Zviduku PARTICIPLE iri electrically zvematongerwo namakemikari chaikosha: sezvamunoita, mamiriro, ehupfumi

Pasi rose, kubva pakadzika pasi uye kuti muchadenga, inoitwa isingaperi nhamba zvinhu, nerimwe riri zvinhu. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti nyaya haagoni kuparadzwa kana kusika, hazvina magumo uye nokusingaperi. Motion mumwe unhu nekupedza ukama nyaya. Izvi hazvisi chete spatial misha mitumbi pachavo, asi kuchinja inoti dzavo, zvivako, uye zvichingodaro.

Basa raro maitiro

Space uye nguva vanoonekwa kuva chimiro yokuva nebasa. Mumwe zvinokosheswa zvivako ayo kukwanisa mumatauriro vanhu pfungwa.

Zvesayenzi nhasi vari kutevera kwevari nyaya yayo maitiro:

• zvokutanga nezvimedu;
• maatomu;
• morekuru;
• munda;
• macroscopic muviri;
• Geological hurongwa;
• nyika;
• nyeredzi;
• renyeredzi;
• maitiro emapoka;
• universes;
• universes maitiro.

All zvokunyama gadziriro rinoumbwa nyaya mhenyu, kureva zvinenge zvakasiyana izvo, kusiyana nevamwe, vanokwanisa bereka. A mhando yokuvaka chinogona nyaya dziri zvokutanga inoramba. Izvi zvinogona kuva zviduku PARTICIPLE iri electrically zvematongerwo namakemikari chaikosha kuti ane chimwe mutariri.

zvokutanga nezvimedu

All zvokutanga nezvimedu, rakazaruka panguva, pane anenge mazana matatu. Kana PARTICIPLE ane mhaka, panofanira kuvapo imwe antiparticle. An Kusara iduku PARTICIPLE iri electrically zvematongerwo namakemikari maatomu akafanana.

Vose vari akakamurwa:

• hadrons, izvo munyaya mukukurukurirana zvose, ivo rakakamurwa baryons (nucleons uye hyperons) uye mesons;
• leptons vanobatanidzwa mukukurukurirana zvose kunze simba (pakati izvo pane maerekitironi, neutrinos uye muons).

photons chete hamuzi chinhu mapoka aya.

The Kupesana yakaitwa inobva inokosha mukukurukurirana, izvo simba kana vasina simba, remagetsi uye regiravhiti. kudyidzana Strong zvakawanda remagetsi (zana). Zvazvakaita ari zvikuru pfupi marefu - 10ˉ¹⁵ mamita. Chokwadi, simba remagetsi zvishoma zvikuru, asi kupfuura rinokweva nguva zhinji.

Chimiro uye kutsiga zvivako

Clear mitsetse chine duku PARTICIPLE iri electrically zvematongerwo zvemakemikari maatomu akafanana uye dzimwe zvokutanga nezvimedu, kwete. Somuenzaniso, zvinozivikanwa kuti vane kunzwisisa yakarongeka, izvo zvinosanganisira anonzi quarks.

Kana tikafunga ehupfumi nguva, zvacho kuratidza aida kana kusagadzikana. Pakati wokutanga kumira photons, muon uye Erekitironi neutrinos, protons uye maerekitironi vavo antiparticles. Other zvokutanga nezvimedu zvinogona kushata pakati 10³ nokuti neutrons vari chokungopa ezvinhu, kuti 10ˉ²²-10ˉ²⁴ iwayo nezvimedu anonzi resonances.

Maerekitironi, protons uye neutrons

Zvokutanga nezvimedu, izvo zviri chikamu mumuviri midziyo, akadana maerekitironi, protons uye neutrons.

Aimbova vane yakatsiga kunaka mutariri uye vakawanda 9 * 10ˉ³¹ makirogiramu. Ivo leptons, sezvo munyaya zvose asi simba mukukurukurirana. Protons dzinewo akatsiga ehupfumi, asi vakawanda vavo mukuru E muna 1836. It baryon kubva musimboti chiedza isotope pakati hydrogen atomu. Neutrons sezvo zita rinoreva - riri kwazvakarerekera nezvimedu ane gobvu pamusoro hwepurotoni. Paro baryons. Vane kusagadzikana uye vane hunotarisira maminitsi anosvika gumi upenyu. Protons uye neutrons vanoumba nuclei kwemaatomu.

The Zvinoumba atomu

Zviduku PARTICIPLE iri electrically zvematongerwo namakemikari chaikosha anonzi atomu. In payo chinoumba, riri anenge mukanyiwa wose. Musimboti iri chokwadi mhosva sezvo ane ayo sezvamunoita chete protons uye neutrons. Kuwanda protons zvinogona anofananidzira nhamba chinhu uye Periodic Table: nhamba yavo machisi ari Serial nhamba.

Kufambira maerekitironi kumativi musimboti, nhamba iri kwakafanana kuti Purotoni. The duku electrically kwazvakarerekera PARTICIPLE inokwanisa kupa maerekitironi kana, Ukuwo, kuisa navo. Zvichienderana atomu ichi anowana akaipa kana akanaka mutariri. Chemical ehupfumi vanoonekwa zvichienderana neuwandu maerekitironi anogona kurongwa kubva chinoumba panguva dzakasiyana marefu uye kutama mukutenderera muchadenga siyana, pamwe aimhanya siyana, simba.

Schematic kwazvakarerekera chepuraimari PARTICIPLE haagoni zvakajeka kuratidzwa. Yefizikisi nhasi fungidzira atomu sechidhakwa neerekitironi pamwe maerekitironi kumativi yakasimba gore. Hazvibviri kuona nzvimbo Erekitironi, sezvo hapana akakodzera zvokushandisa, asiwo nokuti kuti aratidze vaviri chinozunguzirwa ehupfumi.

Nokuda quantum Vanamakanika, zvakanzi zvakaratidza kuti mumwe zvemagetsi kwazvakarerekera zvokutanga nezvimedu kunogona kusvika mapoka inoverengeka maerekitironi izvo kusika zvemagetsi idenderedzwa goko, kufadza nhamba iri nomwe.

Achitendeukira padanho rakadzama, kuti Erekitironi inongorira photon - photon. Mumwe Erekitironi, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, Anovhura ayo akabatana. The pfuma wakanzi "kuruka." Zvinofungidzirwa kuti ichi zvazvingava zviri kugara, hachigoni chero nzira change.

dzakaunganidzwa maatomu

Sei electrically kwazvakarerekera PARTICIPLE anodzidzwa nokubatsira yacho chakarondedzera. The atomu inongorira kana absorbs chiedza mitsetse. Izvi zvinogoneka nokuti simba kuti anotora discrete tsika zvinoenderana mabhomba inoti uye kuchinja quantum kuchinja.

A muzvizhinji kwemaatomu kuva chete nokuchengeta achiva nemakemikari maatomu akafanana. Nhasi zvinonzi unozikamwa 107, uye 19 pakutanga yaunganidzwa chakagadzirwa zvinoreva, uye chete ipapo nokuzarura zvakasikwa.

That cores kuva rinorema uremu, dzinotsauka, uye saka americium kutevera zvine maatomu akafanana vakawana chete zvenyukireya siyana.

Kana mumwe PARTICIPLE iri electrically zvematongerwo namakemikari chaikosha chokuita nedzimwe (nhamba maatomu panguva imwe chete inogona inosvika kusvika zviuru zviviri), anoumba morekuru zviri zviduku PARTICIPLE chete ose ayo namakemikari zvivako. Asi nyaya imwe nyaya.