Paintings vekare vanhu. Ancient dombo mundiro dzakavezwa

Human budiriro yasvika refu nzira kukura uye unozadzisa hunoshamisa zvabuda. Contemporary uri - mumwe wavo. Asi zvinhu zvose ane kutanga kwayo. Sei mufananidzo uye ndivanaani vaiva - the vemifananidzo zvenyika yokutanga?

Tanga kuti prehistoric uri - mhando uye nezvimiro

In ibwe Age, iyo Paleolithic, kutanga anooneka chinyakare unyanzvi. Rakanga yakasiyana chimiro. Ndivo tsika, mumhanzi, nokupembera uye nenziyo, uyewo kuisa mifananidzo hukawanika siyana - dombo mifananidzo kubva chinyakare vanhu. To iyi runobva uye kusikwa rokutanga nevanhu zvivako - megaliths, dolmens uye menhirs, chinangwa chiri achiri kuzivikanwa. The kupfuura nomukurumbira vavo - Stonehenge muna Salisbury, iine cromlechs (matombo vakarurama).

Zvemumba, akadai zvishongo matoyi, uyewo nhengo unyanzvi chinyakare vanhu.

periodization

Masayendisiti hapana mubvunzo nguva kwakabva chinyakare art. It akatanga kuumba ari pakati Paleolithic, panguva mukupera Neanderthals. The tsika iyoyo anonzi Mousterian.

Neanderthals vaigona dzinoona ibwe, pakusika maturusi. On dzimwe nyaya, masayendisiti akawana dzegirini uye notches muchimiro michinjikwa wezvamatongerwe chinyakare chishongo. Panguva iyoyo, kuswedera vasingagoni asi, asi maitiro kare kushandiswa. ivhu kure nhindi dzaro akawanikwa, sezvinoita penzura, yaishandiswa.

Chinyakare dombo kupenda - Definition

Uyu mufananidzo chinyakare art. Ko chifananidzo, ndikarangarira pendi pamusoro bako rusvingo pemvura murume yekare. Vazhinji izvi zvinhu zvinowanikwa Europe, asi pane mifananidzo vekare vanhu Asia. Nzvimbo chikuru kuwanda nedombo uri - nharaunda Spain ano uye France.

masayendisiti chokwadi

Kwenguva refu, sayenzi yemazuva haana kuziva ndechokuti uri chinyakare murume kwasvika refu azvipire zvakadaro. The vanodhirowa nomumapako vekare vanhu havana kuwana kusvikira XIX remakore. Naizvozvo, pavakanga pakutanga zvakwakafukurwa, vakazvitapa falsification.

History of Zvavakawana

Ancient dombo iwe akawanikwa ane mudzidzi akiyorojisiti, Spanish gweta Marcelino Sanz of Sautuola.

Kuwana uku imhaka zvinoshamisa zvichaitika. Mugore Spanish rweRoma Cantabria muna 1868, mumwe muvhimi vakaona mubako. Mukova yakanga yakazara marara Chipped dombo. Muna 1875, zvakanga akaongorora of Sautuola. Panguva iyoyo, akawana chete Ezvemutauro. The kuwana kwave rakajairika. Makore mana gare gare, mudzidzi akiyorojisiti revisited Altamirskuyu mubako. Akaperekedzwa mwanasikana-gore 9 okuberekwa, akawana uye vanodhirowa. Pamwe chete neshamwari yake, matongo Juan Vilanova Pierre de Sautuola mubasa Zvakafukunurwa mebako. Nguva pfupi asati kuti, panguva kwemasimba vanovengwa Stone Age, akaona mufananidzo nyati, zvinoshamisa nowenyika padombo mufananidzo womunhu yekare, uyo aigona kuona mwanasikana wake Maria. Sautuola akataura kuti Altamirskoy chinowanikwa mubako vanodhirowa mhuka ndezvaJehovha Paleolithic. In ichi akanga vaitsigira uye Wilanow-Pierre.

Masayendisiti rakabudisa anovhundutsa migumisiro Zvakafukunurwa dzavo. Zvino chaaipomerwa falsifying zvedzidzo nyika. Mukusarudza nyanzvi mune zvokuchera matongo kunge categorically vakaramba mikana uri paleolithic nguva. Marcelino of Sautuola kupomerwa, kuti vanodhirowa vekare vanhu, zvichipomerwa akavawana, vakanyengerwa mumwe akiyorojisiti, vaeni mumazuva iwayo naye.

