaikosha zvose sokuronga uye nemashoko anoparadzirwa. guta rino ainzi mukukudza musoro Soviet wehurumende. Kamwe Stalin akatungamirira kudzivirira Tsaritsyn chena panguva Civil War. Kurasikirwa guta rino, kubvira pfungwa nemaonero dzematongerwe Soviet, zvakanga zvisingaiti. Uyezve, kana vokuGermany wadzikamisa dzapasi kunosvika of Volga River, vaizokwanisa kumisa zvokudya, mafuta nezvimwewo zvinokosha zvinhu.

Nokuti pamusoro zvose kwezvikonzero Jehovha, counteroffensive pana Stalingrad akanga akaronga rinokosha hanya. Process zvakanaka mamiriro ezvinhu panguva mberi. Hand kwekanguva akatamira positional hondo. Pakupedzisira, November 13, 1942 pakaunda-tsamwisa plan, bumbiro-anonzi "Uranus" wacho wakasainwa Stalin uye anotenderwa pana General Headquarters.

The Chirongwa yepakutanga

Sei uchida kuona pakaunda-tsamwisa pa Stalingrad, vatungamiriri veSoviet? Pasi urongwa, asi South-Western Front achitungamirirwa Nikolai Vatutin aifanira kubata akarova pedyo netaundi duku Serafimovich, ine vokuGermany muzhizha. boka iri akarayirwa kuti kutyora zvinenge 120 makiromita. Chimwe Ndakarohwa nehana paumbwe Stalingrad Front. Nzvimbo parinowanika dzaisarudzwa Sarpa nyanza. Apfuudza 100 makiromita, pamberi veuto vaiva kusangana pamwe South-Western Front pedyo Kalach-Soviet. Saka, mapoka German vaiva Stalingrad, kuti inowira zvinokukanganisa.

Zvakanga aronga kuti counteroffensive pana Stalingrad richatsikwa zvinotsigirwa kurwiswa yechipiri pamberi Don nharaunda uye Kachalin Kletskaya. At GHQ takaedza kuziva pangozi zvikuru zvikamu mauto evavengi. Pakupedzisira, nokushanda nzira chinoguma kuti nokurohwa of Red Army vakanga kureva necheshure uye parutivi kupfuura muhondo-vanokwanisa uye ngozi yeimwe. Zvaiva imomo kuti ndivo kupfuura zvose vari kudzivirirwa. Nemhaka sangano rakanaka, "Uranus" mashandiro yakaramba chakavanzika nokuda vokuGermany kusvikira pazuva mavambo ayo Implementation. Chishamiso uye Kufambisa kuti zviito mauto eSoviet vakaridza chaipo mumaoko avo.

Kuronga muvengi

Sezvo aronga, Soviet counteroffensive pana Stalingrad akatanga musi 19 November. Rakanga pashure simba atirari yakawanda. Asati mambakwedza, mamiriro okunze hwachinja, rakamwisa zvimwe kune zvirongwa murayiro. Gobvu bvungapfunga haana kubvumira kuti kusimudza mhepo avhiyesheni, sezvo maonero aiva pasi kwazvo. Naizvozvo, kusimbisa yakanga yakaiswa gadziriro atirari.

Chokutanga achirwiswa yaiva hondo wechitatu Romanian, ane kudzivirira akanga atyora nemauto eSoviet. At necheshure inotungamirwa ichi vaiva vokuGermany. Vakaedza kumisa Red Army, asi akakundikana. muvengi vanyatsoparadzwa rakapedzwa 1st Tank Corps vachitungamirirwa Vasiliya Butkova uye 26th Panzer Corps Alekseya Rodina. zvikamu izvi, kuita basa, akatanga kufamba akananga Kalacha.

