The United States pashure peHondo Yenyika II: nhoroondo, unhu uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

With kuguma kweHondo Yenyika II, United States pamusoro ndima chete Soviet Union yakanga mumwe maviri nyika dzine masimba. States akabatsira kusimudza Europe kubva matongo, takasangana zvoupfumi uye wevanotungamirira tiguu. Nyika vakatanga muitiro mekushandisa panguva iyoyo uye rusaruraganda. Panguva iyoyo vari American muvanhu akatendeuka Anti-echiKomonisiti danidziro Senator McCarthy vatsigiri. Kunyange zvakadaro, pasinei ose nechomukati uye kwokunze nekuongororwa, nyika yave vakakwanisa kuramba uye kusimbisa mamiriro ayo sechinhu chikuru democracies zvenyika Western.

superpower itsva

Kana muna 1939 mu Europe vakatanga hondo ropa, hurumende US akaedza kugara kure pamwero mukuru kunetsana. Zvisinei, kwenguva refu pavanotaurirana, kashoma inoramba zvinobvira kuramba isolationist negwaro. Pakupedzisira, muna 1941, pakanga kurwiswa Pearl Harbor. Unonyengera Kurwisa Japanese chakaita Washington hwokufungazve zvirongwa zvayo. Saka pre-havatsananguri basa United States pashure peHondo Yenyika II. American nzanga vakabatana "kushingirira" XX remakore, chinangwa raiva kukunda nevaNazi uye vakabatana navo.

The Third Reich vakakundwa, vachisiya Europe matongo. Rinokosha zveupfumi uye enyika zvinorehwa Old World (zvikurukuru muUK uye France) yakazununguka. The United States pashure peHondo Yenyika II rwaigara shama niche. By zvinoratidza zvose hwakanyatsorwisa zvakaneta aitambura zvinotyisa makore apfuura, nyika yava chakakodzera vaitirei superpower.

"Marshall Plan"

Muna 1948 akatanga zvavaita wakatangwa na US Munyori weHurumende George Marshall "European Recovery Program", kunonziwo "Marshall Plan." Chinangwa chacho chaiva rubatsiro zvoupfumi kunorira Europe. Kuburikidza nechirongwa ichi United States mushure Second World War, kwete chete kuti kutsigira nevatsigiri vavo, asiwo yakasimbiswa kwayo revane chinzvimbo munyika dzokuMadokero.

Mari kudzorerwa bhizimisi uye nezvimwe kwezvivako zvakakosha dzinounzwa kunyika 17. VokuAmerica akapa kwavo rubatsiro kune mugovanisi kunyika Eastern Europe, zvisinei, pasi kufurirwa Soviet Union, vakaramba kubatanidzwa mupurogiramu. Kunyanya Kuti mari inopiwa kuna West Germany. mari American vakauya kunyika iyi pamwe yakafanana wemabhuku yokugadzirisa kare mhosva nehurumende yeNazi.

Kukura kuzvipokanidza pamwe USSR

MuSoviet Union kuti "Marshall Plan" yakamushora, muchitenda kuti kubudikidza naye United States pashure peHondo Yenyika II anoisa vomanikidza Soviet Union. maonero Izvi zvakanga zvakapararira kuMadokero. It yaibatana kusanganisira vaimbove US Vice President Genri Uolles, vakatsoropodza chirongwa kubatsira Europe.

Gore negore, kukura nokurwisana pakati USSR uye United States akatonyanya uye rikwanise zvikuru. Masimba, amire kurutivi chete divi mukurwisa nokutyisidzirwa Nazi, uye ikozvino vakatanga kupopotedzana pachena. Zvakakanganisa kupokana pakati yeutongi uye democratic pepfungwa. Western Europe uye United States pashure peHondo Yenyika II akasika rechiuto mubatanidzwa, NATO, uye Eastern Europe uye Soviet Union - the Warsaw chibvumirano.

zvemukati matambudziko

The womukati Kugadzirwa US mushure Second World War Akaperekedzwa makakatanwa. Pakurwisana yeNazi zvakaipa kwemakore takabatana munzanga uye akaita kuti kukanganwa matambudziko avo. Zvisinei, anenge pakarepo pashure mukukunda nematambudziko aya ivo pachavo vakazivisa zvakare. Pakutanga, vakapinda panyaya dzemadzinza vashoma.

