Zvakanga zvinogoneka kudzivisa Second World War? German-Soviet nechokumuganhu Treaty (the Molotov-Ribbentrop chibvumirano). Stalin uye Hitler

Kunyange zvazvo nhoroondo haana SUBJUNCTIVE mwoyo, achiri uye vatsvakurudzi, uye vanhuwo zvavo vari nokuzvibvunza kana zvaigoneka kudzivisa Second World War. Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu, tinofanira kutarira zvinokonzera makurusa kurwisana nezvombo munhau yevanhu.

Vachifadza atadza

Muna 1933, kuti simba muGermany vaNazi vakauya, rinotungamirirwa Adolf Hitler. Radicals vakanga vachida kuongorora migumisiro Hondo Yenyika II, somugumisiro iyo nyika yavo rave kunyimwa rinokosha nharaunda yayo uye vakasiya pasina hondo. Panguva iyoyowo Hitler yakafanana pevatongi mamiriro yakavakwa muna Italy naBenito Mussolini.

Pausiku Yechipiri World War, kuti Fuehrer akatanga nhanho annexation ari mundima dzakavakidzana inoti kutanga. Kudivi rimwe, akatsvaka kubatana pamapatya Austria, uye pamusoro mumwe - kuti abvise Sudetenland munharaunda kuCzechoslovakia, chikamu chikuru chavagari rinoumbwa dzinza vokuGermany.

Vatungamiri Western kutarira kuburikidza neminwe yake yaHitler hasha zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe. Asi kana zvaigoneka kudzivisa Second World War? Nhasi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti ayo mavambo akaita vakasundidzira munhu "Mutemo chokuyananisira", iro inoitwa Paris uye London. Zvino United Kingdom, uye France (sezvo rinokunda nyika muHondo Yenyika I uye chikuru rubatso pamusoro Versailles Treaty) kuti vomanikidza Führer, sezvo haana vanokwanisa kusika hondo ine simba, asi havana. Nei zvakaitika? Mumwe zvinokonzeresawo chokuyananisira kurutivi Hitler akanga achitya Western capitalist kunyika komiyunizimu uye Soviet Union.

Nezvavasingadi kuzvitonga kuna Stalin

Kubvira gore, apo Bolsheviks Russian vakauya simba, Europe yakanga chinangwa "chimurenga nyika". Yehondo haana ikava kwokukunda kufora ari proletariat muTesitamende World (iye ikavhunga shure muPoland). Kunyange zvakadaro, vose 20s uye 30s. hurumende yeSoviet akaita paakapiwa kwazvo kukurudzira leftist pfungwa kwose. mumwe International mutsva akasikwa kubatsira nyika chimurenga.

Nokuti ava zvikonzero zvose, Western Europe vaiva USSR sezvo zvakananga ngozi ivepo. Kunyange pamutemo nedzenyu ukama Bolsheviks vapfumi capitalist nyika vakatanga kutanga chete muna 1930. The chidzoke pangozi Nazi aigona hunonzi kutungamirira rapprochement pakati zviviri vasingawirirani hurongwa, asi handina kumbomuwana.

Pakafa Lenin musimba Soviet zvishoma nezvishoma kusimbiswa mumaoko Stalin. It inorondedzera yose vatorwa mutemo wenyika uye, kunyange zvazvo USSR akanga musingaitwi musoro wehurumende. In yechipiri yezana 1930s. Stalin akatanga vakawanda repressions. Pasi pavo vose kubva kare Bolsheviks kuhondo uye vanhuwo zvavo. "Kutya Great" mamwe kutsauka Moscow, vatungamiriri dzokuMadokero. Zvakanga zvinogoneka kudzivisa Second World War? Kunyange kana zvakadaro, hazvina zvakaitika apo enyika European vanosarudza Union pamwe Stalin vachifadza Hitler.

Munich Agreement

Acme kworudo Gwaro Führer Western vamiriri zvasvika September 30, 1938. Zvinonyadzisa akanga yakasainwa nhasi ari Munich Agreement, pasi izvo akapfuura Germany ndekwaMwari kuCzechoslovakia, Sudetenland. Hitler ndarisaina, Mussolini, British Prime Minister Chamberlain uye French Prime Minister Daladier.

