The Northern Sea Route. Zvengarava of Northern Sea Route. Development unonyatsoratidza uye kuvandudzika Northern Sea Route

Russia ine zvinokosha zvomumvura nzvimbo kweArctic. Kuburikidza expanses izvi ndipo Northern Sea Route (NSR) - iri rakasiyana navigable Mugwagwa ane nhoroondo chinonakidza uye tarisiro huru kwazvo.

The akakurumbira gungwa nzira kuti anoenda kuburikidza North

The Northern Sea Route anonzi huru uye chinokosha thoroughfare yeRussian kutumirwa mu kweArctic mapazi. Anoenda kuburikidza makungwa kuyerera kupinda kweArctic Ocean. Mugwagwa ichi chinobatanidza gungwa zvengarava riri European uye Far Eastern dzeRussia. Kutanga Northern Sea Route - paSuo Kara. Anopedzisa mugwagwa Providence Bay. The zvachose Kureba Northern Sea Route - sezvakarayirwa 5600 km yokutanga nguva dzose vakaenda moreplavatelnaya rwendo Swedish vaitungamirirwa Nordenskiöld mumakore 1878-79.

The Northern Sea Route ari kushingaira kushandiswa vezvikepe eSoviet muna 1940-80-ies. Muna 70 Mugwagwa ichi takatanga kufamba dzinopwanya aizi. Pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Union ikoko akatanga kuonekwa kakawanda wokumwe dare. The zvengarava kupfuura Northern Sea Route vari Igarka, Dikson, Tiksi, Dudinka uye Pevek Providence. Navigation ari neKomisheni Department pakati Maritime Transport of Russian Federation (muSoviet Union akaita Glavsevmorput, uye ipapo Bazi Morflot).

Huru zviteshi

The Northern Sea Route kunotanga Sea Barents. Zvino mberi mune dzimwe mvura mumakungwa - Kara, Laptev uye East Siberian uye chukchi. Pose mvura kwemiviri dziri kiyi zvengarava zviri Northern Sea Route. Kutanga Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, kumabvazuva - Dixon, munzvimbo yacho Yenisei Gulf midziyo nomunyika Dudinka uye Igarka, rakasungwa nenyanza yeLaptev - muna Noordwijk, ipapo Tiksi (Delta of Lena), Ambarchik (muromo Kolyma), uye Pevek uye chengarava muna Providence.

Izvi vanovengwa mumagwa kwezvivako, izvo riri pamuromo nzizi huru ave dzaifanoiswa pfungwa yokuti zvinhu zvikepe kuenda. The Northern Sea Route - huru pamwe iyo zvifambiswe matanda, michina, marasha, zvokuvakisa, zvokudya, furs. The zvengarava pamusoro Northern Sea Route vari dzakashandisa kugamuchira huru dzinopwanya aizi.

Zvinokonzerwa Kugadzirwa SMEs

Nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti mazuvaano yeRussian kweArctic kwezvivako zvinoda nouchapupu zvemari uye kwevanhu inivhesitimendi. Zvichava zvakafanira kuvandudza basa hydrography uye meteorology, kuti asimbise kwegadziriro zvemuchadenga zvokuongorora kufamba echando, ndinosika hurumende masangano anokonzera kwezvakatipoteredza kuzvidzora. Zvakakodzera kuwedzera Moe pfuma, kuvandudza chiteshi kwezvivako.

Uyezve, vaongorori vanoti, pane zvakawanda zvisingagadziriswi nenyaya pamusoro normative-pamutemo chawo yokudzora kufamba ngarava pedyo NSR. Munzira dzakawanda, ichi zvinoumba achasarudza mutsetse kukwezva yokumwe vanoita - uye kwete chete mune nhumbi mumagwa, sezvo vakadaro, asiwo pedyo zvikamu. Sewevhu, somuenzaniso, peArctic Tourism. Kune vakawanda vanoda kuita rwendo kuna North Pole, uye makambani kubva Russia vave enyika bhizimisi kupfuura mabasa kufamba kwakadaro.

Kufarira dzimwe nyika

Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, kukura Northern Sea Route ndiye vakaita anozviita weRussia kwete chete, asiwo dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka. Chokutanga, chikuru namasimba Asia-Pacific - China uye India. Kufarira duku asi vane inoti - akadai Singapore. Vamwe vakuru vakuru Russian vakafunga kuti tinofanira pamutemo mitemo kufamba mugungwa chokufambisa kuenda kutumirwa makambani yokumwe.

Zvinhu, nyanzvi dzinoti, anogona kuva kwakaoma nokuda nzvimbo United States vasingabvumi funga kuti kiyi Northern Sea Route vari bedzi mune Russian utongi. Uyezve, maererano nomutemo mutemo mugwagwa kunyange Russia hapana tenderano. Asi kune magweta vanodavira kuti Russia ane kodzero dzose kudzora ndima ngarava pedyo Northern Sea Route kuburikidza dzemunharaunda kuUnited Nations Convention on Mutemo eGungwa, yakatangwa 1982.

