Nhoroondo aeronautics. Montgolfier hama

Nhoroondo aeronautics, vaiita wakakwana. Nhasi hwedu vaiva helicopters, ndege uye vazhinji nevamwe asina musoro motokari. Zvisinei, mumwoyo yevanhu nokusingaperi kuramba vaiita uye dzorudo dzinoitwa zvakadaro zvinonakidza mabasa akafanana inopisa mhepo chibharuma chokufambisa. Uye nhasi vanhu kuti kufamba pairi. Vakawanda kuziva kuziva Ayakaita. Nhoroondo ballooning kukura chichange zvishoma kudzokororwa munyaya ino.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo

Bartolommeo Lorenzo, wokuBrazil, ndezvaiye mapiyona vari kukanganikwa nhoroondo mazita havana. Zvisinei, avo zvikuru dzesayenzi mberi pamusoro emakore kunge akabvunza kana akaramba USINGAZIKAMWI.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo - zita chaiye munhu akapinda nhoroondo aeronautics, naLorenzo Guzmán, Portuguese mupristi, musiki chirongwa pasi zita "Passaroly" kusvikira ichangobva akaziva sezvo zvisingaitiki. Muna 1971, pashure penguva yakareba kutsvaka, ndakawana magwaro anotsanangura zviitiko kure kare.

Vakatanga muna 1708, apo akatamira Portugal, Guzmán akapinda University of Coimbra uye akaisa pamusoro kuedza kugadzira ndege, kutiza pamusoro yaizozarura nhoroondo ballooning. Physics uye masvomhu, umo Lorenzo akaratidza kugona kukuru, vaimubatsira ichi. Akatanga chirongwa chacho kuedza. Guzmán akaita rakagadzirirwa akawanda mienzaniso kuti akava kumumvuri mudziyo wake ramangwana.

The Kuratidzwa wokutanga Guzmán mudziyo

Muna 1709, muna August, mienzaniso iyi wawakaratidzwa wamambo kwamachinda. Kunobudirira aiva chete chibharuma muchitiza; nhete goko duku muchaenga, yakaturikwa anaro, anenge 4 metres kure pasi. Guzmán mugore iroro rakatanga chirongwa chacho "Passaroly". Zvinosuruvarisa kwayo bvunzo Data haana hwaponeswa. Zvisinei, chero zvazvingava, Guzmán aiva wokutanga, inobva kudzidza mananara zvakasikwa, akakwanisa kuwana nzira chaiyo kwakuka, uye ndokuitawo kuedza kushandisa izvozvo uchidzidzira. Saka vakatanga nhoroondo ballooning.

Zhozef Mongolfe

Kubva Joseph, mukuru, mukoma wake Etienne Montgolfier, uyo aiva duku French guta bepa manufactory, akagamuchira muna 1782 katsamba umo hama akamubvunza kugadzirira yakawanda tambo uye sirika nyaya kuona chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa munyika. The katsamba zvaireva kuti Joseph yakazowanikwa chinhu asina chete hama vakati pamusangano: nzira zvamakange kutora mumhepo.

Shell yakazara noutsi, yaiva chivako ichi. J. Montgolfier Pamusana mumwe kuedza nyore akacherechedza kuti vaisona chaionekwa penhindi maviri jira iri casing mubhokisi serin'i wakaiswa pashure ikazadzwa noutsi. Izvi zvakawanikwa anonakidzwa kwete munyori, asi munin'ina wake. Kushanda pamwe chete, vatsvakurudzi akasika aerostatic michina mamwe maviri (saka vakatumidza Balloons zvavo). In denderedzwa neshamwari nehama, mumwe wavo zvakaratidzwa. Yakanga yakagadzirwa somunhu bhora, iro dhayamita kwakanga 3.5 metres.

Kubudirira of Montgolfier rokutanga

kuedza kwakabudirira wakakwana: anenge 10 maminitsi mudenga dzakapfuura goko, apo kumuka kuti nekukwirira vanenge 300 metres uye mumwe kiromita achibhururuka nomumhepo. Hama, Zvarakafuridzirwa kubudirira, akasarudza kuratidza kuvamba wake paruzhinji. Vakavaka chibharuma huru ine dhayamita dzinopfuura 10 mamita. Vaisona kanivhasi bhachi rake kuita aiva netambo mambure uye papered bepa kuti kuvandudza tightness.