Czechoslovakia kubvuma hurongwa itsva yezvinhu zvakaitwa muchimiro kokupedzisira. The Soviet Union, vakatora chikamu mune yakawiriranwa ruyamuro chibvumirano kuti nyika uye France, kazhinji kuteerera. Stalin dzake maonero rakanga pakachengeteka ichimirira enyika dzakawanda. Zvizhinji paya Europe mushure Second World War, vasingadi akayeuka Munich Agreement mumwe gore papera zvakaguma pakutanga kunoparadza kurwisana nezvombo.

For Stalin asarudze muCzechoslovakia pasina ake kupindura aiva kuzvinyadzisa pachako. Munich zviitiko akasimbisa kutya ari mutungamiriri vanhu pakurangana nevaFascist uye kusununguka, nemhaka iyo chingava dzoro German kurwisa kumabvazuva. Panguva iyoyowo, Stalin vaisagona sei chiitiko nemaonero simba ravo. The muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano of Red Army wakasimbiswa September 1938, yaiva kumadokero kumuganhu nyika, asi vezvematongerwo enyika kana European haawanzotauri akateerera zvomuenzaniso chiratidzo. Atova October wokupedzisira neizvi demobilization, uye hurumende yeSoviet akatanga kutsvaka nedzenyu nzira kubva zindoga. Mune Kremlin, kwakasarudzwa kutyaira achikanganisa pakati Fuehrer uye Western democracies.

Nguva chokwadi

Before Stalin uye Hitler pedyo, mutungamiriri Soviet akaita demarches dzinoverengeka achishora France uye UK uye nekusiyana, anokoka Germany kuti nhaurirano. Kwakadaro kwaiva kutaura panguva XVIII Congress of Party muna March 1939. Stalin akati kuti hazvina kuva Western enyika chestnuts kubva mumoto uye akavati provocateurs vaiedza embroil Berlin uye Moscow. Kwasara mazuva mashoma pashure kutaura ichi, Hitler zvizere Czechoslovakia. Kunyange remangwana rakanaka zvakava pachena kuti nyaya inoenda hondo itsva makuru. In ezvinhu aya, Stalin mafungiro, iri "simba rechitatu", zvinoita sokuti zvakawanda uye kukosha.

Mumazana chitubu uye muzhizha vamiriri 1939 European kuedza kutaurirana. Hapana aivimba hapana uye ndibatsireiwo chibvumirano aigona isaparara zuva rakatevera. In inovhiringidza iri Nhaurirano enyika akaedza kufunga kana zvaigoneka kudzivisa Second World War. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti pane.

Sewevhu kwakadzama pamwe USSR, France uye Great Britain haana kuisa kubva pakutanga. Akavafambisa commissar pakati Affairs Foreign Bamba Litvinov, unobatanidza mukurumbira wayo zvinobudirira kubatanidza mauto Anti-Nazi, pamwe nekupinda Soviet Union. Muna May 1939, musoro Soviet Union akamutuma pamudyandigere. Chaiva zvomuenzaniso danho. Iye akafanosarudza remangwana convergence, nokuti iyo akaenda Stalin uye Hitler. Vanhu commissar nokuti Foreign Affairs Molotov vakatanga, uye ichi, hapana mubvunzo, kune zvakwaireva ushamwari kune Germany. Achibatsirwa vashandi castling Stalin zvizere kwawakananga yokumwe mutemo mumaoko avo. Kuburikidza Molotov kuti basa rakanga nyore zvikuru kupfuura Litvinov, kashoma akashanyira nehofisi Kremlin womutungamiri.

Non-hasha chibvumirano

Mugumo rapprochement Soviet-German akava Molotov - Ribbentrop chibvumirano. In chaizvo kuzivikanwa chii akatanga kusaina kuti gwaro iri rakanga Hitler. Kumanikidza chiitiko, akapa Moscow nharo ayo okupedzisira. The Führer asarudza kuti kwava kuda nechisimba Poland haagoni kuita pasina kushamwaridzana mutungamiriri weSoviet. August 21, Hitler tsamba pachake kuna Stalin umo nepanomboratidza zvakajeka kuudzwa pamusoro pe hondo uye akapa kusaina asiri utsinye chibvumirano.

