Bernard Shaw: biography, zvisikwa, mabasa

Pamuganhu wezana remakore XIX-XX mune mabhuku enyika akatanga kuonekwa zvikuru mutsva nemhando itsva. Kusiyana kukuru pakati pezvinyorwa zvezana remakore idzva ndechokuti vanhu vepamusoro vakanga vasati vari vanhu, asi pfungwa, ivo vaivewo vatori vechiitiko vanoita basa. Vanyori vekutanga vakatanga kunyora "mitambo yemafungiro" vaiva G. Ibsen, A. Chekhov uye, zvirokwazvo, B. Shaw. Kubva pane zvakaitika kuna vanababa vake, Shaw akakwanisa kutora chikamu pakugadzirwa kwenyika itsva inoshamisa.

Biographical information

George Bernard Shaw, nhepfenyuro yakakurumbira yepasi rose, akaberekwa musi waJuly 26, 1856 muguta guru reIreland - Dublin. Akatova muhuduku hwake, akaratidza pachena kusagutsikana kwake nemaitiro ezvidzidzo zvekudzidzisa, izvo zvaakaramba zvakasimba uye akaedza kupa nguva yakawanda sezvinobvira kuverenga. Pazera remakore gumi nemashanu, ndiko kuti, muna 1871, akatanga kushanda somubharaki, uye muna 1876 akaenda kuEngland, kunyange zvazvo mwoyo wake nguva dzose waiva weIreland. Kupesana kwezvematongerwe enyika uye zvemagariro kwakaratidzwa zvikuru pano , iyo yakabatsira munyori muduku kuti atsamise unhu uye munguva yemberi kuratidzira kukakavadzana kwose kwakamukurudzira mubasa rake.

Mukupera kwema70, B. Shaw akazofunga nezveramangwana rake uye akasarudza mabhuku sebasa. Mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemasere akatanga kushanda semuongorori wemimhanzi, nyanzvi yekuongorora uye nyanzvi yezvemitambo. Zvinyorwa zvitsva uye zvepakutanga zvinokonzera kufarira pakati pevadzidzi.

Pen Samples

Mabasa ekutanga emunyori ndiwo nhaurirano maanoedza kugadzira nayo nzira yake chaiyo nehuwandu hwezvinyorwa uye zviratidzo zvakajeka. Ikozvino panguva ino mumabasa aBernard Shaw, ayo, pane kudaro, ndiwo mifananidzo yekutanga yechirangaridzo, kune rurimi runorarama, zvinonakidza mazano, vanhu vasingakanganwiki, zvose zvakakosha kuti uve munyori akakurumbira.

Muna 1885, Bernard Shaw, uyo mitambo yakanga iri kuwedzera kuva nyanzvi, akatanga kushanda mubasa rekuti "Chirikadzi Yeimba", iyo yakaratidza kutanga kwemutambo mutsva muEngland.

Maonero evanhu

Basa rinokosha pakuumbwa kwaShaw semunyori akabatwa nemaonero ake ezvematongerwe enyika uye evanhu. Mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemakore iye aive nhengo yedunhu reFabian. Mifungiro iyo sangano iri rinokurudzira iri nyore kunzwisisa kana munhu akadzidza kubva kwairi zita racho. Nharaunda yacho inonzi inokudzwa mutungamiriri wechiRoma Fabius Cunctator, uyo akakwanisa kukunda mutongi weCallhaginian Hannibal zvakananga nokuti akakwanisa kumirira nekusarudza nguva yakakodzera. Aya maitiro akateverwa naVaFabians, avo vaidawo kumirira kusvikira pane mukana wokuputsa hutungamiri hwehurumende.

Bernard Shaw, uyo mabasa ake anotsvaga chinangwa chokuzarura matambudziko matsva kune muverengi, akanga ari mutsigiri ane simba wekuchinja munzanga. Akanga achida kushandura kwete chete nheyo dzakaoma dzehupfumi, asiwo kuti aite zvisikwa zvizere muhukuru hunoshamisa.

Bernard Shaw naIbsen

Hazvibviri kuramba chokwadi chekuti Shaw ndiye aive akatendeseka zvikuru kune tarenda raIbsen. Akanyatsotsigira maonero eNorway playwright pamusana pekushandurwa kwakakodzera mune mabhuku anhasi. Mukuwedzera, Shaw akanga achikurumidza kuparidzira pfungwa dzechifananidzo chake. Muna 1891 akava munyori webhuku rinonzi The Quintessence yeIbsenism, umo anoratidza kuvenga kwake kwechitendero chebourgeois uye chido chokuparadza pfungwa dzenhema.

Maererano naShaw, inyanzvi yeIbsen inoratidzwa mukusika kwekukakavadzana kwakanyanya uye kuwanika kwekunzwisisa, kukurukurirana kukuru. Yakave ichitenderera Ibsen, Chekhov naShaw kuti hurukuro yakava chikamu chinokosha chemufananidzo mutsva.

