A ongororo nemasayendisiti muna Antarctica Russia

Kudzidza Antarctica - nhoroondo, vachiratidza kwakapararira dzevanhu kuda kuziva nyika, nyaya simba romudzimu uye kuda pangozi. Nhanhatu makondinendi, hunonzi, kumaodzanyemba Australia, uye America kwemazana emakore manyawi vaongorori uye cartographers. Asi nhoroondo Antarctic tsvakurudzo rakatanga chete muna 1819 aine nyika runobudirira vatsvakurudzi Russian Bellingshausen uye Lazarev. Panguva iyoyo yakanga pakatangira kukura chihombe chando nzvimbo, inoramba nhasi.

Kubvira kare kare

Anenge zviuru zviviri zvemakore kusvikira nguva apo paiva akazaruka uye zvidzidzo pamusoro Antarctica rokutanga, geographers dzekare kare nezvake ivepo. Ipapo mukanyiwa zvakanga zvakakurumbira zvekungofungira chii chinoumba nyika kure. The zita "Antarctica" akazviratidza iyi. Nokuti nguva yokutanga richiwanika munyika Martina Tirskogo muzana remakore rechipiri AD. Mumwe vanyori pfungwa pamusoro kondinendi asingazivikanwi akanga Velikiy Aristotel zvinofungirwa kuti nyika zvakafanana, ichibata, izvo zvinoreva kuti kana Africa ndiyo imwe kondinendi.

Legends akasimuka gare gare. On dzimwe mepu dziri kwakakonzerwa yeMiddle Ages, zvakajeka kuonekwa mufananidzo "South Land", kazhinji iri yoga kana kwakabatana America. Muna 1929 mumwe wavo yakawanikwa. Admiral Piri Kings mepu, dating 1513 gore, iri vakafungira iine hwakadzama zvikuru uye yakarurama kuratidzwa nemhenderekedzo Antarctica. Apo Muvambi akatora mashoko kadhi rako, achiri anoramba ari chakavanzika.

kuswedera

Chizvarwa Discovery haina kwakaratidzwa kuwanikwa yacho wechitanhatu. Research navigators European chete kujekesa mudenderedzwa kutsvaga. Zvakava pachena kuti kondinendi South American "kwete kuda" upi asingazivikanwi kunyika. Muna 1773 Dzheyms e kokutanga munhoroondo akayambuka kweArctic Circle uye akawana zvitsuwa Antarctic zvakawanda, asi pane nyaya uye yaiva duku. Chimwe chikuru zviitiko jogirafi kwakaitika pashure anenge makore 50 pashure paizvozvo.

kutanga enzira

Achizarura uye kutanga zvidzidzo pamusoro Antarctica vakatungamirirwa nomudzimu Faddeya Faddeevicha Bellinsgauzena uye zvakananga Kupinda Mihaila Petrovicha Lazareva. Muna 1819, ivo Kronstadt rwendo ngarava maviri vakaenda South Pole, "Rugare" uye "East". Yokutanga yakanga zvakasimba yakanamatira uye Lazarev vakagadzirira nechikepe ari toughest ezvinhu. Yechipiri akasikwa British mainjiniya uye muzvinhu zvakawanda akarasika "Rugare." Panoperera rwendo akanga mhaka mangwanani kudzoka rwendo; chikepe yakauya anosiririsa ezvinhu.

Tinotumira kugungwa waJuly 4 uye November 2 kuti zvasvika Rio de Janeiro. Zvichitevera chinangwa, ivo vakagumisa chitsuwa South Georgia uye Sandwich vakasvika Earth. It akaziviswa kuva boka rezvitsuwa uye zita South Sandwich Islands. Pakati pavo pane zvitsuwa zvitsva zvitatu pazvakawanikwa: Leskov, Zavadovskiy uye Thorson.

Kudzidza Antarctica Bellingshausen uye Lazarev

Kuvhurwa kwakaitika 16 (27 New Style) muna January 1820. Zvikepe akaswedera makondinendi matanhatu munharaunda nhasi inonzi chando pasherefu Bellingshausen pana Princess Martha Coast. Pamberi kutanga kweArctic yechando, kana zviipe mamiriro okunze, kunorwa akauya kanoverengeka kuti yakaoma. The pedyo kondinendi ngarava dzakanga 5 uye 6 (17 uye 18) February.