Zvakanga pamusoro kuverenga ichangopfuura. August 23, akasvika Moscow German Minister Foreign Joachim of Ribbentrop. Stalin uye Molotov nomutsa akamukwazisa, uye ipapo wakaitwa chokusarwisana chibvumirano Soviet Union uye Germany. mativi ose akamuka chii vose vaida. Panguva kuomerera kuna Stalin uye akavanzika dzakati rakagadzirirwa. Akapinda Molotov - Ribbentrop chibvumirano.

Maererano gwaro rino, Soviet Union uye Germany vakakamura pakati Eastern Europe. Soviet mapazi zvinhu kwaisanganisira mu chikamu Poland (Western Belarus uye Ukraine West), kuBaltic States, Finland, Bessarabia. Stalin aida kuwana munharaunda uye kudzorerwa kumiganhu aimbova Empire Russian. Hitler kwaidiwa kuitira rakachengeteka yayo miganhu muhondo pamwe muPoland uye navamwe Europe. Chokusarwisana chibvumirano Soviet Union uye Germany, kugutsa kuchiva vatungamiri vaviri.

pragmatists kukanganisa

Future Zviitiko Second World War akaratidza kuti Nazism - mumwe yakaipisisa kwemhosva munhoroondo yevanhu. Zvisinei, muna 1939, Stalin, uye kusununguka enyika nokusateerera Hitler, zvichienderana runoenderana. vamiriri Western acharuramisira vachifadza ari Führer mashoko akafanana yakakurumbira "kana chete hakuna hondo." Agreement naye havana kushanda, mubvunzo yose chinongova zvakasikwa yavo. Achiita maererano pragmatic mutemo, Stalin, mune imwe pfungwa hapana vakasiyana nevaya akasaina Munich Agreement.

Zvisinei, pane musiyano. vamiriri Western vaingoita vakabviswa nokurohwa munyika dzavo (zvichiita Hitler anocheuka kubvarura mashomanana nyika diki). Asi Stalin haana kurega pane ichi "zvinogamuchirika" Range. Akasarudza kutora chikamu mune weboka nenharaunda. Ndokusaka vazhinji nyika muHondo Yenyika II vaiona Soviet Union pakutanga sezvo mutsigiri Germany.

Stalin yakakanda Führer maoko kufora kumavirira, muchitenda kuti France uye Britain vakanga vachisundana vachiuya pachavo utsinye of Third Reich nenzira easterly divi. Asi kunyange kana mutungamiriri Soviet vaita pachishandiswa zvinodiwa USSR, ndiye achiri akapa Hitler yekupedzisira kuti nokutambudzika Second World War. Nokudaro (kufungisisa uyewo Munich Agreement), mativi ose matatu "mutambo mukuru" akabvumira zvichiitika makore akawanda ne nyama mukuyi. The chibvumirano Soviet Union uye Germany yakanga kiyi, asi kwete chete danho nenzira imwe njodzi yakaipisisa.

Musi mukutanga uye kuguma Second World War (1 September 1939 kusvika 1 September 1945) - pfungwa huru munhoroondo XX remakore. Kashoma kuti mumwe munhu pamusoro avaida kanga yakati kuti kurwa kuchaguma yakadaro akawandisa vanotambura uye kukuvara. Saizvozvowo, munguva yake vakataura vamiriri abvumirwa kuitika WWI.

Impact uye nhaka pakati chibvumirano

Achitaura pamusoro vavariro Stalin yokuzvibata ukama hwake Hitler, tisingatauri Japanese chinhu. Armed Kusanzwisisana kumabvazuva muvakidzani Soviet Union akatanga muchirimo cha1939. Pakutanga, zviitiko zviri Mongolia akaumbwa remuSamoa nokuda Red Army. Asi muzhizha zvinhu zvakatanga kuchinja. Muna August, apo Moscow akasaina chibvumirano Soviet-German, nzvimbo yacho Kremlin ari Nhaurirano Berlin zvakati hunosimbiswa.

