The mhando uye boka mollusks. General zvechadenga molluscs. Chii mate shwanu mu molluscs?

Dzemugungwa vari pakati invertebrates kupfuura kare. Kusiyaniswa pamberi muviri mhango uye yechipiri iri rakaoma akaronga nhengo dzomukati. Vazhinji vavo vane calcareous goko, iyo akanaka zvakanaka kudzivirirwa muviri wavo inorwisa vavengi vakawanda.

Habitat rwunopera uye nenyika uye mvura. Chinhu Link inokosha cheni zvokudya, vakadya mhuka dzakawanda. Mukuwedzera, vazhinji vavo vari tanga kukura vari tupukanana hove, kazhinji vanoshumira dura wehondo vakawanda parasitic nehonye. Panyaya iyi, ndinoda kukuyeuchidzai mafeni pamusoro tourism, izvo chero zvazvingava haagoni kunwa mvura uchinanga kubva yakazaruka reservoirs. Huri mvura mazana opisthorchis vachafara kupinda zvomudumbu turakiti yako, apo pedyo chiropa!

Hakusi kakawanda kuyeuka izvi, asi mhando dzakawanda kwakadai dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya mararamiro. Mukuita kudaro, vanobatsira pave mate shwanu. Zviya, chii chinhu mate shwanu mu molluscs? Under amburera ichi izwi rinoreva yakati chakarondedzera dzakananga nhengo, izvo dziri muna pharynx uye dzaiita zvokutaurwa mhango. Ivo zvakagadzirirwa kuti secretion-siyana zvinhu, vane unhu hunogona akasiyana zvikuru kunzwisisa kwatinoita Shoko "pfira".

Sezvo ushe, mollusks vane imwe kana mbiri yegwara omumuviri, izvo mune mamwe marudzi vanosvika anoyevedza chaizvo kukura. Nokuti marudzi akawanda emhuka chakavanzika, zvavakanga kusunungura, rine kubva 2.18 kusvika 4.25% reagent mugiredhi sulfuric acid. Zvinobatsira zvose yokudzivisa nayo zvikara uye nezvavakatapa nevoukama dzavo (sulfuric asidhi zvakakwana urwa calcareous anoshongwa). Ndizvo zvakaita mate shwanu pamusoro mollusks.

Other dzinongoitika ukoshi

Vakawanda mhando slugs uye nedhambakura, kukonzera kwazvo kukuvara zvokurima pasi pose. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zviri dzemugungwa kutamba inokosha basa yose mvura kurapwa, sezvo achakupaiwo rinoshandiswa yakasvinwa mairi Organic. Munyika dzakawanda, makuru bivalves akaberekwa Marine mapurazi, sezvo ivo vari zvinokosha chikafu chigadzirwa a, chine mugove mapuroteni. Vamiririri ava dzemugungwa (mussels uye oysters) vari kunyange kushandiswa Mishonga kudya kunovaka.

In yaimbova USSR Mungozi vaiona kamwe 19 vamiriri ichi mhando yekare. Pasinei kusiyana molluscs, vanofanira kubatwa nokungwarira, sezvo ivo vari zvinokosha kuti zvakakodzera kushanda dzakawanda dzinongoitika nzvimbo.

Kazhinji, kazhinji dzemugungwa akasiyana dzinobatsira kukosha kuvanhu. Somuenzaniso, parera guru akaberekwa munyika dzakawanda mumhenderekedzo yegungwa munyika, sezvo ichi akaita chinhu nokutengesa dzinongoitika namaparera. Vamwe clams muri kukosha zvikuru mushonga, zvemakemikari uye muitiro Mazinga.