Kudzidza Antarctica Bellingshausen uye Lazarev akaramba pashure asvika chirimo. Somugumisiro, kufamba pamepu vashoma zvinhu zvitsva raiswa: Peter I chitsuwa pamwe makomo, pamwe ice-isina nyika Alexander I; Three Brothers Islands, anozivikanwa nhasi sezvo Esplanda uye O'Brien; Island Rear Admiral Rozhnova (nhasi - Gibbs), chitsuwa Mikhailova (Kornuels), chitsuwa Admiral Mordvinova (Elifent), chitsuwa Mutevedzeri-Admiral Shishkov (Clarence).

Kudzidza Antarctica chokutanga rakapera July 24, 1821, apo zvikepe zviviri vakadzokera Kronstadt.

rwendo mupiro

Vafambisi vengarava pasi murayiro Bellingshausen uye Lazarev panguva zvidzidzo ake akafamba Antarctica. Ivo vakanyora mamiriro ayo anokwana zvitsuwa 29, uyewo, chokwadi, yakaoma. Uyezve, havana vakaungana rakasiyana mashoko okupedzisira remakore. Kunyanya, Bellingshausen akawana kuti munyu mvura yaita chando saizvozvo sezvo zvinyoro, zvinopesana zvekungofungira masayendisiti nguva. The musiyano chete - rinoda tembiricha yakaderera. Ethnographic uye dzinongoitika nesayenzi muunganidzwa, akasvika vengarava muRussia, ikozvino akaramba paYunivhesiti Kazan. Kuti kuona kukosha rwendo hazvibviri, asi nhoroondo ubanguranyika uye kuwanikwa Antarctica kubva hazvina uchangotanga.

kuitwa

rwendo nomumwe kuti kondinendi kwaiva feat. The utsinye ezvinhu murenje chando akasiya shoma mukana vanhu vasina kunyatsogadzirira kana unorganized. The zvidzidzo pamusoro Antarctica masayendisiti vokutanga vaiva kwakandiomera nokuti nhengo dzavo kazhinji havagoni kufungidzira kusvikira pakuguma kuti kwakavamirira.

Izvi ndozvakaitika kuna rwendo Carsten Borchgrevink Egeberga. chikwata chake akaita wokutanga nezvayo kumhara pamhenderekedzo Antarctica muna 1899. Chinhu chikuru kuti rwendo yakasvika - ichi chando. Zvakava pachena kuti kupona zvinogoneka kana paine akashongedzerwa tsime utiziro utsinye ezvinhu nechando murenje munguva polar usiku. Zvisinei, nzvimbo akasarudzwa kuti chando saka havaratidzi, uye musha chikwata shure panguva simba zvizere.

Pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore, South Pole akanga asvika. First asvika kwaari Norwegian rwendo inotungamirwa Roald Amundsen muna 1911. Nguva pfupi pashure chikwata wake kusvika South Pole Robert Scott, uyo akafira munzira kudzokera. Zvisinei, vakawanda pamwero mukuru kukura chando yerenje yakatanga 1956 Kudzidza Antarctica awana tsika itsva - zvino chaiitirwa pamusoro dzokutengesa hwaro.

Igy

Pakati pezana remakore rapfuura, pakudzidza Antarctica, nyika dzakawanda dzave zvakanangwa. Somugumisiro, muna 1957-1958. Gumi inoti makarasira dzavo masimba kukudziri- murenje nechando. nguva ino, zvakaziviswa neInternational Geophysical Year. History of Antarctica yokutsvakurudza zvimwe haazivi sezvo zvibereko nguva.

It Vakawana kuti chando "kufema" yacho kondinendi rechitanhatu uye ari kure akatakurirwa mhepo pamusoro kure kuchamhembe. ruzivo Izvi zvaiita kuti zvakarurama ramangwana okunze Panyika. Panguva kuongorora yakawanda nzeve rwakabhadharwa kuna vakatakura bedrock kuti anogona kuudza zvakawanda nemamiriro redu. It ikakohwewa uye yakawanda mashoko ari zviitiko zvakadai borealis, madutu rinobva uye yepasi pose mwaranzi.

masayendisiti Russian kudzidza Antarctic

Zvechokwadi, basa sayenzi mumakore iwayo chihombe basa Soviet Union airidza. At mumwoyo kondinendi anoverengeka nhepfenyuro kwaibva pake nguva dzose kune mapoka tsvakurudzo. Kunyange munguva kwegadziriro Soviet Antarctic rwendo (SAE) akasikwa kuti International Geophysical Year. Chinangwa chacho chaiva kudzidza pezvakaitwa kuitika kondinendi mhepo, nezvazvinoreva riparadzirwe mhepo makore, kuswedera Geological zvechadenga kwenzvimbo, uye rondedzero mumuviri uye nenzvimbo, kuziva mapatani kutamira peArctic mvura. Wokutanga rwendo yakawira pamusoro chando muna January 1956. Zvino musi February 13, chiteshi "Rugare" wakavhurwa.