Muna 1783, June 5, vakabata mukuratidza ayo pamisika pachivara pamberi vaoni vakawanda. chibharuma akasimuka yakazadzwa noutsi. Zvose zviri ruzivo vakapupurira rinokosha dzakati, iro rakange rakanamwa zvikamu zvevanhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Saka kekutanga yava pamutemo kunge vanopupurirwa ne chakatangwa kuti akavhura nzira aeronautics.

muzvinafundo Charles

In Paris, kufarira kukuru kwakamutswa neDare Montgolfier nehama dzinobhururuka rinopisa mhepo chibharuma. Vakakokwa kudzokorora guru ruzivo rwavo. Panguva iyoyowo, Jacques Charles, iyo yefizikisi French, akarayirwa kuti vaite kuratidzwa ndege zvaakasika. Charles aidzidzisa kuti smoky mhepo, chibharuma gasi, sezvo rainzi - kwete yakanakisisa chishandiso kuumba hydrostatic chikwidzo.

Jacques akanga zvakanaka Kunyatsoziva achangobuda kuitika kemisitiri uye vakatenda kuti zviri nani kushandisa rehydrogen, nokuti vakareruka kupfuura mhepo. Zvisinei, kusarudza gasi ichi vanodirira motokari yake, muzvinadzidzo akasangana nhamba unyanzvi matambudziko. Chokutanga, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kusarudza kubva izvo kuita chiedza goko, unogona kuchengeta yainge gasi kwenguva refu.

Wokutanga ndege charliere

Robey hama, hurongwa, zvakamubatsira kukurira basa iri. Vakanga vaita zvinhu pamwe unodikanwa ehupfumi. Nokuti ichi hama kushandiswa chiedza sirika jira iyo yave zvinenge zvakazara rabha mhinduro iri turpentine. Muna 1783, 27 August, muParis panguva iri Champ de Mars wakasimuka ndege Charles. Akabhururuka kumusoro pamberi vanenge 300 zviuru. Vanoiona uye nokukurumidza akava asingaoneki. Apo mumwe munhu akanga aripo ikoko, akakumbira, chii chiri kurehwa uyu zvose, Benjamin Franklin, anozivikanwa yeAmerica uye musayendisiti, uyewo kuchengeta kutiza, akati: "Chii chiri kurehwa zviri kubuda mucheche munyika?" Zvakaratidza rouprofita kwokusafunga. "Achangoberekwa" akaberekwa, uye yaaizofanira ramangwana kukuru.

Yokutanga vakatakurwa

Montgolfier hama, zvisinei, haana kurega Charles kubudirira pakuvavarira kwemwoyo kuratidza muParis warwo kuvamba. Etienne, kuedza kuita pamwe mukuru pfungwa, akashandisa tarenda rake kuti akitekiti kukuru. Chibharuma, akavaka yakanga dzimwe nzira basa ounyanzvi. Bharero chimiro aiva goko kwayo, izvo rinosvika zvinopfuura 20 mamita. Akanga anohukomba kunze mavara nezvishongo panze uye monograms.

Chibharuma achiratidza Academy of Sciences, yainzi kuyemurwa wevamiriri vayo. Kwakasarudzwa pamberi youmambo kudzokorora muenzaniso. Near Paris, muna Versailles, chiratidzo kwakaitika muna 1783, musi 19 September. Chokwadi, achiita kuyemurwa renyanzvi chibharuma kusvikira nhasi haana akararama: ganda rake ikaparadzwa nokuda mvura, zvichiita kuti apinde yakapararawo. Asi Montgolfier Hama hadzina kurega. Kushanda nesimba, vakavaka chibharuma rutsva chipfuro musi. Akanga asiri muduku kunaka yapfuura mumwe.

Kuti pave kunonyanyisa chaizvoizvo, hama yakasungwa nechitokisi yake umo vakaisa jongwe, mumwe Dhadha uye negwai. Ndivo wekutanga munhoroondo balloonists. The chibharuma nendege uye akashanda nzira yake 4 km, 8 maminitsi zvakachengeteka kutura pasi. Magamba zuva akava Montgolfier hama. Vakanga anokudza mibayiro siyana, uye vose Balloons, iyo inoshandiswa kuumba vachasimudza smoky mhepo, zuva rakatanga kunzi chibharumu.

aigarira ndege iri rinopisa mhepo chibharuma

With ndege nomumwe maererano Montgolfier nehama vava kusvika ndaviga chinangwa yavakakutevererai, - kwevanhu kutiza. A bhora itsva inovakwa navo, zvakanga achikura. kukwirira kwayo kuri 22.7 metres uye dhayamita - 15 mamita. Ring Gallery akanga akatasva panzvimbo dzapasi chikamu. Rakanga rakagadzirirwa vanhu vaviri. Kusikwa zvakagadzirwa ichi vakaramba kare ballooning. Physics, pamusoro nebudiriro iyo yakanga yakavakirwa panguva chete vakabvumira nyore chaizvo pamasikiro ndege. Pachoto nokupisa mashanga akanga chakarembera pakati maberere. Iye airatidza ushamwari, apo ari goko pasi mugomba. kupisa uku rinopisa mhepo, izvo zvakaita kuti tikwanise kuita refu kutiza. Akatova kusvika controllable.