Unoda kuziva zvinonakidza zvinhu pamusoro dzemugungwa? Munguva dzekare uye yeMiddle Ages, dzimwe nguva asazivikanwa cephalopods vaiva hwaro zvakanaka rose nyika, nekuti kwavo abudisa zvinokosha dzepepuru, vakanga akasvibiswa nguo youmambo uye nguo kwamachinda!

mhando dzemugungwa

In yose, ane zvinopfuura 130 000 rudzi (hongu, risingadaviriki zvakasiyana-siyana molluscs). Clams pamusoro nhamba pekutanga arthropods, ndivo wechipiri zvikuru zvakawanda zvipenyu panyika. Vazhinji vavo anogara mumvura, uye chete vashomanana dzemarudzi vakasarudza sezvo nzvimbo yavo munyika dzokugara.

General unhu

Inenge mhuka dzose dziri chikamu ichi mhando vanoonekwa ne akawanda chaizvo zvinhu. Pano vanogamuchirwa nhasi wemauto chinoratidza dzemugungwa:

• Kutanga, munhu-rukoko matatu. Zvavo maitiro miviri aumba kubva ectoderm, endoderm uye mesoderm.
• Symmetry bilateral mhando kwakakonzera chinokosha misha kuzhinji miviri yavo.
• Non-segmented muviri, kazhinji, panongova yakachengeteka hwakasimba reraimu singi.
• Pane ganda mudanga (nguo), izvo chinovafukidza zvose muviri wavo.
• Nokuti sangano iri yakajeka tsandanyama outgrowth (gumbo).
• Coelomic mhango chaizvo havaratidzi akaratidza.
• Pane zvinenge zvose zvakafanana nhengo system (mu itsanangudzo chimiro, Chokwadi), uyewo mhuka yepamusorosoro.

Saka, mumwe mukuru chinoratidza dzemugungwa kunoratidza kuti pamberi pedu - chaizvo yakatanga, asi achiri mhuka chinyakare. Ndosaka masayendisiti akawanda vanotenda clam tateguru chikuru vakawanda zvipenyu zviri redu. Kuti zvijeke, tinopa tafura umo kuchakurukurwa zvakadzama kupendwa zvechadenga maviri rakajairika makirasi.

hwakadzama Specification

In gastropods muviri ichiri zvakafanana, ichibata, kunyange zvazvo bivalve marudzi asina kuchengetwa. The weboka muviri kupinda zvikamu zvichengetwe chete pane chinyakare chaizvo marudzi. Secondary muviri mhango akapa bhegi wakakomberedza mwoyo tsandanyama uye nhengo dzakavandika. The yose nzvimbo pakati pezvitunha izere zvakakwana parenchyma.

Hunde akawanda mhando mollusks zvinogona kukamurwa zvinotevera mapoka:

• Head.
• Mutumbi.
• Muscle gumbo iro sangano.

All mhando bivalve musoro ipfupi chose. Under makumbo zvaireva muhombe tsandanyama ruoko kuti yakavepo kubva mujinga abdominal rusvingo. Nechepanotangira muviri ganda anoumba huru pleated nguo. Pakati paro, uye muviri pane mhango nani guru umo zvinotevera mitumbi yacho dziri: yacho gills, uye ndezvipi dzepabonde uye excretory nehurongwa. Kuti nguo secretes zvinhu izvo zvaanoita nemvura yokuumba hwakasimba nevamwe.

The goko anogona kunge zvachose zvikukutu, uye panofanira mavharuvhu maviri kana kupfuura kwamahwendefa. The Zvinoumba mumuhara ichi anopinda kabhoni zvikuru yakasviba (Zvechokwadi, muna akasungirwa Hurumende - CaCO ₃₎ uye conchiolin, makemikari anokosha venhumbi iri synthesized kubudikidza nomuviri mollusk. Zvisinei, mhando dzakawanda mollusc goko zvachose kana zvishoma shoma. In slugs pauri paiva dukuduku ndiro hukuru chete.