Somugumisiro Soviet polar vatsvakurudzi yekudyidzana ungaderedza nhamba yenzvimbo chena pamepu yacho kondinendi wechitanhatu. Vakaziva anopfuura mazana matatu nenzvimbo zvinhu zvakadai zvitsuwa, bays, mipata anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Vakaperekedza zvizivikanwe nemichina kuongorora. Ivo vakabatsira kutanga kuti Antarctica - kwete boka zvitsuwa panguva kutarisirwa, uye yakaoma. Mashoko chinokosha kunowanzokonzerwa dzakaonekwa somugumisiro basa nevatsvakurudzi panguva zvizere chinzvimbo, apo akaoma zvikuru nzendo kure negungwa.

Panguva kupfuura basa kutsvakurudza Antarctica vakavhura nenhepfenyuro sere kushanda yechando uye chirimo. Panguva polar usiku pamusoro kondinendi vakanga vanhu 180. Sezvo kutanga kwezhizha, nhamba rwendo yakanga yawedzera kusvika 450 kuvashanu.

mutsivi

Pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Union kuti ubanguranyika pamusoro Antarctica haana kumborega. Panzvimbo SAE akauya Russian Antarctic rwendo. With kuvandudzika muzvigadzirwa akaita zvikwanisike uwane kudzidza kondinendi wechitanhatu. Research muna Antarctica nemasayendisiti kubva kuRussia zviri kuitwa nenzira dzakawanda: tsanangudzo okunze, geophysical nezvimwe zvaidiwa kondinendi, migumisiro ratinoona mananara pamusoro okunze mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika, kuunganidzwa uye kuongorora mashoko pamusoro anthropogenic mutoro polar pazviteshi zvakatipoteredza.

Kubvira 1959, apo "The Antarctic Treaty" Kakanga kakasainwa kuti kondinendi nechando rava nzvimbo pamwe dzakawanda, vakasununguka kubva nemasoja. Kukura kondinendi wechitanhatu akanga kuitwa munyika dzinoverengeka. Antarctic tsvakurudzo munguva yedu - muenzaniso pamwe nokuda mberi kwesayenzi. Kazhinji Russian nzendo vane sezvamunoita dzakawanda.

asinganzwisisiki nyanza

Zvinenge hapana mushumo zvichangobva kudzidzwa pamusoro Antarctica haisi kwakakwana pasina ataura imwe asi dzinonakidza chinhu akawana pasi chando. Kuvapo Its akafanotaurwa AP Kapitsa uye IA Zotikov mushure Geophysical Gore tichishandisa mashoko anenge panguva iyoyo. Izvi Freshwater mudziva East iri pedyo homonymous nhepfenyuro pasi chando rukoko Ukobvu 4 km. Huro kuferefeta inotungamirwa masayendisiti Russian muna Antarctica. Zvino pamutemo muna 1996, kunyange zvazvo zvakanga mukupera 50s vakanga kushanda kudzidza kwegungwa maererano Kapitsa uye Zotikova.

Kuwanika manyawi nyika nesayenzi. gungwa subglacial kwakadaro voga zvachose kuonana panyika, uye pamusoro mamiriyoni emakore. Tichingotarisa ndiwo mvura yakachena zvakakwana rurefu wevasungwa reokisijeni angava dzinogarisana Utachiona, masayendisiti achiri kuzivikanwa. A yakanaka chikonzero nekuda kukura upenyu zvose zvakakwana yakakwirira tembiricha kwegungwa - kusvikira + 10º nechepasi. On kumuganhu wakapatsanura dura pamusoro, uye chando kutonhora - zvose -3º. Mudziva iri vanofungidzirwa kudzama 1200 m.