Chibvumirano Zvakazozivikanwa kuti Japan nedzenyu kukundwa. Zvino iye asingagoni kuverenga pamusoro kubatsirwa nomutsigiri yayo Germany mukurwisa Soviet Union. The isingachinji pakuenzanisa simba pamusoro yose mararamiro chii kuti nokukurumidza kunzi "Hondo Yenyika II." Zvikonzero nzendo, migumisiro uku hazvigoni kunzi pasina kufungisisa chiitiko Japanese. Pausiku kurwiswa Pearl Harbor kuna Tokyo zvakakomba kuvabvunzeiko ani kurwisa: Soviet Union kana kuti United States. Kusarudza akaitwa nyasha American manyorero kuti akaponesa Soviet Union kubva hondo fronts maviri.

Nokuti Stalin, kusaina imwe chokusarwisana chibvumirano aiva tactical kukunda. By kusaina chibvumirano, akaisa kudhumhana rinezvigaro zvinogona muvengi uye akavazve navamwe vakarasika vari kuora yeRussian Empire nenharaunda. Pfungwa "munhau kururamisira", chokuita accession pakangotanga breakaway kumatunhu, akasangana nokunzwisisa uye tsitsi vemunyika zhinji Soviet, uye kunyange vamwe kuMadokero. Pamberi mutungamiriri weSoviet akazviratidza tarisiro vakadengezera pakati Germany uye kurwa naye Old World masimba.

Secret dzakati kamura Eastern Europe kupinda mabhora ose simba, Chokwadi, vakakanda mumvuri pamusoro mukurumbira Soviet Union. Zvisinei, apo paiva mubvunzo nezvomukana hondo Germany, Stalin haana kunetseka nezvazvo. Ukuwo, zvinoitika nhaka akasiya kutevera vanatenzi ari Kremlin wacho. Kwemakumi emakore, vakuru vakuru veSoviet vakaramba kubvuma kuvapo chakavanzika Protocol. Makopi zvose kuti akaonekwa Western venhau, akadana fakes uye vakakutsamwisai. Chokwadi chenhau rwadzorerwa chete nguva perestroika, apo Soviet Union pakupedzisira akabvuma chokwadi zvisingafadzi chokuita Molotov - Ribbentrop chibvumirano.

The partition kwePoland

Mushure nokusaina vasiri utsinye chibvumirano pamwe Soviet Union, Hitler aizotanga kutungamirira kurwa muEurope. Events of Second World War akatanga September 1 1939 , apo Third Reich yakapamba Poland. vatsigiri Its France neBritain vakanga vachipikisana Germany, asi chaizvoizvo akatora nguva kupinda ropa kusawirirana.

Ndaizeza uye Stalin. The partition kwePoland ari papepa kwakatopfuura. Asi kubvuta Soviet chete September 17 akatanga munyika ino, kana zvaiva pachena mugumisiro German kurwisa. Stalin haana kuda kutarisa akafanana wechipiri mutori. Saka, zviri pamutemo nzvimbo USSR akabva kubva chokwadi chokuti Red Army otorazve ndima Western Belarus uye Western Ukraine, akasarudzwa Poland muna 1921.

The chokwadi zvakanga zvakasiyana anoparadzirwa. USSR akaita akamiririra Belarusian uye Ukrainian vanhu, asi nechekuita mukugarisana nzvimbo itsva iri Union haana kufanana zvekare kuti kuparadzaniswa pamapatya dzavanhu. Red Army rakatora nharaunda dzakaona nokukurumidza Sovietization, iri achiperekedzwa timuteerere uye udzvanyiriri. Zvichiguma munzvimbo idzi kuti mugovanisi zvinodiwa, kuti Kremlin vakaparadza kunowanzotangira kuparadzana, chakagumisa capitalist maitiro uye akarongeka vakawanda okuchenesa.

chibvumirano chitsva

Apo Poland aiva pasi kwakakwana kudzora Red Army uye Wehrmacht vakagamuchira mutsva chibvumirano ushamwari uye muganhu pakati USSR uye Germany. Pamutemo mhemberero ayo siginicha musi 28 September 1939.

First Protocol waidzora kupanana vagari German uye Soviet vaigara munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana yakakamukana Polish ndima. zvimwe kubvumirana vaviri muchivande akagadzirisa kutsanangurwa zvido rinoti chinorondedzerwa yaAugust Molotov-Ribbentrop chibvumirano. German-Soviet kwekumaodzanyemba Treaty akanga kwayo musoro kuenderera. Soviet muzhizha mapazi kufarira kuBaltic yaisanganisira Estonia uye Latvia. Zvino yakanga yakatora Lithuania. nyika ino yava "muripo" nokuti chikamu Lublin uye Warsaw enyika yavaibatisa nemauto German (kunyange mundima aya ceded kuna Soviet Union).