Social nomutemo wemadzimambo USA mushure Second World War kwakachinja nzira yekare woupenyu maIndia. Muna 1949, hurumende vakasiya rapfuura mutemo pamusoro kuzvisarudzira. Gone ndishushikane. Nokukurumidza kuitwa pamwe nenzanga vokuAmerica. Kazhinji, maIndia yakatamira maguta pasi kufurirwa. Vakawanda vavo havana kuda kurega mararamiro madzitateguru, asi vaifanira kusiya tsika dzavo nokuti munyika nokure zvakasiyana.

chinorwisa panguva iyoyo

The chitsuwa akaramba dambudziko yakawiriranwa ukama pakati chena ruzhinji uye dema vashoma. Panguva iyoyo akaramba. Muna 1948 zvakanga yakaguma muna Air Force. MuHondo Yenyika II, African vokuAmerica vakawanda akashanda avhiyesheni uye vakakurumbira zvinoshamisa zvakapembererwa. Zvino vaigona kupiwa basa kusvikira Motherland iri chete ezvinhu pamwe chena.

1954 akapa US mumwe munzanga kukunda inokosha. Nokuda refu-doro kuti chisarudzo Supreme Court US munhoroondo pashure peHondo Yenyika II pakataurwa abolition pakati yoga dzidzo muzvikoro kubudikidza munhangemutange. Ipapo Congress pamutemo yasimbiswa kuti matema chinzvimbo vemunyika. US Zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga nzira inoenda wakakwana Kuramba kwakaita panguva iyoyo uye kusarura. Izvi rakapera muna 1960.

upfumi

Mhanyisa upfumi kukura muUnited States pashure peHondo Yenyika II kwakaita kuti isati yamboitwa upfumi tiguu, iyo dzimwe nguva anonzi "yendarama zera capitalism". Rakanga anokonzerwa zvinoverengeka, zvakadai dambudziko iri Europe. Nguva 1945-1952 gg. uyewo vaiona Keynes yaitonga (Dzhon Keyns - munyori anozivikanwa zvoupfumi dzidziso, maererano izvo Zvinoraira United States akararama mumakore iwayo).

Nokuedza States of Bretton Woods maitiro yakatangwa. Its masangano zviite zvokutengeserana dzakawanda uye akabvumira kuti vaite imwe "Marshall Plan" (kwaiva World Bank, International Monetary Fund uye zvichingodaro. D.). The tiguu muUnited States zvoupfumi kwakaita kuti mwana tiguu - vemo kuputika, nemhaka iyo yaikurumidza kukura Vagari yose nyika.

Pakutanga kweHondo Yemashoko

Muna 1946, apo ari oga kushanya kuUnited States, atova yaimbova British Prime Minister Winston Churchill akanunura kutaura yake yakakurumbira umo akashevedza Soviet Union uye komiyunizimu kutyisidzira nyika dzokuMadokero. Nhasi kare tenda chiitiko ichi ndiko kutanga kweHondo Yemashoko. Mune US, apo mutungamiri wenyika waiva Garri Trumen. Iye, kufanana Churchill, vaidavira kuti Soviet Union vanofanira kuomerera zvakaoma-mutsetse maitiro. Panguva utungamiriri hwake (1946-1953) Pakupedzisira vakanochengeta weboka nyika pakati maviri enyika rinopikisa enyika.