The ndingangokuvara kuziva miedzo zvisingazivikanwi kasvisto uye fauna of zvakakonzera kusarudza vanochera aizi munzvimbo yacho East.

zvichangobva nenhamba

Drilling chando dura nzvimbo rakatanga muna 1989. Makore gumi gare gare zvakanzi akamira kure anenge 120 M kubva mudhamu. Chikonzero kutya dzimwe vatsvakurudzi mararamiro kusvibisa nezvimedu pachiso, zvichiguma yakasiyana nenzanga zvipenyu zvinogona kukanganiswa. masayendisiti Russian haana semaonero ichi. Rakanga nokukurumidza dzakabudirira uye akaedza imwe midziyo itsva, zvakawanda zvakatipoteredza-ushamwari uye muna 2006 vakatangazve kuchera kwacho.

The pemvura kwegungwa yakanga kubudirira February 5, 2012. Water mimwe aitumirwa kuti ongororo. Kudzidza Zvakabuda ivhu anoverengeka yakabudiswa muna July 2013 In ivhu vakawana anopfuura matatu nehafu zviuru nemamwe DNA sequences, 1623 iyo kunge correlated imwe genus kana zvipenyu: 94% - utachiona, 6% - eukaryotes (zvikurukuru notumwe) uye mumwe sequences maviri ndezvaJehovha Archaean. Kune zviratidzo kuti vaifungidzira kuti pane makuru zvinenge mudziva. Part of akawana utachiona vari tupukanana hove, nekuti, zvichida, mukufamba kumwe kutsvakurudza uye kudziwana.

A nhamba nyanzvi anoreva zvawanikwa zviri chokwadi, achitsanangura akasiyana-siyana sequences madhaka, echando mashava zvakadaro. Uyezve, zvingangoita kuti vakawanda zvipenyu, izvo zvinogona kuva DNA akawanikwa, yagara akarasika. Zvisinei, zviri Antarctic tsvakurudzo masayendisiti kubva kuRussia uye dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka munzvimbo dziri kuramba.

Kwaziso kubva kare uye remangwana

Kufarira Lake Vostok imhaka kusanganisira mukana kudzidza mararamiro, akafanana neavo aivapo panyika makore akawanda akapfuura, panguva Late Proterozoic. Zvadaro musi redu isu Makachinja mumwe glaciations akawanda munyika yose, imwe neimwe yaiitwa kwemakore anosvika mamiriyoni gumi.

Mukuwedzera, pakudzidza Antarctica muna Lake District, zvikuru nedanho kuchera matsime, muunganidzwa, ongororo uye kududzirwa zvabuda angabatsira mune ramangwana kukura gasi seJupiter kwemwedzi, Europa uye naVaCallisto. Anofungidzirwa, pane zvakafanana nyanza wayo zvomumagaba mararamiro pasi kwayo pamusoro. Kana pfungwa akatsinhira, kuti "vagari" pasi-Ice madhamu muEurope uye naVaCallisto zvingava zvinenge vokutanga vakawana panze redu.

Nhoroondo ubanguranyika uye kuwanikwa Antarctica zvakanaka nezvakaitwa kugara chido chomunhu kuti vawedzere zivo yavo. The kudzidza kondinendi wechitanhatu, uyewo International Space Station - muenzaniso runyararo co-kushanda pamwe vanoverengeka rinoti zvinangwa yesayenzi. Zvisinei, The kondinendi nechando, hakuna kukurumidza kuzivisa zvakavanzika zvavo. ezvinhu anorwadza zvinoda kuramba kukwana zvigadzirwa, midziyo chesayenzi, uye kazhinji kunoita pfungwa dzevanhu uye muviri kusvika pokupedzisira. The inaccessibility yacho kondinendi wechitanhatu vakawanda, kuvapo anoyevedza uwandu Makwanza kuziva nezvazvo anosika zvakasiyana-siyana ngano pamusoro Antarctica. Curious kuwana nyore ruzivo pamusoro pakadzika nevaNazi, UFOs uye dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya anopenya balls, kuuraya vanhu. Sezvo Chokwadi, zvinhu zvose, vanongoziva vatsvakurudzi. Vateveri mushanduro yesayenzi anogona zvakanaka kutarisira kuti nokukurumidza tichaziva pamusoro Antarctica zvishoma, uye ipapo kuderera zvishoma chitsama zvitendwa rakafukidza kondinendi.