Madzimambo France. History of France. List kuti French madzimambo

Madzimambo France akanga avepo kukura nyika ichi chikuru. Nhoroondo yaro yakatanga rokutanga chemakore BC. Pakutanga, munharaunda yacho ano wehurumende taigara amarudzi vaCelt, uye vazhinji vechiGiriki nyuchi riri pamahombekombe egungwa. Maererano nemagwaro ekare, yakakomba nguva Yuliyu Tsezaryu waigona nharaunda yaigarwa Gauls. Mukuru mukuru kunyange vakapa zita akatorazve nyika - Gallia Komachi. Mushure mokuparara France muRoma yakashandurwa kuva mamiriro vakagadzirira, uye ivo, akavapindurawo, vakanga nokukurumidza kwaidarika ne Franks.

dzakaitika shanduro

Parizvino vaibvuma kuti ramangwana French akasvika munharaunda Western Europe kubva Sea Black. Vakatanga vazadze pasi kubva chaizvo pamahombekombe Rhine. Apo Julian vaFrank akapa yakakura nzvimbo munyika, pamwe hapana zvishoma nechido vakatanga kuongorora kumaodzanyemba ndima. Pakazosvika 420 gore fung pakati vakawanda vaFrank akayambuka Rhine. mutungamiri wavo aiva Pharamond.

Kuramba pamahombekombe yapaRwizi Somme varume vanotungamirirwa mwanakomana wake Chlodio. Ikoko akavaka umambo Franks. The guru akanzi Turin. mwanakomana mashoma emakore Chlodio akasarudza paumbwe mumutsara. Uyu zita - Mayors uye nhengo youmambo vakaumba vakatanga kunzi Merovingians. Ndizvo nyaya yakatanga madzimambo France.

zvimwe zviitiko

Muzana remakore rechishanu Korol Hlodvig kutanga yekudyidzana akawedzera uridzi mafranc. Zvino ivo yakapiwa kuna Loire uye Seine. Madzimambo France vakava vatongi azere yose yokumusoro uye pakati Rhine. Muna 469 Clovis akasarudza kuchinja chitendero. Iye vaaitonga zhinji vakava vaKristu. Zvakavabatsira kusimudzira pakurwisana vatongi venyika, vaitakura navo vanyengeri. Pakafa Mambo wenyika yakunda vakakamurwa pakati vake vana. Zvadaro, zvizvarwa Clovis akawedzera simba ravo pamusoro Gaul, Bavaria, Alemannia uye muThuringia.

mubatanidzwa

Zana namakumi mashanu mafranc nehurumende akatangazve miganhu kubatana kwayo. Clotaire II - Mambo vakashinga kweFrance, vakakundikana kuziva kuti kungoti haana kuda kuti vamutangira. Apo simba rake raiva umambo guru nokuwadzana enyika magavhuna vakawanda, uye zvadaro vakagamuchira mazita okuremekedza Counts. Akazoziva mutongi Dagobert I.

Zvinosuruvarisa vanakomana vake havana kuisa pamwoyo simba wenyika, asi nekuda pashure pokufa kwababa vake saka zvakaoma rakabatana nharaunda yakakamurwa zvakare migove mina. Zvino kwakatevera dzakatevedzana hondo, nokuti zvizvarwa vasingagoni kusarudza kuti ndiani achaidya. Nokuda dzose nokukakavara mafranc simba pamusoro Bavaria, Alemannia, muThuringia, uye Aquitania chakarasika.

kudzikira

Muzana remakore rechinomwe, zvakanga pachena kuti madzimambo France akanga nokukurumidza kutora zvinzvimbo zvavo. Vakanga vasisiri vaiva simba chairo. Itsvo simba yakapfuura mumaoko meya yamambo. madzimambo Last, aibva kune merovingian hwedzinza, French pachavo rinonzi "usimbe". Nokufamba kwenguva, mafungiro akava meya youshe nhaka. All vakasvika pakugumisa kuti chigaro ravo ayo simba akakwidzwa namambo.

Panyaya iyi, kwazvo akazviti mubati wenhare Pepin pakati Herstal. Muna 680, maoko vakayambukira zvakarurama yaitonga of vechiFrank rose umambo. Pakazosvika nguva zvakanga aibatanidza kuedza wevakadzidza mambo Theodoric III.

The kwaita imba itsva

Muna 751, Pope Zachary akakumbira rubatsiro kuna meya yamambo Pepin. It asina zvichibvira pasina kukundwa ichi Lombards. In kuonga rubatsiro wavo Zachary Pepin akavimbisa korona youmambo. Mumwe aimbova mukuru panguva mutongi Childeric III vaifanira kusiya.