Truman aiva muvambi "Truman Dzidziso", maererano iyo, Hondo Yemashoko aiva nebope pakati democratic American uye Soviet pevatongi nehurongwa. Wokutanga pfupa wechokwadi nenharo nokuti mbiri dzine akanga Germany. Maererano chisarudzo US, West Berlin waibatanidzwa "Marshall Plan." The Soviet Union mukupindura ichi, guta akaita blockade. Dambudziko kusvikira 1949. Somugumisiro paro East German GDR zvakanzi zvakasikwa.

Zvadaro akatanga itsva ose maoko rudzi. Mushure kubhombiwa ose paHiroshima neNagasaki vakanga pasisina kuedza kushandisa muhondo yenyukireya warheads - hwakapera mushure yokutanga. Second World War, US akanga zvakakwana kuti vazive lethality kuti zvombo zvitsva. Zvisinei, maoko rudzi yakatobuda atanga. Muna 1949 Soviet Union akaedza bhomba yenyukireya, uye gare gare - rehydrogen. America vakafirwa ari chindingindingi zvombo.

McCarthyism

Tiine Kushatiswa ukama muSoviet Union uye United States yakatanga anoparadzirwa chirongwa kuvaka mufananidzo itsva muvengi. "Red tyisa" dzashanduka kuva chinangwa kumamiriyoni vokuAmerica. Chinonyanya zamu Anti-dzechiKomonisiti, aiva Senator Dzhozef Makkarti. Iye mhosva zhinji enyika nechinzvimbo chepamusoro uye voruzhinji tsitsi kuna Soviet Union. Paranoid zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe McCarthy nokukurumidza anhonga nokuda vezvenhau.

The United States pashure Second World War, muna pfupi, vakawana Anti nokukurumidza chemaneka, apo vawirwa vaiva varume, zvikuru kure kuruboshwe-bapiro. McCarthyites zvose akakoromorwa ose American vanhu mhosva vatengesi. Kurwisa kwavo vari vatsigiri nemugwagwa mibatanidzwa kwakadzama pamwe mugovanisi bloc. Truman kunyange aiva mutsoropodzi of Soviet Union, asi rakasiyana McCarthy kuti rusununguko maonero. The scandalous Seneta aswedera Republican Dwight Eisenhower muna 1952 akunda musarudzo dzemutungamiriri wenyika.

McCarthyists vawirwa vakatanga masayendisiti akawanda uye Artists: Munyori Leonard Bernstein, yefizikisi David Bohm, mutambi Lee Grant, etc. kuti kushora mukadzi vakaurayiwa vaKomonisiti Julius uye Ethel Rosenberg ... Zvisinei, A mbirikira chirongwa kuwana vavengi mupfungwa, nokukurumidza kwakakundikana. Pakupera 1954 McCarthy akatumirwa kune zvinonyadzisa kurizaina.

Cuban Chombo dambudziko

France, Britain, United States pashure peHondo Yenyika II, pamwe nedzimwe nyika dzokuMadokero ndakasika rechiuto NATO. Nokukurumidza nyika idzi dzakaratidza rutsigiro South Korea kwaro tinorwisana vaKomonisiti. The yokupedzisira, uyewo, vakabatsira Soviet Union uye China. The War Korean rwakatora makore 1950-1953. Yaiva zvombo nebope pakati mbiri yepamusoro enyika ezvematongerwo enyika vokutanga.

Muna 1959, kumukira kwakaitika pedyo United States, Cuba. To simba pachitsuwa vakauya vaKomonisiti rinotungamirirwa Fidel Castro. Cuba akashandisa kutsigirwa USSR upfumi. Uyezve, chombo Soviet yenyukireya rakatorwa pachitsuwa. Chitarisiko chayo pedyo United States kwakatungamirira muCaribbean dambudziko - mugumo kweHondo Yemashoko, apo nyika yakanga pachikumbaridzo kubhombiwa zvitsva zvenyukireya. Zvadaro, muna 1962, US President John F. Kennedy uye mutungamiriri weSoviet Nikita Khrushchev akakwanisa kutaurirana uye kwete kutowedzera ezvinhu. Fork yave akapfuura. It vakatanga mutemo nezvishoma détente.