Underground Paris. Catacombs kweParis: description, nhoroondo uye muenzi wongororo

Vanhu vakawanda vanofunga kuti chinonyanya kudanana uye enhetembo guta European - Paris. Catacombs - kwete kupfuura akakurumbira uye yakakurumbira pamusoro muganhu wake, asi bedzi chikamu chiduku chihombe multi-pamwero pevhu, achitambanudza anopfuura 300 makiromita pasi.

Nyaya

Makarekare pamusoro nzvimbo guru France vomuzuva dzichengeterwe yokugara Roman - Lutetia. Nokuti kuvakwa rokuti, mitambo nhandare nokusika zvivezwa, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa Latin Quarter uye nhasi Ile the Taura, akatanga kusvina yomunharaunda reraimu uye gypsum, uye kuti kana paiva vokutanga matombo. Nokufamba kwenguva, weRoma Lutetia Paris akatendeukira kuna French, nokuti nokusingaperi-kukura guta vaifanira zvakawanda zvokuvakisa. The matombo haisi chete kuwedzera, asi kwakawedzera. Muzana XII remakore, mumwe kukoshesa rechiFrench zvoupfumi kwava kugadzirwa reraimu uye gypsum. By XV centennial yamabwe vava maviri-sandara, uye pedyo nemisuo yokubuda rakaronga chaiwo, vakapakata winches, matsime pakurera pemvura hombe inoperera ibwe. Pakazosvika XVII remakore, mumwe richikurukura pachivande tunnels uye zvimbambaira iri pasi zvose mumigwagwa Paris. Rinenge guta rose, "raiva rakayangarara" pamusoro nevanhu akasika chinhu.

Problem uye Solution

Muzana XVIII remakore paiva mungozi kuparara uye kusiya nyika migwagwa yakawanda Parisian. Uye mushure 1774 nenjodzi - mugomba 30-mita rakabhuroka chikamu mumugwagwa d'Enfer zvivako, vanhu uye ngoro - sezvakarayirwa namambo France, Louis XVI, sangano chaiyo yakatangwa - General Inspectorate pakati yamabwe, ariko uye anoshanda nhasi. vashandi vayo vari kukonzera mamiriro umo mune catacombs pasi Paris, simbisa uye vagadzire pachivande tunnels. Pasinei ose zviyero akatorwa, pangozi yokurwiswa inochengetwa sezvo pasi nomuedzo kusimbisa nechigadziko uye mumapako.

nhoroondo ano

Practical French kushandiswa mumapako kuti kurima howa, waini kuchengetwa, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa. MuHondo Yenyika II, apo mauto eGermany Paris, pevhu catacombs zvaishandiswa sezvo vanodzima rechiFrench Nemishonga uye vaNazi. Pakati pezana remakore rapfuura, vakasununguka kuenda pachivande tunnels hakubvumidzwi, asi katafily - pevhu Parisian upenyu vadikani - zvino vanokwanisa kupinda catacombs, apo vanopedza bato, pendi mifananidzo uye mamwe unyanzvi zvinhu.

Mvumo uye yakazarukira zvose kwevari pachivande Paris - Metro uye hombe chenhurikidzwa ina dhipatimendi chitoro, "Forum", riri pasi square, apo kare akarondedzerwa Emilem Zolya musika - "mudumbu Paris".

Paris pevhu

Metro kweParis ndomumwe mukuru munyika - ane makore anopfuura zana. Nzira dzake dziri dzakarukwa mitsetse dzemagetsi zvitima, uye rinoumbwa anopfuura 14 mitsetse uye 400 pazviteshi, svikiro uye nomucheka zvekufuga chokuita ichitenderera ndima, kuvakwa panzvimbo yacho yekare catacombs muParis. The Paris Metro rakasiyana vamwe munhuwi inofadza. lobbies Mapuriro pamwedzi kufukidza wakisi-zvemiti inonhuhwirira anokosha masango uye Mafuro.

Ndingawane navo?