Zvinoitwa zvomudumbu hurongwa

gastropods

Pamberi kumagumo musoro une muromo. The chikuru muviri zviri, tsandanyama rurimi simba, iyo akafuka simba kunyanya chitin rasp (radula). Tichibatsirwa ari cochlea ngaarayire algae kana zvimwe makemikari unhani vose pindika hukawanika. In dzinodya dzimwe mhando (izvo takurukura pazasi) mutauro akanga unoberekwazve mune kuchinja uye vanachandagwinyira proboscis, iyo akaronga kuti kuzarura anoshongwa evamwe mollusks.

Isu pasikweya (icho iniwo ichakurukurwa yoga), zvimwe zvikamu zviri radula Voda mhiri muromo uye muchimiro matare ane mhando. Uchibatsirwa dzavo, vamiririri ava dzemugungwa sezvaari achakandira uturu yavo akuvara. Vamwe gastropods mutauro dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya kwava "chibooreso" chaiyo, ivo chete vanochera mumakomba goko kwayo chayabata kuti baya jekiseni uturu.

bivalve

Kana kwavo, zvose zviri nyore zvikuru. Vanongouya nhema mira nechepasi (kana Hang zvakasimba vasiyana substrate), profiltrovyvaya kuburikidza nomuviri wake mazana marita kwemvura yakanyauka makemikari nyaya. Yakasvinwa inoramba kupinda zvakananga mugomba kura dumbu.

kufema

Vazhinji mhando anofema kuburikidza gills. Pane "pamberi" uye mhando "shure". Pakutanga gills dziri pamberi muviri uye muromo achinongedzera mberi. Saizvozvowo, kana yechipiri yezasi anocheuka. Vamwe nudibranchs vakarasikirwa gills dzavo chaiyo reshoko. Izvi clams makuru fema zvakananga achishandisa ganda.

Kuti vaite izvi, vakava noushamwari chaihwo muviri ganda adaptive mhando. In pano mhando uye yechipiri hwemvura mollusks (madzitateguru avo zvakare vakadzokera mvura) ari jasi chikamu wakatesvererwa, kusikwa chiedza mutsa, masvingo ayo rakapinda ne tsinga dzine. Kufema hozhwa dzakadaro vanomutsirwa mvura pamusoro uye mhepo rive basa ne chinokosha spiracles. Heart, iri kure ari kufema gadziriro, kuti "kuvaka" nyore inoumbwa rimwe atrium uye ventricle.

Huru makirasi vari chikamu mhando

Sezvo yakakamurwa mhando dzemugungwa? Makirasi molluscs (a dzinokwana zvidimbu sere), "korona" vatatu kupfuura vazhinji:

• Gastropods (Gastropoda). Izvi zvinosanganisira zviuru mhando hozhwa ose hukuru zvose, chikuru chinoratidza inova yakaderera nokukurumidza rwokufamba rutsoka zvakanaka kunyatsobudirira tsandanyama.
• Bivalves (Bivalvia). The goko kuti mavharuvhu maviri. Kazhinji, nhengo dzose vekirasi kwemarudzi vari ndakagara, vakaneta. Anogona vose kufamba Via makumbo tsandanyama uye kuburikidza ndege vaise, ejecting mvura pressurized.
• Cephalopod (Cephalopoda). Chinjwa clams, scallops kana vachiramba zvachose, kana zviri kuchangotanga.

Ndivanaanizve rwuripowo mhando dzemugungwa? molluscs makirasi vari siyana: kuwedzera ose pamusoro, kuchine musinga goko, Tubular uye caudofoveata, solenogastres uye monoplacophora. Vose vari kurarama uye vachibudirira.

Imhandoi Zvisaririra mollusks zvine? molluscs mumakirasi kuti kare kuva yakatotsakatika:

• Rostroconchia.
• Tentaculites.

Nenzira dzichitaura, zvakafanana monoplacophora kusvikira 1952 vaionekwa zvachose yakatotsakatika, asi panguva ngarava "Galatea" pamwe tsvakurudzo rwendo nemhuka hove zvinenge matsva akawanda kuti akapiwa itsva marudzi Neopilina galatheae. Sezvaunogona kuona, zita iri mhando dzemugungwa akapiwa nokuda tsvakurudzo mudziyo, izvo kuvawana. Zvisinei, muna tsika dzesayenzi hazvishamisi: mhando kakawanda akasarudzwa vachikudza dzavo akawana aiongorora.

