Zvinoreva shoko "karst bako." Chii?

Chii chinorehwa nemashoko okuti "karst bako"? izvi yakanaka dzinongoitika nzvimbo sei? Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi dzinogona kuwanika munyaya ino. Mukuwedzera, pano isu nyora munyika wakarebesa mumapako (mufananidzo mumigodhi sezvaunogona kuona). Chinoshamisa, vakawanda vavo riri muUnited States.

Cave - nayo ... The zvinorehwa nemashoko "karst bako"

Izvi in pevhu kubva kare semupi musha mhuka uye chinyakare vanhu. Ivo akavavanza nechando uye nezvikara nezvikara. Zvinofadza kuti mumapako vaakawana kwete chete paNyika, asi nomusi Moon, Mars. Wanai kuti pakutanga shoko rokuti "karst bako."

Mutsara uyu rinoumbwa zvikamu zviviri: a "bako" uye "kras".

• Cave - iri chero pevhu mhango iri rwokuzvarwa mavambo.
• Karst - iri zvese muitiro uye pamusana kudzikira (pokutaura) zvimwe mabwe hasha (makemikari anoumba) pasi.

Shoko rokuti "Karst" rinobva pashoko German kana karst, kana zita ebani muSlovenia (Kras), apo izvi zvakasikwa vane simba zvikuru.

Chii chinonzi karst bako?

Izvi mhando mumapako ndicho pakati zvose zvimwe in pevhu. Chii chinonzi karst bako uye sei kuumbwa?

Pane huru tsanangudzo maviri. Maererano wokutanga, ndezvomuzvarirwo mhango (maturo) chokumusoro goko, iyo kwakabatana ayo pamusoro zvinoshandisa pakurima mumwe kana kupfuura. Maererano nerondedzero wechipiri karst bako - ane pevhu mhango rwokuzvarwa mavambo, iyo isina yakavhenekerwa zuva, asi zviri kuwanikwa kupinda uchibva kunze.

Kudzidza mumapako ari vachipa chaiyo sayenzi - kutenda kwako kushayiswe, mashoko iro rinowanzoshandurwa zvinoberekwa anonzi speleotourists.

Sezvo akaumba mumapako?

Izvi mhando mumapako inoumbwa exogenous urongwa, kureva nokuda pokufa dombo mvura. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti mumapako varipo chete munzvimbo idzi dzenyika apo nhema kusagadzikana matombo, ayo nyore yakanyauka nemvura. Pakati pavo - gypsum, munyu, choko (kaolin), dolomite, namatema uye reraimu.

Vakaipisisa vamwe vose vakaparadzwa reraimu uye namatema. Caves mune matombo aya vakaumba refu chaizvo nguva. Ukuwo, vakanga vapona nani kupfuura vamwe. Somuenzaniso, gypsum mumapako kazhinji richaparara uye chiwondomoke.

Basa rinokosha paumbwe mumigodhi anotamba kwete chete makemikari anoumba mvura (zvinofanira wakawedzera Kuwanda, carbon dioxide), asi kuvapo makatsemuka iri mukati wenyika uye kuwedzerwa mitswe. Kakawanda ndivo musimboti mitsara pamwe iyo mumapako aumba.

Vazhinji vakadzidza mumapako - a kakasaririra mhando ezvinhu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mvura akasiya mashoko mumigodhi. Kunyange zvakadaro, akanga iye anoshanda nomuvezi kuti anoumba yomukati "microrelief" bako. Underground mvura vafumi sulfates uye carbonates, hunoita pamusoro pamadziro, pasi uye hwakavigwa mumakamuri mumigodhi. Kuti uye akaumba chii tinoti stalactites uye stalagmites. Kakawanda, growths izvi kuva vatorwa uye noshamisa siyana, izvo murima kutarira kunotonyanya kujairika.

The Mhando chikuru mumapako

Maererano mashandiro ari Genesisi (inotungamirwa) iri voga, kunze karst, kunyange tectonic, kuputika, uye anozoumbiridzwazve chando bako.

Underground mhango uyewo Classified nokuda saizi (inobva Kureba nokudzika) uyewo mhando dombo umo vari aumba. Saka, pane mumapako:

• reraimu;
• gypsum;
• choko;
• munyu;
• Mumapako conglomerates uye zvichingodaro.

Top 5 rakareba kupfuura mumapako nyika

Four kubva mashanu wakarebesa mumapako munyika dziri muna US, ndechimwe - muUkraine.

Nemapoka Cave (anenge 630 km) - wakarebesa bako gadziriro Nyika. It yakaumbwa muna reraimu miriyoni 10 apfuura. Gore negore Kureba mubako riri kukura sezvo cavers itsva nomurindi kunosora corridors ayo.

Jewel Cave (257 km) - iri muna South Dakota, pedo neguta Custer. Its yakasiyana chinhu muri calcite crystals izvo zvinenge zvakazara gobvu masvingo ndima pevhu.

Cave netariro (231 km) - munhu multi-pamwero labyrinth samambure muUkraine (muna Ternopil nharaunda), chikuru pevhu wemuTesitamende Eurasia. Akaumba ari kure.

Wind Cave (217 km) - mumwe chishamiso American rezvakasikwa, iyo inozivikanwa mapatani ayo pamusoro namaberere, akafanana muzinga.

Lechuga Cave (207 km) - gypsum bako muUnited States (New Mexico), kuti pakuva izvo kujairika "kubwinya" dzidzo, richisvika kuna 5-6 metres dhayamita.

mhedziso

Zvakanaka, zvino munoziva zvinoreva shoko "karst bako." It chinhu pachivande mhango rwokuzvarwa mavambo, ine chimwe kana kupfuura nehoro pamusoro pemvura. All cavers mumapako dzinoiswa maererano nokukura, kuti mashandiro ari Genesisi, uyewo pamusoro pamatombo umo vari midzi (akaumba).