Apo serfomu muRussia yakabviswa

Iko nguva iyo serfungu yakabviswa, inofungidzirwa zvakakodzera kuchinja kwenyaya munhoroondo yeRussia. Pasinei nokufamba kwenguva kwekuvandudzwa, vakave vakakurudzira zvikuru mukusimudzirwa kwehurumende. Zuva iri harisi kupiwa zvisina maturo kukosha kwakadaro. Munhu wose anozviona somunhu akadzidziswa uye akadzidza, anofanira kuyeuka mugore raivha nyoka yakabviswa muRussia. Shure kwezvose, kana zvisiri zveManifesto yakasayirwa musi waFebruary 19, 1861 uye kusunungura varimi, isu zvino tava kurarama munyika yakasiyana zvakasiyana.

Serfdom muRussia yaiva rudzi rukuru rweuranda, rwakawedzerwa kune vagari vomumaruwa. Iyi nhepfenyuro yakasimbiswa yakasimba munyika, iyo yakatsvaga kuva mumiriri mukuru, uye yakanyanyisa kubviswa kwayo. Izvi zvakanyatsojeka mushure mokunge Hondo yeCrimea yakarasika muna 1856 . Maererano nevanyori vezvakaitika kare, migumisiro yekukundwa yakanga isingakanganisi. Asi ivo vakaratidza zvakajeka kugadzirwa kwezvekodzero, hukama hwezvemari hweumambo uye huwandu hwematongerwe enyika akaisa pangozi kuti iite shanduko yevagari vemo.

Ndiani akabvisa serfdom? Zvinonzwisisika, maManfesto aiva nechinyoreswa chaTsar Alexander II, uyo akatonga panguva iyoyo. Asi kukurumidzira kwakasarudzwa, inotaura nezvekudiwa kwezviyero izvi. Aleksandro pachake akabvuma: kunonoka kunotyisidzirwa nekuti "varimi vaizozvisunungura ivo".

Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti mubvunzo wekudiwa kwekuvandudzwa mune zvekurima kwakasimudzwa kakawanda kare kare kumakore ekuma1800. Kunyanya kuomerera vachitaura pamusoro pezvipfungwa zvemafungiro evakuru. Zvisinei, mhinduro kune izvi zvakakumbirwa kwaingova kungofanana "kuongorora mubvunzo wevarimi", iyo yakafukidza kusada kwe tsarism kuti iparadzanise nenheyo dzaro. Asi kuwedzera kwekushandiswa kunokonzera kusagutsikana pakati pevagari vekuwanda uye kune mimwe mikana yekutiza kubva kune vashandi venyika. Panguva imwecheteyo, indasitiri inobudirira yaida vashandi mumaguta. Misika yezvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa yaidawo, uye kupararira kwehupfumi kwakadzivisa kuwedzera kwayo. Ichinangwa chekushandura pfungwa dzeNGO chakabatsira kusimudzira mafungiro evanhu vakawanda. Chernyshevsky naN.A. Dobrolyubova, mabasa emasangano akavanzika.

VaTsar nevadzidzisi vake, pavakapedza serfomu, vakaratidza kutarisa kwezvematongerwo enyika, vakakwanisa kuwana mvumo yekugadzirisa. Kune rumwe rutivi, varimi vakagamuchira rusununguko rwomunhu uye kodzero dzevanhu, zvisinei nevanoshayiwa. Kutyisidzirwa kwekuvandudza kwakasarudzwa kwenguva yakareba. Russia yakagamuchira zvakare nyika yose se nyika inofambira mberi ine murairo unonzwisisika. Kune rumwe rutivi, Alexander II akakwanisa kufunga nezvekuda kwevatenzi venyika ndokuita kuti vabatsirwe hurumende muhupenyu huripo huripo.

Kusiyana nemafungiro evakuru vakadzidza avo vakaongorora ruzivo rweEurope mukuenzanisa neRussia chaiye uye vakamirira mapurogiramu akawanda ehugadziriro yeramangwana, varimi vakagamuchira rusununguko rwomunhu pasina nyika. Izvo zvikamu zvakapiwa kwavari kuti zvishandise zvakaramba zviri zvevaridzi venyika kusvikira vadzikinurwa zvakakwana. Nenguva iyi, varimi vaiti "kwenguva duku" uye vakamanikidzwa kuita mabasa ose apfuura. Somugumisiro, rusununguko rwakava izwi rakanaka chete, uye mamiriro e "vagari vemo" akaramba akaoma zvikuru. Ichokwadi, apo nyoka yakabviswa, imwe nzira yekuvimba nemwene weimba yakatsiviwa neimwe, pane dzimwe nguva kunyange kunyanya kuoma.

Nokukurumidza hurumende yakatanga kubhadharira "vadzidzisi" vatsva mari yekugoverwa kwenyika, chaizvoizvo, kupa chikwereti pa 6% pagore kwemakore 49. Kutenda ichi "chiito chakanaka" chenyika, kukosha kweiyo kwakange kune mamiriyoni makumi mashanu emabhule, mari yakagamuchirwa inenge mabhiriyoni 3 rubles.

Mamiriro ezvinhu ekugadzirisa shanduko haana kufanana nevarimi vekuwedzera. Mushure mezvose, huwandu hwekugoverwa hahuna kupfurikidza kune mumwe murimi, kunyanya, kumunharaunda, iyo yakabatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko akawanda ezvemari, asi yakava chipingamupinyi kune vanoita basa. Semuenzaniso, varimi vaibhadhara mitero uye zvipo zvekununura nenyika yose. Somugumisiro, vaifanira kubhadharira avo vemuungano avo vaisagona kuzviita pachavo nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana.

Izvo uye nezvimwe zvakawanda zvakasvibiswa zvakatungamirira kukuti mhirizhonga yakasununguka yakapararira muRussia yose, kutanga munaMarch 1861, apo sarfdom yakabviswa. Nhamba yavo mumapurovhinzi yakafungidzirwa muzviuru, asi inonyanya kukosha yaive inenge 160. Zvisinei, kutya kwevaya vaitarisira "itsva Pugachevschina" vakanga vasina kururamiswa, uye nekutonga kwegore rimwechete kufara kwakatsigira.

Chisarudzo chokubvisa serfdom chakakosha basa guru mukukudziridza hupfumi nemabhizimusi muRussia. Iko kushandurwa kwaiteverwa nevamwe, kusanganisira hurumende, izvo zvakanyanya kubvisa kusagadzikana kwekupesana. Zvisinei, kunyanya kukanganisa kwekuchinja uye kujekeswa kwezviri pachena kwekushushikana kwemafungiro evanhu kwakakonzera kuputika kwebhomba rakauraya Alexander I musi waMarch 1, 1881, uye kupandukira kwakagumbura nyika mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20.