Saka pakanga madzimambo France, rinomiririra Carolingian hwedzinza. Zvinonzi zita pashure Karla Velikogo, uyo aiva mwanakomana Pepin pfupi. Zvisinei, panopindwa Charles kusvikira choumambo chababa vake kunyange vasati akadzorera hurongwa vechiFrank umambo, zvakare wakati yakahwina Aquitania uye muThuringia. Uyezve, akakwanisa kukanda paaitiza pakati navaArabhu, rwaigara Gaul, uye tora Septimania. Rakanga nheyo yakanaka nokuda kukura uye kubudirira youmambo.

Karl - Mambo France, uyo aikwanisa kuwana kunyange zvakawanda. Iye akawedzera zvikuru miganhu yacho. Saka mafranc ezvinhu kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva kwaiva kuwedzera kune Elbe, kumabvazuva - kuAustria uye Croatia, kumaodzanyemba-kumadokero - kuna North of Spain, uye kumaodzanyemba-mabvazuva - kusvikira North kweItaly. Kwapera nguva, Pope Leo III korona Charlemagne sezvo mambo weRoma.

Zvisinei, kuvapo hwacho haana kugara kwenguva refu. Rule akanga chete Louis nevatungamiriri (mwanakomana Charles). Pashure porufu rwake, vadyi venhaka vakabvumirana nemasaini Chibvumirano Verdun. Izvi zvakaitika mugore 843. Saka, Karl umambo yakakamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu - Lorraine, East Francia (gare gare Germany) uye West-vechiFrank State (France ano).

Mumiriri rokupedzisira Carolingian hwedzinza - Louis ari V - akafa muna 987. Direct venhaka kwete akanga Naizvozvo, anotsiviwa hama mambo kure - Gugo Kapet. Aiva Count Duke wokuPrague uye chiFrench. The mambo mutsva akasangana kutsigirwa kwevafundisi. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, hurumende awana zita rayo varipo - France. Ndakazvarwa imba itsva - Capet. Vamiririri Its akatonga nyika anenge masere emakore (pa Valois uye Bourbon nenhungirwa Nhoroondo).

Changes yose

Change vatongi zvakatungamirira Kushandurwa zvematongerwo enyika. France akaita ikava chaiwo feudal mamiriro. Zvisinei, Mambo mugumo waiva unenviable: pasi pesimba rake zvakananga kaiva nzvimbo pedyo guru - Paris. dzimwe nharaunda All akanga ane muranda ukama. Kazhinji mhiri kudzorwa mubati nharaunda chave dzakapfuma uye simba kupfuura mambo. Ndicho chikonzero hapana kunyange vaitarisira aitofanira nezvokumukira aivapo hwechiKomonisiti.

yakaoma

Rechipfumbamwe nezvegumi remakore, akava muganhu nokuti nyika. Munguva iyi, musi kuchamhembe French muganhu akatanga usimwe yakawanda VaViking. Ivo akavaka Duchy pamusoro Normandy, uye mushure vakaedza kubatwa kweParis, asi hazvina zvazvakabatsira. Zvehondo VaViking akakwanisa kutaura pacharo kuEngland muna 1066, William (Duke pamusoro Normandy) akakwanisa kubvuta Chirungu choushe. Gare gare akavaka imba yacho Normans.

remakore nemiviri

Henry II - mutongi Chirungu akachenjera uyo akakwanisa kuva zvikuru akapfuma feudal ishe. Akaita dzose nzendo uye haana vakadzokera pachoto dzavo uye musha nemaoko chinhu. Uyezve, akaita mamwe michato zvakanaka kwazvo uye akakunda Normandy, Aquitania, Brittany uye Guyenne. Pasi pake uye dunhu rimwe Anjou. Zvisinei, venhaka mutongi mukuru asingagoni kubvumirana simba-kugoverana. Kukakavadzana akakonzera kwakaderera ehurumende. French King Philip akatora kushandisa mamiriro ezvinhu. Akakunda anenge ose enyika. Pasi pesimba England zvichachengetwawo chete Guyenne.

remakore nematatu

remakore Izvi zvakanga wakakomborerwa kuti France. Madzimambo France, ndiro mazita zvose kwenguva, akakwanisa kutsvaga rutsigiro vanapapa, uye ipapo tisingatyi vakafunga masimba pamusoro Cathar nevanyengeri. Somugumisiro, mashoko Languedoc yakakundwa, asi Flanders haana kukundwa.

remakore hwegumi

Muna 1314 akapfuura kure Firipi Fair - Mambo France kubva Capetian hwedzinza. Iye aiva nevanakomana vatatu uye mwanasikana mumwe. Isabella akakwanisa kuroorwa Edward II - mutongi Chirungu. Zvinosuruvarisa, vanakomana vose Firipi takaberekwa vasikana, saka kuti France akatarisana dynastic dambudziko, kana vose zvakananga vana murume akawana zororo husingaperi.