Zuva rakatevera kurwisa akatanga mapoka Stalingrad Front. Munguva zuva chikamu chokutanga inodedera 9 makiromita, anoputsa muvengi dzakadzivirirwa kumaodzanyemba kweguta. Shure kwemazuva maviri kurwa vakakundwa matatu vaifamba mapoka German. Kubudirira Red Army raMwari nehana uye kwakaita kuti kuvhiringidzika yaHitler. The Wehrmacht akasarudza kuti wavanozvisunga achava anotsvedzerera redeployment mauto. Pakupedzisira, pashure pokudzidza zvakawanda zvokusarudza, vokuGermany zvaitambidzwa Stalingrad mumwe maviri warrior nokupesana, vasati nokuita muna North eCaucasus. Paulus kusvikira zuva apo paiva wokupedzisira ezvinhu akaramba kutumira kumusha nomufaro. Iye musoro akadzokorora kwete kuti aizobuda Volga uye haazobvumiri ayo blockade pamusoro 6th Army.

21 November 4th uye 26th Tank Corps of kwakadziva kumadokero Front asvika papurazi Manoilin. Pano vakaita kumwe rinoshamisa, akatendeuka payakakurudzirwa kumabvazuva. Zvino zvidimbu izvi vatamire ngaatarire kuna Don uye Kalach. Advance of Red Army akaedza vatore rechi24 warrior Division of Wehrmacht, asi kuedza kwayo zvose zvakakonzera chinhu. Panguva ino, murayiro pambiru 6 Army Paurosi nokukurumidza kutamiswa kumusha Nizhni dzomuArctic dzinonzi chir, achitya chisikwa dzakabatwa kurwisa varwi Soviet.

Operation "Uranus" akaita kamwe zvakare akaratidza heroism of Red Army. Somuenzaniso, akura yokuzviparadzanisa yechi26 Panzer Corps mune matangi nedzimwe motokari vakayambuka zambuko pamusoro Don pedyo Kalach. VokuGermany vakanga zvakare hanya - vakasarudza kuti zviri kutamira ushamwari chikamu, akashongedzerwa pamwe akabatwa michina Soviet. Kushandisa connivance ichi, Red Army akaparadza kufaranuka kudzivirira uye-kumativi ose kudzivirira, vakamirira kusvika huru mauto. Yokuzviparadzanisa kuti abate chinzvimbo, pasinei dzakawanda muvengi kurwiswa. Pakupedzisira dzakapasanura napakati naye 19 Tank Brigade. Mapato maviri aya kushanda pamwe chete kuitira kuyambuka huru mauto eSoviet, kunoteura kuyambuka Don pana Kalach nharaunda. Nokuti ichi Feat varairi Georgiy Filippov uye Nikolai Filippenko vaiva chakakodzera paakavapa musoro Hero of Soviet Union.

On November 23, mauto eSoviet wadzikamisa Kalach, apo vasungwa vaiva varwi 1500 veuto muvengi. Izvi zvaireva chaiwo hwaiitwa vokuGermany uye nevatsigiri vavo vakasara Stalingrad uye pakati Volga uye Don. Operation "Uranus" riri nhano yake yokutanga akabudirira. Zvino 330 zviuru vanhu vaiva Wehrmacht, vaifanira kupaza rin'i yeSoviet. In ezvinhu aya, mutungamiri 6 Panzer Army Paurosi akakumbira Hitler mvumo kupaza zasi-kumabvazuva. The Fuehrer akaramba. Asi mauto Wehrmacht akamira pedyo Stalingrad, asi haana kuiswawo pakati zvakatipoteredza, ivo akabatanidzwa kuva itsva boka "Don" hondo. inotungamirwa ichi chaiva chokubatsira kupaza encirclement uye Paurosi kubata guta. Kamwe muna West vokuGermany vakanga vasina sarudzo asi vamirire rubatsiro vomunyika dzavo kunze.

manhenda ramangwana

Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga Soviet pakaunda-tsamwisa pa Stalingrad akatungamirira kuti encirclement hombe chikamu vehondo German, kuti undoubted kubudirira hazvirevi kuti oparesheni rapera. The Red Army akaramba kurwisa muvengi nzvimbo. Wehrmacht boka raiva guru kwazvo, saka GHQ aitarisira kupaza mupomerwi uye uritsemure kanenge migove miviri. Zvisinei, nokuti kuti kumberi zvikuru kujekesa, wevasungwa mauto muvengi wakanga zvakati kwirirei. Soviet counteroffensive pa Stalingrad kufambira.