Vazhinji vashanyi vanofara kushandisa Paris pevhu uye kushanyira hofori pevhu chitoro "Forum", asi kwete vose kufamba famba France anoda kuenda yekare catacombs muParis. Karwendo kuti pevhu nyika guru French - chiri chiitiko, sezvo shoko rinobuda, "imwe mudzidzi". Kunyange zvakadaro, vanogona kupinda kuburikidza chaiyo Kusviba, aichimbova tsika chivakwa, iri pedyo Denfert-Rochereau Metro chiteshi (Denfert-Rochereau). For vashanyi akazarurwa anenge 2,5 makiromita pevhu tunnels uye mumapako. On munharaunda imwe nzvimbo kuti wairambidza nomurayiro, mupurisa chikwata chinokosha achifamba-famba ari catacombs, akuteerere Implementation kwayo.

remapfupa

French pevhu necropolis iri pasi panguva Parisian migwagwa zvakadai Avenue, Angashinga, d'Alembert uye Avenue René-Coty, uye vazhinji vanofamba pamusoro pavo, havana kutomboziva zviri pasi pavo. Ake vakashatirwa zvinhu ndiwo catacombs muParis. History Mabhokisi, kana nemamwe mazwi, kumakuva pevhu, akatanga muna 1780, pashure pokunge guta paramende akarambidza kuvigwa mukati meguta. The Zvisaririra vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni maviri, guru yokuzorora kwokutanga Parisian kumakuva iri mhaka, zvakabviswa, disinfected, kupatsanurwa uye rakazara kuti kudzika pamusoro 17 metres akasiyiwa yamabwe Tomb-Issoire. Saka Paris waisakurwa makuva. Catacombs akava nzvimbo achizorora vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni matanhatu. Muna 1876, Paris Bhokisi remapfupa hwagadzwa, zvinosanganisira dzeraundi maberere Kureba kusvika 800 metres. ano Kutarira Its Parisian catacombs vawana pakutanga pamusoro XIX remakore: kururamisa corridors akazara skulls uye mapfupa. The tanga makuva ainyorwa Nguva merovingian, makore anopfuura 1,000, uye zvikuru achangopfuura yakaitwa panguva French Revolution.

Chii?

Kamwe muParis, ari catacombs uye Bhokisi remapfupa ndewe kushanyira pamusoro "kusiyana" pakati upenyu uye rufu kuonga kunaka uye dzorudo guru French. Kuti kupinda necropolis kuenda pasi 130 matanho yakamanikana simbi zononoka manera. Vaya vanotambura kubva claustrophobia, chisingaperi mwoyo, tsinga uye zvirwere zvemapapu, zviri nani kuti varege kuenda parwendo kudaro, kwete kukuvadza utano hwavo.

Kunze kwevanhu zvisaririra ukapisa murwi pamadziro, pane imwe kudzika kusvika 20 metres zvinogona kuonekwa kuiswa mune yangu kupa manyoro mhepo atari, reliefs, zvivako uye zvivezwa kuti yakashongedzwa kuvigwa emakore akapfuura. Chinenge chikamu ose segwapa gravestones, iro musi reburial pakati Zvisaririra, uyewo kereke uye kumakuva vakanga zvifambiswe. Mune rimwe maberere unokwanisa kuona zvakanaka, kare kushandiswa remigodhi reraimu, iyo yakavakwa kubva Paris. Catacombs, kana kuti, kuti ceilings uye masvingo namaberere izvi pachivande, "yakashongedzwa" kusefa pamwe mapfupa uye skulls vakafa. Muguta iri rima, sezvo French pachavo akadana Necropolis, dzasara yakakurumbira panguva vanhu vakaita Blez Paskal uye Fouquet, Vanya uye Lavoisier, uye Robespierre Sharl koira, Rabelais uye Danton.

Reviews

Nhasi, vafambi achida kunoona catacombs (Paris, France) anogona chete kufamba kuburikidza enhoroondo uye kwete kuenda sectors apo pane kuvigwa. Akavezerapo pevhu tunnels regai kubereka chero rinokosha pfungwa - havaratidzi yakavhenekerwa mukoridho uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo akawana zviratidzo mazita mumigwagwa, riri kumusoro. Asi Bhokisi remapfupa, Bone kuchengetwa nzvimbo, inobata vanhu vakawanda havasi kudaro zvikuru nhamba yemabhuku zvisaririra sezvo mapatani siyana uye mawana inlaid skulls asakurirwa muchimiro "imba", "emiti" kana temberi. Pasinei nenyevero chiratidzo pasuo: "Mira! Pano ushe hwaJehoshafati rufu! ", A chaiyo chinokatyamadza munhu nemiedzo uye vafambi seshasha vanoti Palermo Catacombs of capuchin zvakabudisa mwoyo kushanda. Kunyange zvakadaro kuwanda nomumwe skulls uye mapfupa hakusi hunoshamisa sezvo rokuItari mummies akachengetedzwa. Pasinei kuzviomesera kurambidzwa kunyange avabate, vashanyi vanobva munyika dzakasiyana tora muruoko uye kuita selfie pamwe mapfupa.