On kwokubatsira SMP

The muviri hurumende huru kuti ndehwokuti waidzora wekushandisa ari SMP - ndiye Administration of Northern Sea Route, hofisi epakati riri muMoscow. Maererano dzemunharaunda mutemo Russian, kutumirwa mu mvura Mapaipi rinoitwa ari kubvumira nzira. midziyo varidzi vanofanira kushandisa pachine kushandisa NSR mvura. Administration of Northern Sea Route funga uye kuita chisarudzo chokupa kana kukuramba. Sezvineiwo, kushanda kwacho chose modernized: magwaro anogona kutumwa mukombiyuta, uye, uyezve, muna Chirungu, riri nyore kwazvo kuti dzimwe kuvafambisi vengarava. NSR Administration anoongorora kushanda mukati 10 kushanda mazuva uye anoisa mhinduro yako (chisarudzo pamusoro kana kwete kuti ape mvumo) pamusoro pamutemo Website.

Kodzero wekushandisa

Russian Northern Sea Route - mugwagwa, apo pane wekushandisa mitemo kunorondedzerwa mitemo yacho Russian Federation. A zvikuru zvinodiwa vazhinji akashuma zvakasikwa. Somuenzaniso, kana chikepe inofanira kuva pamusoro SMEs uye chinoyambuka West (East) mutsetse, ipapo kamwe pazuva Mukuru wengarava anofanira kutumira Administration of Northern Sea Route anokosha ruzivo pamusoro chikepe chake.

Pakati pavo - the nenzvimbo Coordonatele muchikepe, kuti vakaronga nguva yavaipedza mubasa mvura SMP, chaiwo Chokwadi, kumhanya, uyewo mashoko pamusoro pamberi chando pamusoro nzira muchikepe. Mukuru chikepe anofanira pakarepo udza Administration ari NSR pamusoro dzakaonekwa zvinopa kusvibiswa. matombo iwayo midziyo asingagoni kufamba nenzira gobvu wevasungwa echando, vanofanira batanidza zvavanoita pamwe aizi rengarava uye kuva kugara uchikurukura SMP kutarisira kutevera mirayiridzo mamwe kufamba kana zvakakodzera.

NSR

Vamwe vakwasvi havadi ushande akadai sezvo Northern Sea Route, vachiitsiva ne rokuti "nzvimbo". Kutambudzwa SMEs, nokudaro vachiwedzera mukati upamhi miganhu negungwa 12 zvemakiromita uye upfumi mapazi rusununguko kufamba midziyo iri 200 mamaira refu. Area SMP - kubva Gate Kara kusvika Bering Strait.

The Northern Sea Route, maererano neuwandu kuvafambisi vengarava - kunzwisisa anoverengeka kutumirwa pakutengeserana. kureba yavo chaiyo haisi kugara uye kunonyanya kubva nemwaka kuchinja pakukora uye nzvimbo echando Arctic. The Northern Sea Route - kunopfuura 70 huru zviteshi uye pfungwa. Kune akawanda nharaunda Russian (Chukotka, Yakutia mhenderekedzo pedyo nharaunda) iro NSR - chete Mugwagwa unobatanidza navo napamwe.

Nuclear dzinopwanya aizi pamusoro SMP

Nokuda nenzvimbo uye okunze zvechadenga kufamba midziyo pamusoro Northern Sea Route hazvibviri pasina kutora chikamu yacho aizi rengarava. Ikozvino enda kubudikidza NSR 6 dzinopwanya aizi kwenyukireya-dzinofambiswa. zvikepe Izvi zvinoita akatsiga mudzimu yose gungwa nzira uye anogadziriswa nezvinetso zvine chokuita nokunatsiridza kuwana kumatunhu ose Far North kweRussia uye kweArctic pasherufu. Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, kuRussia aizi rengarava - the rubatso kuchengeteka National. Zvazvakadaro, ngarava icebreaking ndiyo kwemakiromita 8.000 - kubva Murmansk, Vladivostok uye kupera. Chaizvoizvo, vaviri makambani kupfuura mubasa kutumirwa ari NSR, vakanyorwa mumaguta aya maviri. Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, kuRussia aizi rengarava anofanira akawedzera. Izvi zvichaita kuvandudza upfumi chinhanho kubva panzira kuumba mabasa matsva kumatunhu SMEs, kuvandudza zvinhu pamwe kwevanhu kutama kusvikira North.

zvoupfumi kutarisira

Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, SMEs anofanira nomuzongoza kuti akwikwidzane ari neSuez Canal uye zvimwe zvinhu zvenyika guru mugungwa kwezvivako. Maererano vamwe vaongorori, kufadza anokwanisa SMEs - vanenge mamiriyoni 50 matani nhumbi pagore. Kuvafambisi vengarava pachavo vanotenda kuti SMP wose gore rakaramba yakakurumbira - kunyanya tikafunga basa kukura mune makambani mafuta uye gasi munzvimbo Yamal uye kweArctic.