Namachinda aifanira vasanangurwa mutongi mutsva. Zvakazoonekwa Kuvshinov Valua. Edward Third - mwanakomana Isabel - akaedza kuzvipfuudza sarudzo iyi, asi Salic Mutemo pamusoro kuchinjwa choumambo kuburikidza nehadzi mutsetse iri zvachose wairambidza. Mugumisiro kusagutsikana kwake kwaiva Makore Zana War. ipapo Kubudirira akaperekedza France, ipapo England. Zvisinei, kusava nechokwadi akanyangarika apo mauto akatora pamusoro itsvo matarenda mutungamiri Henry V. Panguva iyoyo pachigaro France Charles IV kuti vakaenda, ichinyatsozivikanwa kusaenzana ake. Military nani pakupedzisira akanzi yeBritain.

1415 aizivikanwa pokukundwa French mauto ari Agincourt. Heinrich V achipembererwa akapinda Paris. Mambo akamanikidzwa kubvuma kuti mugari wenhaka mwanakomana Henry Rechishanu.

Muna 1429 akanga korona Charles VII. Iye ndiye chete songaniro French. Izvi imhaka nyika, akagumisa Charles pamusoro Burgundy. Muna 1437, akanga adzokera Paris muna 1450 - Normandy muna 1453 - Guyenne, muna 1477 - Burgundy, uye ipapo Brittany. Calais chete akasara pasi pokutonga British.

Francis - Mambo France, uyo akakwira choumambo muna 1515. baba vake aiva Count Angulenskim, hama Louis regumi namaviri. The mutongi kundodana resumption of zvibvumirano chinoguma Henry VIII. Mambo yeNavarre aida reconquer umambo Castile uye kutora Duchy pamusoro Milan, achitsigirwa Venice. Under utungamiriri hwake, kukupesanisa chikuru kanjoni Argentiyskoe kuItari chakaitwa. Warriors akatamisa atirari ake uye vakaridza matombo kuti nzira yavo. Francis akakwanisa kukunda savoy uye Duchy pamusoro Milan. Kuburikidza mushandirapamwe uyu mambo aizivikanwa somunhu gamba wechokwadi. Akatotanga kuenzanisa Kesari.

Henry 2 - Mambo France, ane ushe rakatanga muna March muna 1547. Akaedza ose nzira yavangabata Protestantism. Nemhaka kwaari, muna 1550 nyika vakadzokera kuguta muBoulogne. Uyezve, Henry 2 - Mambo France, vairatidza kuva muvengi rwechisikirwo Charles Rechishanu. Akatonga kusvikira 1559.

Mambo France, Henry aiva mugari wenhaka. Zvisinei, panguva yokufa kwake yababa aiva nemakore gumi. Kunyange zvakadaro, akakwira choumambo Karl 9. Mambo France yokupedzisira nhengo genus Valois. Kusvikira 1563, mai vake - Ekaterina Medichi - akaita regent. Ushe Charles wepfumbamwe kwakaratidzwa nezviitiko zvakawanda chinopunyairireiko, ramakagadzwa hondo uye St. Bartholomew (vanobudisa kuparadzwa pakati Huguenots).

Mushure vasvike Habsburgs kuti simba dambudziko rakatanga munyika. Panguva Reformation, Mapurotesitenzi kwakawedzera nhamba. Kuwedzera, paiva skirmishes pakati vamiririri akasiyana mumagariro strata. "Mutemo pamusoro kubvumira", kwakasarudzwa kubudisa kuti kudzorerwa norugare. Kunyange zvazvo mitemo Henry Third. Akaurayiwa muna 1589 Akanga asina venhaka, saka chigaro Genrih Navarrsky (wechina). Akatamira kubva echiPurotesitendi pakutenda dzeRoma kuti vadzivise ropa. Zvisinei, nokukurumidza kumisa kushorwa harisati chakaitika.

XVII-XVIII remakore,

Munguva iyi nyika rakavambwa absolutism. Mushure Louis 13, akakwira choumambo Louis 14 Mambo France akasimbisa ndima yaakaronzeswa. The nyika yazova kupfuura simba mu Europe. It yakawedzera nokuda kuwedzera Burgundy, West Flanders uye Artois. The pakuonekwa wokutanga nyuchi kuNorth America uye India akapawo Louis 14 Mambo France akavaka chinzvimbo chokunamata urongwa, asi makore manomwe Hondo uye nharo pamusoro yeAustria Kwevaapostora haana kumubvumira kuti kuzadzisa zvinodiwa. Somugumisiro, kudzora nyuchi zvose akarasika.