Kwapera nguva, Chibvumirano Friendship uye muganhu paiva chinamatidzwa. Zvikanyorwa January 1941. Application waiti reSoviet-German muganhu pedyo neGungwa reBaltic, uyewo nzira nokuda Resettlement ose vokuGermany kubva kuBaltic dzeSoviet kwake chizvarwa Germany. The kuwedzererwa zvinosanganisira zvokudya nokuda kugarwa penhau chokuita pfuma kukakavadzana. Zvichakadai, Second World War akaramba muEurope. Huru kunetsana raiva pakati France uye Germany (the Third Reich zvisingatarisirwi nokukurumidza kukundwa Third Republic).

The bopoto pakati navadzvanyiriri maviri

Ukama pakati Stalin uye Hitler yakagadzirwa maererano ezvinhu enyika kuti nezvaiva Europe pamberi uye mumakore maviri makore Second World War yokutanga. Pamba Kremlin, mutungamiriri Soviet haana kuramba mukana yatanga kurwisana nezvombo pamwe Germany. Zvisinei, akabvarura kubva ndechokuti hondo inogona yakanonoka kanenge mumwe makore mashoma kana zvachose zii. Hitler kushandisa tenzi toronga yakarwisa Soviet Union muna yechipiri yezana 1940.

The Soviet Union panguva iyoyo akapedza kubatana nzvimbo inoganhurana pamusoro simba nzvimbo German. Mushure kumadokero munzvimbo Belarus uye Ukraine aiva kwezana reBaltic. The rusununguko kuEstonia, Latvia uye Lithuania yakabuda pashure pokuwa Russian Empire. inoti izvi zviduku muchiuto vaisagona zvakakomba kuramba Red Army, zvichiguma yakazaruka pakanga pasina urongwa nemishonga chokuita. Simba kuBaltic nyika somugumisiro pakavanda kwakadzama nezviremera zvomunzvimbo Molotov hwakatamisirwa Communist Party. Avo, akavapindurawo, akakumbira Moscow kuita zvairayirwa Soviet Union.

Muzhizha 1940 akapa Romania pasingashandiswi ropa Soviet Moldavia. Key Carol II haana kuteura ropa, uye akabvuma Stalin kuti kokupedzisira. Zvisinei, kunyange vasati kubudirira uyu Kremlin akarwiswa vanotyisa kukundikana. Maererano sungano Germany muna mapazi ose zvido Soviet kwaisanganisirawo Finland. nyika iyi aramba kugamuchira Stalin kuti kokupedzisira. Muna November 1939, Hondo Winter (nayo mberi kwemwedzi mitatu nehafu). Red Army akanga atambura zvikuru kurasikirwa. Finland akarwira rusununguko (kunyange vakapiwa mamwe muganhu kumatunhu yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia).

Stalin Fiasco zvakatonyanya nechokwadi Hitler kukundikana Soviet Union vane simba kurwisa kuna Wehrmacht. Mwedzi mishomanana pashure kuguma Winter War muBerlin urongwa "Barbarossa" rakazoshandiswa. By nguva ino Germany dzatora zvose mudzivisi kuEurope. Zvaakanga makawana aida kumadokero, Hitler kuisa ake rainzwika kumabvazuva. Pamberi yakarwisa Soviet Union yakanga yavaibatisa muBalkans uye akaita nevatsigiri Romania uye Bulgaria - nyika dzaiva muSoviet zvoupenyu simba. Danho nedanho kusvika hondo pamwe Germany, asi Stalin akaramba kutenda zvakasimba kutanga kwayo. Haana ini aichinja pashure vachifuratira Hitler zviyeuchidzo zvake pamusoro itsva Nhaurirano nedzenyu uye wayo njere mishumo kuzara dzemauto pamuganhu. Mugumisiro obstinacy ichi chakava guru nezvinhu uye pamwero mukuru shure of Red Army mumwedzi Huru Patriotic War, iyo June 22, 1941 akatanga yokutanga.