Saka zvinoita kuti makore ose hwakazotevera tsvakurudzo itsva basa vachakwanisa rokuvandudza mhando dzemugungwa: clams makirasi, izvo zvino kuonekwa yakatotsakatika, rinogona kuchengetwa kumwe fathomless mukudzika munyanza.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

Sezvo chinoshamisa sezvo zvinganzwika, zvikuru ngozi uye incredible zvikara panyika vanoonekwa ... zvinoita isingakuvadzi hozhwa. Somuenzaniso, pasikweya nedhambakura (Lat. Conidae), chepfu ari zvokuti kujairika kuti rinoshandiswa zvaAtemisi vemishonga ano mamwe zvisingawanzoitiki zvinodhaka. Sezvineiwo, zita dzemugungwa hwemhuri kwakakodzera. chimiro chavo uye chaizvoizvo zvikuru somunhu truncated cone.

Vanogona kuramba vavhimi chete utsinye cracking walnut pasi floodplain chayabata. Chokwadi, sezvo yokupedzisira ndivo kupfuura dzayaitonga, ndakagara mhando, sezvo dzimwe hozhwa havangagoni kufambirana. The akuvara ayo saizi anogona pfuura kagumi muvhimi. Unoda kuziva zvakawanda zvinonakidza zvinhu pamusoro dzemugungwa? Hongu ndapota!

On dzokudzidzisa kunovhima hozhwa

Kakawanda unonyengera mollusc rinoshandisa muviri wayo simba zvikuru, tsandanyama rutsoka simba. It chinogona kubatanidzwa pagadzirwe aine simba yakaenzana pokushandisa uto 20 makirogiramu! Dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya nedhambakura kuti zvakakwana. Somuenzaniso, kuti "hove" ari Oyster anovhura mu isingasviki neawa aine uto kilos chete gumi! Muchidimbu, upenyu molluscs zvakawanda ngozi kupfuura kufunga nezvazvo ...

Other mhando gastropods uye haana havadi kusunda zvinyoronyoro prosverlivaya kugadzirwa singi pedyo chaiwo proboscis. Ndizvo zvichiitika nyore uye anokurumidza kwete call chido zvose. Saka, kana pakukora ari goko chete muna 0.1 mm dzikapupurira anogona kutora maawa 13! Hongu, nzira iyi "kunovhima" ndiyo chete akakodzera hozhwa ...

Kuparadzwa!

Wokuparadza wokumwe goko uye muridzi wayo, dzemugungwa vachishandisa sulfuric asidhi (unotoziva kuti mate shwanu mu mollusks). Sezvo kuparadzwa kuri nyore zvikuru uye dzichimhanya. Kana buri zvaitwa, kuti chikara anotanga zvishoma nezvishoma kudya kure pechaabata kubva "pasuru", kushandisa proboscis dzavo. Kusvika pamwero wakati, muviri uyu unogona zvakachengeteka kunzi ane analogue kwemaoko edu, nokuti chinobatanidzwa zvakananga kubatwa uye kuchengeta nezvavakatapa. Mukuwedzera, kondo anogona kazhinji kuti wakavhomorwa zvokuti akapfuudza nokureba muviri rwomuvhimi.

Ndizvo hozhwa vanogona kuwana mhuka yavo kunyange kubva makatsemuka yakadzika uye anoshongwa makuru. Zvakare, kuti zviri kubva proboscis kupinda mumuviri wemunhu jekiseni rine simba muchetura, iyo yakavakirwa mishonga chaiyo sulfuric asidhi (akabudiswa kubva "mhosva" kuna mate mumasero). Muchidimbu, zvino unoziva chaizvo zvinodzidziswa mate shwanu mu molluscs uye nei vachida nayo.