Zvichakadaro, vari Wehrmacht kugadzirira chirongwa "Vintergevitter" akavhiyiwa (iro anoshandura se "Winter Storm"). Chinangwa chacho chaiva nechokwadi kubviswa encirclement of 6 Army achitungamirirwa Fridriha Paulyusa. The blockade raiva kupaza boka "Don" hondo. Kuronga uye kuita oparesheni "Vintergevitter" akanzi kuna Field Marshal Erich of Manstein. The chikuru unoshamisa simba vokuGermany panguva ino yakanga 4th Panzer Army, akaraira naHermann Hoth.

"Vintergevitter"

The akatendeuka pfungwa hondo pachiyero iri tilting mumwe, ipapo mhiri, uye kusvikira yokupedzisira haina kubvisa ndiani achava Kumukundi. Saka yakanga iri pamahombekombe Volga River pakupera 1942. Tanga Soviet counteroffensive pana Stalingrad, Red Army akasiya. Zvisinei, musi December 12 vokuGermany vakaedza kutanga mumaoko avo. On nhasi, Manstein uye Hoth akatanga kushandisa urongwa "Vintergevitter".

Nokuti kuti vokuGermany akuvadzwa akarova chinoumba kubva munharaunda Kotelnikovo musha, kuvhiyiwa uyu unonziwo Kotelnikovo. Nokurohwa yakanga zvisingatarisirwi. The Red Army aiziva kuti Wehrmacht achaedza kuputsa pakukombwa kubva kunze, asi kurwisa Kotelnikovo aiva muduku vaiona dzakasiyana zvinhu. Munzira vokuGermany vanoda kuuya kuzonunura mamwe masoja ake, okutanga aiva 302nd Infantry Division. Akanga vakaparadzirwa zvizere uye vasina kurongeka. Saka Gotu akakwanisa kuumba mukaha mumarudzi nzvimbo yaigara 51st Army.

December 13 6th Panzer Division vakarwisa nzvimbo rakatorwa 234th tangi chemazana chehondo icho vakatsigira 235 fung Tank Brigade uye rechi20 Anti-tangi atirari bhurigedhi. Masimba aya akarayira Lt. VaK Michael Diasamidze. Uyewo pedyo ndiyo 4th michini Corps Vasiliya Volskogo. boka Soviet vaiva pedyo nomusha Upper Kuma. The kurwa nemauto eSoviet uye zviumbu of Wehrmacht kutonga rwakatora mazuva matanhatu pamusoro pake.

The Standoff, iyo akaenda kusiyanisa kubudirira kumativi ose, akanga dzakada kupera December 19. The boka German yakanga ine pamwe matsva anokwana zviyero, uyo akauya neshure. Chiitiko ichi waitwa vatungamiri veSoviet shure kuna Myshkova rwizi. Zvisinei, ichi ndicho-zuva mashanu kunonoka ichishanda kuridzwa mumaoko Dzvuku Army. Nokuti apo masoja wakarwira dzose dzomumusha Upper Kuma, munharaunda pedyo akanga akasungirirwa 2nd Guards Army.

yakaoma

December 20 hondo Paurosi uye Hoth vakaparadzana nevanhu makiromita 40 chete. Zvisinei, vanhu vokuGermany vakaedza kuputsa blockade, dzakatobvuma vakarasikirwa hafu vashandi. The tsamwisa yakanga seiyi uye pakupedzisira akamira. simba Goth kupera. Ikozvino kuputsa mhete eSoviet akanga akapoteredzwa vokuGermany vaida rubatsiro. Plan remapazi "Vintergevitter" iri dzidziso anowedzera urongwa "Donnershlag". Akavata pakuti munhu rakakiyiwa 6th Army Paurosi aifanira kusangana mamwe masoja ake, kuedza kuputsa blockade.

