An mukuru muRoma yekare uye masimba aro

vanhu vashoma vanoziva kuti vakawanda mashoko anoratidza munhu ano Hurumende hurongwa kuti zvinobva Rome yekare .... Power yemhando kuzvidzora hurongwa zvakaitika kare kare - dzakadai Egypt, China, Greece. Zvisinei mudziyo monarchical zvakazara akaisa kuda vakuru Farao, kana mambo, uye kusununguka muGirisi yekare aihuitira chete miganhu mutemo (guta uye dzakapoteredza nzvimbo). Mune ichikosha of Republic akamutsa mubvunzo pamusoro kuparadzirwa yaiona mabasa pakati vakasanangurwa vamiririri vakakwirira uye vanhu (plebs), uyewo kuti kugovera masimba avo uye zvavaisakwanisa. Panguva ino uye rokuti "yepamutemo" - vanzwisise pedyo chaizvo kwatiri zvarinoreva.

In Russian, shoko chokuita neshoko "chikwereti". Asi, kusiyana "chikwereti", pfungwa "romukova" uye "mukuru" vane zvakanaka yokureva. Murume ane chinzvimbo - mumiririri wehurumende mune imwe nharaunda, zvishoma simba rake uye parinotaura simba. The chikero vezvinzvimbo vari muboka revatungamiriri ine yayo akanyatsorongwa (kubva musoro, kusvikira vevatariri uye siyana varairiri uye vabatsiri) uye zvido zvevanhu (vakaenzana kana hurumende inogona misa uye kuvatorera chisarudzo vaaishanda navo).

An mukuru muRoma yekare kusarudzwa chete kubva vakasununguka vakaberekerwa varume (musunungurwa yaisagona kusarudzwa, asi mwanakomana wake aigona) zvasvika rimwe zera. Kwete chete kuti, mumwe nomumwe chinzvimbo akanga nokungwarira pamurayiro shoma zera masimba, saizvozvowo inoratidza nguva iyo zvaibvira kuita izvi, mukana kuzodzosera akasarudzwa, uye emunharaunda nemiganhu, izvo akawedzera wenharaunda yaitongwa this post. Somuenzaniso, simba consuls aihuitira masvingo eguta, uye proconsuls aitonga muruwa mberi. A maneja pachinhu vamwe vagari, kunyange mukuru akazvarwa, vaiva privati - private vanhu, pasi.

Yakanga muRoma, uye mukuru mukuru rinonzi "Imperium", simba guru - "potestas" - rwakamuita kubva dorespublikanskogo nguva amadzimambo. Vanotinzwirawo nzira simba akadaro akanga akanyorwa mune curiata mutemo chaiwo. machinda aya kodzero sheedzera neDare uye comitia (musangano vanhu), kuti zvikwereti zvavo, kuti mharidzo. Kana nyika yakanga iri mungozi panguva, akasarudzwa mudzvinyiriri, waipfuura mukurusa zvose simba iri. Uyu murume aiva nekodzero chibate nyika oga. Kazhinji kurerekera rokuremekedza ake chinangwa sarudzo - semuenzaniso, "The mudzvanyiriri nemhaka yehondo." Vamwe chimbichimbi namagwatidziro vakasarudzwa vaizviti vatariri hwose (Cornelius Musandu, naGayo Yuliy Tsezar). The pambiru Akabvisa chete Mark Avrely. Zviya, masimba akadaro akapa vakuru kwete chete panguva nezvengozi yakarembera pamusoro nyika. "Mutongi muchipinda mbambo" - vanonzi chinzvimbo maneja panguva mitambo yechitendero.

An mukuru nguva Republic havana kubhadharwa. Raiva zita rukudzo. Mumwe chinzvimbo unoenderana imwe toga - Raichengetwa hondo, uye pashure pokusiya nzvimbo yake mairi vakauviga. Vamwe nzvimbo akamutsa mhuri yose mumagakava chinzvimbo - Vanakomana vevaya vari curule chinzvimbo, vaiona zvavo vairemekedzwa; pachake mutakuri ezita akava tateguru mhuri yake, wakisi rufu rwake chifukidzo uye akaramba airemekedzwa nevazukuru. vanokudzwa vaivawo nzvimbo pamabhokisi ari dzemitambo. Kutanga Quaestors, uyo akasiya nzvimbo vanhu vaiva nekodzero kusarudzwa kuti Seneti.

Kuva mubasa iri Republic, mukuru mukuru rave zvishoma kodzero nyaya uye yakwidzwa. A chikumbiro nokuti uongororwe zvakare aigona kushandisa ungano yenyika, dare repamusoro bhururu kana vezera maneja. Machinda aigona kuva zvachose, hakungoitwi nguva ukoshi, kunyange vazhinji nzvimbo vanhu vakanga vagadzwa kuti hapana mwedzi anopfuura 36. Mbiru aya akaitira vatongi, consuls, quaestors, aediles uye censors. Kusara pakati tribunes, panzvimbo yakadaro muRoma yekare, mhuri kazhinji revatongi aizviti. Basa ravo rakanga oneka: vechidiki vari chinzvimbo Officer of Legion, zvino makore 27 pambiru quaestor muna 37 - aedile muna 40 - Pretoria, 43 - Mumiriri kana aongororwe.