Ndege kare unogona kuwana zvakasiyana-siyana dzinonakidza chokwadi. Aeronautics - basa, izvo muzana remakore rechi18 vakauya mukurumbira zvikuru uye mukurumbira. The creators ndege haina kuda kuchiudzawo vamwe. Zvisinei, Louis XVI, Mambo France, varambidza kutora chikamu kutiza private Sponsors. Maererano naye, ichi dambudziko upenyu nengozi vaifanira kurayiridza matsotsi vaviri vakatongerwa rufu. Zvisinei, izvozvo zvakaita kuti kuratidzira Pilatre of Rozier, mumwe vanoshingaira vechikamu rokuvaka rinopisa mhepo chibharuma.

Uyu murume aisagona kuwiriraniswa yokuti mazita vemhosva vachapinda nhoroondo aeronautics. Iye akaramba kubatanidzwa mune basa iri munhu. Mvumo pakupedzisira kuwana. Rwendo ari chibharuma akaenda mumwe "mutyairi wendege". Ivo vakava Marquis d'Arland, ballooning feni. Uye muna 1783, 21 November, vakasiya pasi, uye akaita ndege yayo yokutanga munhau. maminitsi 25 ari mumhepo akagara mhepo inopisa chibharuma, vanenge 9 makiromita yakadzikiswa panguva ino.

ndege yevanhu charliere

Kuti aratidze kuti charliere (Balloons pamwe anoshongwa, izvo vakazadzwa rehydrogen) ndezvevanhu nezveramangwana aeronautics, Professor Charles asarudza kushandisa ndege kuti aifanira kuva zvinoshamisa kupfuura akaronga neDare Montgolfier nehama. Kutanga chibharuma itsva, iye akava nhamba zvakagadzirwa zvinogadzirisa, kushandiswa emakore mune ramangwana.

Charliere akavaka zvaiva grid akatambanudza mhiri yokumusoro hemisphere pamusoro chibharuma, uye miganhu iro akazorora Gondola yakaturikwa kuti afoot ichi. The Gondolas vaiva vanhu. Special pokubuda napo yakaitwa muna goko nokuda kwokusunungurwa rehydrogen. The vharafu iri muna goko, uyewo kuchengetwa ari Gondola kutsigisa igwa inoshandiswa kuchinja kukwira. Kunopiwa Yaivawo chikepe kuti zvive nyore kuti vagare pasi pavhu.

Charliere munhu dhayamita vanopfuura 9 metres, 1 December 1783 mupaki yacho Tuileries akatora kutanga. Rakaenderera mberi purofesa Charles uye Robert, mumwe wehama vakatora chikamu pakuvaka charliere zvinobatanidzwa. Ivo akaburuka zvakanaka pedyo nemusha, kubhururuka anenge 40 makiromita. Charles akabva mberi norwendo oga.

Charliere nendege 5 km, apo kuti incredible yakakwirira iyoyo - 2750 mamita. About hafu yeawa pashure nokuva ichi transcendental miti, aiongorora yacho zvakanaka, saka kupedza ndege yokutanga munhoroondo aeronautics vari chibharuma akazadzwa rehydrogen hamvuropu.

Chibharuma nendege pamusoro Chirungu Channel

Life of Jean Pierre Blanchard, mumwe injiniya French, akaita mhiri Channel ndege yokutanga ari chibharuma, iri mbiri mu kuti raiva mufananidzo yokuchinja, kwakaitika mukupera rechi18 kukura aeronautics. Blanchard akatanga pamwe nokunoitwa pfungwa flapping kutiza.

Akavaka muchina muna 1781, iyo mapapiro pedyo nemotokari nechisimba uye makumbo. Kumuedza akarembera netambo kukandwa pamusoro anovhara, muvambi ichi akamutswa kuti kukwirira zvidhina imba, ane counterweight inenge 10 makirogiramu. Zvakafadza pamwe kwokutanga kubudirira, iye yakabudiswa mupepanhau pfungwa dzake nezvomukana flapping ndege kuvanhu.