Muna 1715, akakwira cheushe, Louis 15 - Mambo France, uyo ari Bourbon hwedzinza. Panguva iyoyo akanga ava nemakore mashanu chete okuberekwa. Young mutongi akatora vatarisire regent Kuvshinov Orleansky. Akanga achipikisa mutemo Louis 14, saka kubatana England uye akaenda kunorwa Spain. Kunyange pashure pemakore pamusoro muduku wesinagoge simba akaramba ari mumaoko sekuru ake Philip. Muna 1726, Louis 15, achiri akazivisa kuti zvinotora itsvo, asi kutaura zvazviri munyika yaitongwa Cardinal Fleury. Izvi kusvikira 1743. Cherechedza kuti ushe dzairamba dzichiitika Louis rechi15 riri nyika zvikuru sei kwakakanganisa.

Mugumo namasere remakore kwakaratidza kutanga Kujekerwa. France aiva mumaoko namambo. Policy mambo mutsva - Louis XVI - kwakatungamirira zvoupfumi, kushomeka kwezvokudya, uye kuderera hwokurima. Somugumisiro pakati convening of General Staff (1789), simba raiva National Assembly. Nhengo dzayo dzaiva nyasha abolition ari feudal kodzero, kuti yezve kwamachinda uye vafundisi neropafadzo yose, uyewo kuti kubviswa Church kubva ehurumende ezvinhu.

The nyika yakakamurwa mu madhipatimendi (zvachose 83). Korol Lyudovik vakatiza, asi akabatwa ndokudzokera kunyika. Musoro Mambo France, akarasikirwa. Akanga zvishoma achidzorerwezve ari aizviti simba: Louis akapiwa zita rokuti mambo French. Iye vetoed mitemo mitsva, asi kuwana rutsigiro pakati yevagari. Nokukurumidza Louis akapomerwa hurumende. Akaurayiwa muna 1793.

Paaienda kunyika

Nyika dzakawanda, akatungamirirwa neMweya imba youmambo, akarwa France. Muna 1799, pasi murayiro Napoleon Bonaparte aiva chikuru zvechiuto kubvuta masimba rakarongwa. The Vagari asingashumbi iyi zvaigamuchirwa nokuti vanhuwo zvavo kare asi ndaneta dzose kurwisana iri kamwe wakagadzikana guta.

Maererano migumisiro referendum rakaitirwa 1802, Napoleon akapiwa hwose wenyaya First Mumiriri. Akakurumidza akabata vavengi zvose uye akawana simba risingagumi. Nyika yakava umambo. Muna 1804, Napoleon akanga korona. Nokukurumidza pana Austerlitz vakakundwa nemauto Austria. Muna 1806, kuti French akapa muna Prussia.

Chiso chinopenya pamwe kukunda Napoleon akazivisa Continental blockade kweEngland. Muna 1807, Britain inonzi rubatsiro kubva Russia. Napoleon, haina zvenyu, iye vakagamuchira nechido mumwe anokumhan'arira itsva ine ndima yakakura, izvo vakasarudza kutora chero raiva. Mumatsutso 1812 rechiFrench mauto vaitova muMoscow. Zvaiita kuti Russia yakanga yadonha. Asi Kutuzov akava akachenjera kupfuura Bonaparte. Somugumisiro, uto French akatambura unorema kukundwa. Kubva mauto kamwe guru vaiva anosiririsa nokuvhuvha.

Muna 1814, France akasiyiwa pasina mutongi - Napoleon abdicated. Rakanga akasarudza kudzokera itsvo simba iri mumaoko Bourbons. Akava mambo Louis XVIII. Akaita zvose kudzorera yekare, asi French vakanga zvachose naro. Ipapo Napoleon, nekunhonga hondo zviuru, akaenda vawanezve simba. Akakwanisa kushandisa urongwa hwake. Zvisinei, panguva musangano madzimambo kuVienna, kwakasarudzwa kutora korona kubva chinzvimbo warlord. Pakupedzisira, Napoleon akasungwa akaendeswa kuchitsuwa St. Helena.

Madzimambo France, pakarongwa iyo pashure Bonaparte achiri kukasawedzerwa, akatonga ezvinhu zvakaoma. Saka, Napoleon II rakaparadzwa mazuva mashomanana pamukwidzwa choumambo, Louis Philippe akamanikidzwa pakarepo kusiya honorary musoro uye ave mambo French, asi kwete French. Napoleon III rakatorwa musungwa Prussia uye pachigaro. Zviremera zvakare vaifanira kuva pamadzimambo, asi akaisa vanoti chigaro Charles X, Henry V uye Philip VII handina kukwanisa pachavo. Vatongi korona chatengeswa muzvikamu muna 1885. France akava zvokuvhoterwa.