Makore 15 chete gare gare, pashure pokufa munhu akawana nyika inoshamisa mienzaniso uri vekare vanhu, vavengi vake vakaona chokwadi Marcelino of Sautuola. Pakazosvika nguva vanodhirowa izvi nomumapako vekare vanhu vaakawana Font-de-Gaume, Trois Frères, Les combarelles uye Rouffignac kuFrance, Bale d'Oduber muna ichindosvika kuPyrenees uye nedzimwe nzvimbo. All vavo anonzi akataurwa Paleolithic yaitonga. Saka, zita musayendisiti Spanish uyo akaita chimwe chezvinhu chinozikamwa matongo mune zvokuchera matongo rakanaka, rakadzorerwa.

Unyanzvi vemifananidzo vekare

Rock kupenda, mapikicha zviri kukurukurwa pazasi, rine muzvizhinji mifananidzo yemhuka siyana. Vari hunodzorwa nyati figurine. Vaya kutanga akaona mifananidzo vekare vanhu inowanikwa mubako Altamira, vanoshamiswa sei unyanzvi vari vakaita. Izvi unyanzvi kwazvo pamusoro vemifananidzo vekare uye akaita munguva yakafanira kutanga kukahadzika nderechokwadi masayendisiti dzavo.

vanhu vekare havana pakarepo vakadzidza kusika chaiyo mifananidzo yemhuka. vanodhirowa, umo haawanzotauri achidonongodza contours akawanikwa, saka zvisingaiti kuti tione kuti ndiani aida rinoratidza yokudhirowa. Zvishoma nezvishoma richiswedera unyanzvi hwakava nani, uye vakakwanisa nokururamisira zvakarurama kuratidza mufananidzo wemhuka.

Pakati Mifananidzo vekare vanhu vokutanga Angasanganisira handprints yakawanikwa mumapako zhinji.

Hand akazorwa pendi rinoshandisirwa kurusvingo, kunoguma pfungwa contours imwe yakasiyana ruvara pamusoro gandiwa iri denderedzwa. Maererano nevaongorori, chiito ichi chakanga kunokosha zvikuru tsika wemunhu yekare.

Topics kupenda vemifananidzo okutanga

Rock kupenda ekare vanhu anoratidza chokwadi dzinoitwa nayo. Hunoratidza chii kunetseka naye kupfuura. The huru basa uye Paleolithic nzira okuwana zvokudya akanga kuvhima. Saka mhuka - huru vavariro vanodhirowa ari kumwedzi. Sezvambotaurwa, muEurope, akawanikwa ari siyana mifananidzo bison, nondo, namabhiza, mbudzi, nemabheya. Vakachinjira kunofambira mberi uye kufamba. Mhuka mhanya, kusvetuka, frolic uye kufa, mukakuvadza nokuda pfumo muvhimi.

Ari mubako Lascaux, iri France, ndiyo kupfuura kare nzombe mufananidzo. saizi yayo - mamita anopfuura mashanu. Mune dzimwe nyika, kuti vemifananidzo vekare kupendwa mhuka idzodzo kuti vaigara pedyo navo. In Somalia, mufananidzo twiza kwakawanikwa India - Tigers uye makarwe, mumapako Sahara pane vanodhirowa yamazizi uye nzou. Kunze mhuka, vemifananidzo okutanga aisiya mifananidzo wokuvhima navanhu, asi chaizvo kashoma.

Kugadzwa petroglyphs

Nei vekare vanhu kuratidza mhuka uye vanhu pamusoro pamasvingo mumapako uye dzimwe nzvimbo, harizivikanwi. Sezvo akanga atanga kuumba chitendero, Ungangove, vaiva rakadzika zvainobatsira kukosha. Figure "Kuvhima" vanhu vekare, vari maonero vaongorori, kunofananidzirwa anobudirira mugumisiro hondo pamwe nechikara. Vamwe vanodavira kuti zvakasikwa dzedzinza nevashamani anopinda nomweya uye edza kuti kuburikidza mufananidzo rinokosha simba. vemifananidzo vekare vakararama kwenguva yakareba, asi nokuti vavariro kwezvisikwa vanodhirowa kune nyanzvi ano vasingazivikanwi.