An basa rinokosha mune vakarongeka kushandiswa mikuru iri vakatenda kuvafambisi vengarava kuita voga vanoita. Dynamics iri nechivimbo: muna 2010, SMP ave chete kwave mudziyo guru 4, zvino muna 2011 - 34, uye muna 2012 - kare 46. Nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti pane zvikonzero kutarisira mimwe kukura mubasa kutumirwa makambani ari NSR mvura - zvose Russian uye vatorwa.

basa ehurumende

Maererano vamwe vaongorori pamberi pakutanga 2000s, Russia akaripira chaizvo zvazvinoita pakukura kweArctic rose uye Northern Sea Route zvikuru. Zvisinei, mumakore achangopfuura rehurumende anenge yekudyidzana awedzera munzvimbo idzi. Akatanga kuzviratidza mitemo mitsva kunomutsa nyaya kuhupenyu kukura kumatunhu yakabatana SMP. nezveizvi, nyanzvi dzinoti, kukonzerwa guru nhoroondo nezvebasa Russia muna Arctic, kuchiva ehurumende wokuwanazve unoriumba pesvedzero mudunhu. Muna 2008, President gwaro rinokosha gwaro - "kunyatsogona Russian mamiriro Mutemo kweArctic kusvika 2020". Northern nzvimbo Russian nayo kuzivikanwa somumwe kiyi inokosha reserves munyika. Vamwe matsime SMP ndiyo chinhu National zvifambiso kukurukurirana. Pane imwe tsime mutemo - "Strategy pamusoro socio-zvoupfumi kweSiberia", vakagamuchirwa muna 2010. Rinotaura kuti kushandisa zvakanaka mari SMEs - chinhu chinokosha akabudirira zvoupfumi munyika Siberian nharaunda.

Attention kubva China

Chimwe chezvinhu vanoshingaira vatorwa vatambi maererano kufamba mvura SMP - China, kudyidzana pamwe Russia izvo mumakore achangopfuura inokurukura kunyanya akakodzera. In kuwa 2013, vamwe vanamazvikokota vakaona inonakidza muenzaniso, chokuita ndima kuburikidza Northern Sea Route Yong Sheng mudziyo. Zvakaitika kuti chikepe, havo vafambe Russian Railway, yakahwina mavhiki maviri zvichienzaniswa kana akananga kuburikidza chinyakare nzira nokuda Chinese vezvikepe vari Indian Ocean kuburikidza neSuez Canal. Ichokwadi kugona kukanganisa mberi kuwedzera kufarirwa Chinese mabhuku makambani kushandisa sezvo anokwezva nzira. Kushandira Pamwe mukati yechinangwa kufamba mvura SMP ari kushingaira kukurukurwa pakati China uye Russia panguva ehurumende chechetere.

Purezidhendi Russia iri SMP

Kufarira ehurumende ari kumwezve uye inobudirira Kugadzirwa Northern Sea Route ari kurondwa nomuenzaniso President nezvetsika. Vladimir Putin ave achidzidziswa Executive miviri yokubva 2015 turnover pamusoro mikuru SMP kusvika mamiriyoni 4 matani. Kuti izvi kuti speeded kukwira nokutumwa rwengarava matsva anokwanisa kuenda chando ezvinhu, uyewo ice-namapoporodzi - yenyukireya uye Diesel. The President akacherechedza kuti zvakakosha ndiwedzere kuti kukurukurirana kwezvivako, nepagungwa navigation, kwerunyararo ngarava. The chinangwa yose - kuzodzosera mumugwagwa akamuisa anokwezva kuti voga makambani muRussia uye kunze negwara. On sei kubudirira uchava kukura SMEs, musoro wehurumende, kunoenderana panzira ramangwana Russia achakwanisa kusimudzira pachavo National zvido zvavo kweArctic.

The kukosha NSR muRussia

Vladimira Putina Zvinorayirwa zvinoenderana mukuru nehurumende kosi pachinhu sei zvinofanira kuva kukura Northern Sea Route. Economic Kugadzirwa munzvimbo dzakawanda Russia kunoenderana kuvakwa kwezvivako vachabudirira sei SMEs - kunyanya Arkhangelsk Region, Siberia. Maererano vamwe vaongorori, kukosha Northern Sea Route kuRussia rakaoma kuona. Nokuti nyika yedu, kuti SMP - haisi chete aizobudirira zvomumvura huru, asiwo chishandiso ichapedza zvakawanda munzvimbo kweArctic mudunhu. Saka, kunyange kana zvemari kuNorthern Sea Route harizoiti sezvaraiva mutengo-chinobudirira sezvo vaitarisira kuzviremera, nyanzvi, hurumende yacho kutenda acharamba vanopedzisira chengarava kwezvivako uye kuvaka ngarava dzinopwanya aizi - kutendeutsa, kana zvakakodzera, SMEs mu inokosha umbowo National kudzivirira.