Zvisinei, pfungwa iyi kumboiswa rakatangwa. Zvakanga zvose hurongwa imwe Hitler "aisazombofa kusiya Stalingrad nhare." Kana Paulus akamedura mhete uye chokuita kuti Goth, aizoita, Chokwadi, vakasiya guta shure. The Führer akafunga chijana izvi pazviitiko kukundwa kwakakwana uye kunyadziswa. kurambidzwa ake akanga akapfeka kokupedzisira. Zvirokwazvo, kana Paulus akarwa nzira yake kuburikidza kuhondo Soviet, ungadai vakaedza somutengesi kuna Motherland. Ainyatsoziva nezvazvo uye havana kutanga panguva yakaoma.

shure Manstein

Zvichakadai, kuruboshwe parutivi nokurwisa vokuGermany dzavo nevatsigiri, mauto eSoviet vakakwanisa kupa kurwa zvakasimba shure. Italian uye Romanian nokupesana kuti akarwa kwemauto ichi, nokuzvidira akarega. Kutiza akatora aval. Vanhu vakasiya nzvimbo yavo pasina nokutarira shure. Zvino, nokuti Red Army akazarura nzira Kamensk-pamahombekombe kuNorthern Donets River. Zvisinei, chikuru basa nemauto eSoviet inogarwa Rostov akatanga. Mukuwedzera, miti simbi airfields sokuronga kukosha Tazinskaya uye Morozovsk, izvo zvaikoshawo Wehrmacht nokukurumidza kuchinjwa zvokudya uye zvimwe zvinhu.

Panyaya iyi, musi December 23 mukuru oparesheni kuputsa blockade Manstein akarayira kuti mumusiye, kuitira kudzivirira kukurukurirana kwezvivako, iri necheshure. Kufambisa muvengi akatora 2nd Guards Army Rodion Malinovsky. pachiuno German akanga akatambanudzwa uye kudzivirirwa. December 24, mauto eSoviet kuzodzosera akapinda Upper Kuma. Pazuva iroro Stalingrad Front vachifamba kunogumbura akananga Kotelnikov. Goth uye Paulus vave kukwanisa kubatanidza uye kupa mukoridho kuti shure takapoteredzwa vokuGermany. Operation "Vintergevitter" yambomiswa.

Pokupedza kuvhiyiwa "Uranus"

January 8, 1943, apo yakanga yakapoteredzwa vokuGermany zvachose tariro, Red Army Command anokumhan'arira kudare kokupedzisira. Paulus aifanira bvuma. Zvisinei, akaramba kuita kudaro, zvichitevera mirairo Hitler, uyo kukundikana Stalingrad aizova kwazvo nokurova. Kana padzimbahwe vakadzidza kuti Paurosi achingoramba, kurwisa of Red Army akatangazve atowedzera simba.

January 10 Don Front akatumira kwokupedzisira nemafungiro nomuvengi. Maererano nokufungidzira siyana panguva iyoyo nechiteyeso vainge 250,000 vokuGermany. The Soviet kaunda-tsamwisa pa Stalingrad yakatora mwedzi miviri, uye ikozvino dzaida kwokupedzisira achapesana nokuda kwayo. January 26, takapoteredzwa boka Wehrmacht yakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri. Pakati Stalingrad yaiva kumaodzanyemba hafu, munzvimbo "kwezvinovharidzira" fekitari uye Tractor Plant - North. January 31, Paulus vake pasi mapfumo. February 2 akanga atyora kurwisa wekupedzisira German chikwata. yakaguma nhasi Soviet counteroffensive pa Stalingrad. Date, uyezve, rava wokupedzisira nokuti hondo yose pamahombekombe ari Volga.