Akazvipira wokutanga chibharuma nendege uyewo kutsvaka ndege anotonga Blanchard akadzokera pfungwa wamapapiro, asi rave richishandiswa kudzora chibharuma. Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga kuedza kwakaguma zvakaipa, kuti muongorori haana kusiya mukuedza kwavo uye zvikuru kwazvo kuwedzera nzvimbo yokudenga.

Muna 1784, mukati kupunzika, zvakatanga Flights kuEngland. Vaongorori vakanga pfungwa dzibhururuke mhiri Chirungu Channel ari chibharuma, nokudaro vachiratidza mukana mhepo motokari pakati France uye England. Muna 1785, 7 January, maiva ndege iyi kare, rakanga wakapindwa ari muvambi pachake, uye Dr. Jeffrey, shamwari yake American.

Nguva ballooning

Nhoroondo ballooning kukura kwakanga pfupi. Kubva pakutanga airships remakore uye Balloons kusvikira Payakapera, zvingaita sokuti, zvishoma pamusoro makore 150. Yokutanga vakasununguka chibharuma akasimuka mumhepo neDare Montgolfier nehama 1783, uye muna 1937 akapisa LZ-129 Gindenburg, airship, yakavakwa muna Germany. Izvi zvakaitika muUnited States, Lakehurst, pamusoro mooring rechikepe. On muchikepe vaiva 97 vanhu. 35 vakafa. Njodzi Izvi zvakadaro akakatyamadza voruzhinji nyika kuti masimba makuru vakanga vakatsunga kumira pakuvaka guru airships. Saka akagumisa nenguva aeronautics, umo 40 adarika ndiko pave vanachandagwinyira airships, akadana zeppelins (mumwe wavo chikuru creators akanga Ferdinand of Zeppelin, wemauto wokuGermany).

Chibharuma yakagadzirwa ne Montgolfier nehama, akanga unmanageable. Chete muna 1852, Anri Zhiffar, anogadzira French, wakasika inodzorwa chibharuma.

Mainjiniya kare akaedza kugadzirisa dambudziko racho Rigidity yacho ndege. Davidu Shvartsu, imwe yeAustria mugadziri, akanzwisisa pfungwa vakwanisewo simbi dzimba. In Berlin muna 1897, akabhururuka kumusoro chibharuma Schwartz. muviri wayo wakanga aruminiyamu. Zvisinei, nokuda injini kutadza nechimbichimbi kumhara chakaitwa.

Graf Zeppelin

Count of Zeppelin, aiziva basa David, ndakaona tarisiro yavo. Akauya naye urongwa yakagadzirwa chiedza bhokisi trusses vakanga riveted aruminiyamu rinoparadza. Maburi vari ndokutsika. Pakati serin'i pepuranga mapuranga vakaurayiwa. Vakanga vakabatana stringers.

Camera pamwe rehydrogen pakuiswa pakati peya nomumwe mapuranga (zvachose 1.217 muzvikamu). Naizvozvo, kana kukuvara wandei womukati humburumbira zvichiri vakaramba volatility. Muzhizha ra1990, fodya serin'i vosmitonny hofori zeppelin (dirigible, ane dhayamita iri 12 metres, urefu - 128) akaita ibudirire yemaminitsi 18 kutiza, achitendeuka musiki kwayo, ipapo vairatidza kuva guta vanenge kupenga, gamba renyika.

Recently vakarasikirwa hondo pamwe French, nyika vakanzwisisa rokumukurudzira pfungwa mukuru pamusoro ichi chishamiso-zvombo. Zeppelin - airship, izvo zvave achishingaira kushandiswa utsinye. Gen. kuna World War I akavaka michina wandei, wakareba chakanga 148 m. Vanogona kusvika aimhanya 80 km / h. Airships yakagadzirirwa Count Zeppelin, akaenda kundorwa.

remakore rechi20 mberi democratized ndege. Modern ballooning akava chitandadzo vanhu vazhinji. Solomon Auguste Andre muna 1897, muna July, akaitwa ndege yokutanga munhoroondo kweArctic ari chibharuma. Muna 1997, ivo chibharuma Fiesta yakaitwa kukudzwa Centenary kuti chiitiko ichi panguva North Pole vatambi balloonists. Kubvira ipapo, mumwe gore vanosvika pano zvikuru ushingiwo chikwata kukwira kudenga. Mutambo aeronautics - inofadza yemitambo kuyemura kuti akawanda vanhu vanouya.