Penda nematurusi

Kuti vagadzire richiswedera chinyakare Artists vaishandisa rinokosha nzira. Chokutanga, havana ndikamumara mhuka aricheke mufananidzo pamusoro pemvura padombo kana ibwe, uye ipapo yaiiswa pendi. Rakaitwa dzinongoitika nezvinhu - mavara akasiyana-siyana ocher uye dema ruvara, unobereka nemarasha. Nokuti kugadzira kuti ingi inoshandiswa organics mhuka (ropa, mafuta, medulla) uye mvura. Mavara riwanikwe vemifananidzo vekare vaiva vashoma: yero, tsvuku, nhema, mashava.

Paintings vekare vanhu vaiva vashoma zvinhu. Dzimwe nguva vanenge seari pasi mumwe. Kazhinji vemifananidzo akapendwa vakawanda mhuka. Panyaya iyi, mifananidzo iri nechekumberi vanoratidzwa nokungwarira, uye navamwe - schematic. Chinyakare murume haana kusika nziyo dziri vakawanda vanodhirowa - a runobva jumble kwezvifananidzo. Pari, "mifananidzo" chete vashoma vakawana kuti yunifomu sezvamunoita.

Mugore Paleolithic nguva wakatozviitirwa zvakasikwa uye vokutanga kupenda zvokushandisa. Ndivo yakasarira zvimiti uye brushes akaita kubva mhuka mbava. vemifananidzo vekare uye nehanya abatidza "pamatende" ake. akawanikwa mwenje vakaita muchimiro ibwe nembiya. Vakadurura mafuta uye akaisa tambo.

Chauvet bako

It chakawanikwa 1994 muFrance, uye ayo muunganidzwa emifananidzo vakaziva sendarama kare. Laboratory zvidzidzo vakabatsira havatsananguri makore vanodhirowa - makare izvi zvakaitwa makore 36,000 apfuura. Pano, mifananidzo mhuka vaakawana kugara ice zera. Izvi woolly chipembere, bako shumba, nyati, Panther, Tarpan (baba bhiza ano). Figures zvakakwana vakachengetedzwa nokuti kuti zviuru zvemakore zvakapfuura wokupinda kubako rakanga yakazara.

Zvino zvakanyorwa akavharwa nevoruzhinji. The microclimate, sezvamakaropafadzwa pane zvifananidzo, zvinogona kuvhiringa kuvapo kwevanhu. Chete maawa mashoma Vatsvakurudzi ayo anogona kuitisa nayo. Kushanyira vaoni vakasarudza uvhure yakatofanana mubako kure nayo.

Lascaux

Iyi ndiyo imwe nzvimbo inozivikanwa, uko vakawana mifananidzo vekare vanhu. Cave rakawanikwa nevechidiki mana muna 1940. Zvino muunganidzwa wake emifananidzo yekare Paleolithic vemifananidzo kunosanganisira 1900 mifananidzo.

Nzvimbo wava mukurumbira chaizvo pakati vashanyi. The hombe kuyerera revashanyi kwakaguma kuvadza vanodhirowa. Izvi zvakaitika nekuti chinhu overabundance kuti carbon dioxide inobvisa patinofemera kunze nevanhu. Muna 1963 kwakasarudzwa kuti kuvhara kubako nevoruzhinji. Asi matambudziko pakuchengetedza mifananidzo yekare iripo nhasi. Microclimate Lasko akanga zvachose kuputswa, uye zvino nhamba vanogara kuongororwa.

mhedziso

Paintings vekare vanhu ruchiri kukangaidza isu pamwe realism dzavo uye umhizha. Artists nguva vakakwanisa kuratidza kwete chete echokwadi pakuonekwa mhuka, asi yake kufamba uye tsika. Kuwedzera kune aesthetic uye unyanzvi kukosha mifananidzo ose chinyakare Artists zvinokosha mashoko kudzidza Fauna of kumwedzi. Nemhaka avo rinowanikwa cavern Chauvet vanodhirowa, masayendisiti akaita anoshamisa akawana: Zvakazoitika kuti shumba zvipembere, yapakuvamba vagere inopisa dzekuchamhembe munguva iri Stone Age vaigara Europe.