zvabuda

Ndezvipi zvikonzero kubudirira Soviet pakaunda-kuve pana Stalingrad? Pakazopera 1942 kwakaguma muna Wehrmacht yakachena manpower. Kanda mukurwa kumabvazuva rashanduka munhu. Simba yasara ndiyo aneta. Stalingrad aiva yokunyanyisa pfungwa Germany inogumbura. In yaimbova Tsaritsyn payo petered kunze.

Kiyi hondo yose yakazova kutanga pakaunda-kunogumbura pa Stalingrad. Red Army kuburikidza fronts akawanda rokutanga vaigona andikomberedze uye ipapo kubvisa muvengi. Yakaparadzwa muvengi 32 mumapoka uye 3 bhurigedhi. All vokuGermany uye dzavo nevatsigiri mu "Sekaiichi" akarasika vanenge zviuru 800 vanhu. Nhamba Soviet vakanga kwazvo. The Red Army akarasikirwa vanhu 485,000, uyo 155,000 zvakaurayiwa.

Nokuti maviri nehafu mwedzi yakapoteredza vokuGermany haana kuita chinhu akaedza kubva mukati. Ivo kutarisira kubatsira kubva 'mainland', asi Nokusimudzwa pamusoro blockade pakati Army Group "Don" kunze vakakundikana. Kunyange zvakadaro, munguva yakagoverwa nguva vokuGermany taumba mhepo kubvisa hurongwa, naro kubva zvakatipoteredza kusarudza kuti mauto 50 zviuru (vakanga kunyanya akuvadzwa). Avo akagara mukati chindori kana akafa kana vakabatwa.

counteroffensive pana Stalingrad hurongwa akanga vakabudirira akaurayiwa. Red Army vavimbezve hondo. Pashure Kubudirira uku vakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma yokusunungura Soviet Union kubva Nazi basa. Kazhinji, Hondo Stalingrad, kuti izvo pakaunda-tsamwisa yeSoviet muchiuto chaiva chokupedzisira nevaya, akaratidza kuva rimwe remasangano uye kunokonzera kuteurwa kweropa rakawanda hondo munhoroondo yevanhu. Kurwa kuti ndipiswe, wakabhombwa uye yakashatiswa matongo mberi kuoma ne chando ekunze. Kutonhora kwekunze uye zvirwere zvinokonzerwa navo vakafa nevanozvitsigira vazhinji yokumusha. Kunyange zvakadaro, guta (uye pamwe naye yose Soviet Union) akaponeswa. Zita pakaunda-tsamwisa pa Stalingrad - "Uranus" - nokusingaperi akanyorwa munhoroondo zvechiuto.

Zvikonzero kukundwa of Wehrmacht

Pave paya, mushure Second World War Manstein yakabudisa memoir kusanganisira rondedzero yakatodzama mafungiro ake Hondo Stalingrad uye Soviet pakaunda-tsamwisa pasi paro umo. Ari kupomerwa ari dzorufu mauto 6 aHitler. The Führer aisada kutora Stalingrad uye nokudaro vakakanda mumvuri pamusoro mukurumbira wayo. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, vokuGermany vakanga pakutanga muna bhaira, uye ipapo zvachose takakombwa.

Muchiuto pakati Third Reich vaiva mamwe matambudziko. Transport ndege akanga asina kukwana kupa zvakafanira kupesana vakakomba zvombo, mafuta uye zvokudya. Air mukoridho uye haina kushandiswa kusvikira pakuguma. Uyezve, Manstein anotaurwa kuti Paurosi akaramba kupaza reSoviet mhete kurutivi Gotha nokuti kushaya mafuta uye kutya kutambura kwokupedzisira kukundwa, vachiri kuteerera hurongwa Führer.