Basa raMai Warren

Imwe yemitambo inonyanya kufarirwa ndeyekunyengedzera kwakaipa paVictorian England. Kufanana neIbsen, Bernard Shaw anoratidza kukanganisa kukuru pakati pekuonekwa uye chokwadi, kuremekedzwa kwekunze uye kukosha kwemukati kwevanhu vake.

Iyo heroine huru yemutambo iyi musikana wekunaka kwakanaka uyo akakwanisa kuunganidza mari yakawanda kuburikidza nehupenzi hwake. Achiedza kuzviruramisa pamberi pemwanasikana wake, uyo asina ruzivo pamusoro pemhuri yemari yemari, Mai Warren vanotaura pamusoro pehurombo hwakanyanya hwaaifanira kurarama kare, vachikakavadzana kuti ndicho ichi chakamukurudzira kuita mararamiro aya. Mumwe munhu angave asingafariri basa iri, asi Bernard Shaw anotsanangurira muverengi kuti Mai Warren ndivo vakavhiringidzwa nehurongwa husina kururama hwevanhu. Munyori haatongi heroine yake, nokuti iye achingoenda pane imwe nguva yevanhu, iyo inoti nzira dzose dzekuwana dzakanaka.

Iro retrospectively-kuongorora, iyo Shaw yakakweretwa kubva kuIbsen, inoonekwa pano neyoyo yakagadziriswa purogiramu: chokwadi pamusoro pehupenyu hwaMnu Warren chinotanga zvishoma nezvishoma. Chikamu chekupedzisira chemufaro ndechekukurukurirana pakati pemunhu mukuru nemwanasikana wake, chimiro chaicho chiri chiedza chokutanga chemuvaki kuratidza hero yakanaka.

Zvigadzirwa zvePuritans

Zvose zvaanoita munyori akaparadzaniswa muzvikamu zvitatu: zvinonakidza, zvisingafadzi uye zvePuritans. Mumitambo isina kufadza, munyori akatsvaka kuratidzira kutyisa kwezviratidziro zveEngland social social system. Zvinonakidza, pane zvinopesana, zvinofanira kufadza muverengi. Imitambo yePuritans inotarisirwa kujekesa mafungiro omunyori kune nhema dzepamutemo.

Izvo zvataurwa naBernard Shaw pamusoro pemitambo yake yePuritan zvakagadzirwa muzvinyorwa zvekuunganidza, izvo zvakabudiswa muna 1901. Munyori anotaura kuti haasi munhu ane hanya uye haatyi kuratidza manzwiro, asi kupesana kugoverana zviitiko nezviito zvemasimba nekuda kwezvikonzero zvorudo. Kana iwe ukatevera chirevo ichi, anodaro mutambi wenhau, hapana munhu anogona kuva noushingi, ane mutsa kana ane rupo, kana asina rudo.

"Imba iyo mwoyo yakaputsika"

Mutambo "The House Where Hearts Break", yakanyorwa pamagumo eHondo Yenyika I, yakaratidza nguva itsva mukuvandudza kwaShaw. Mutoro wemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma emitemo yemazuva ano, munyori akaisa paBritish intelligentsia. Kugadzirisa pfungwa iyi pamugumo wechitamba kunooneka mufananidzo wechikepe chakatsauka kubva kuchikoro, icho chiri kutenderera kune chisingazivikanwi nemutungamiri, uyo akasiya bhiriji wake mukuru wekodhi ndokusiya boka rake mukusatarisira kutarisira dambudziko racho.

Mumutambo uyu, Bernard Shaw, uyo ane tsanangudzo shomanana inoratidza chido chake chokuvandudza maitiro ezvinyorwa, anopfeka zvechokwadi mune zvitsva zvitsva uye anomupa zvimwe, zvakasiyana-siyana. Munyori anotendeukira kune fungiro, chiratidzo, zvematongerwe enyika uye zvinyorwa zvouzivi. Mune ramangwana, mamiriro ezvinhu anotyisa uye vanhu, vachiratidza kufungidzira kwezvigadzirwa zvemifananidzo uye zvidhori, vakava chikamu chinokosha chechiitiko chake chinoshamisa, uye zvinonyanya kuoneka mune zvematongerwe enyika. Vanoshumira kuvhura maziso emuverengi wemazuva ano kumamiriro ezvinhu echokwadi pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu epanguva yezvematongerwe enyika.

Mumutsetse, munyori anotaura nezvekutamba kwake se "fantasy mumutauro weRussia pamitauro yeChirungu," zvichiratidza kuti mitambo yake yaiva mitambo naL. Tolstoy naA. Chekhov. Bernard Shaw, ayo mabhuku ayo ane chinangwa chekubudisa pachena kusvibiswa kwemukati kwevanyori, mukudzidza kwa Chekhov yemweya uye mwoyo yakaputsika yevanyori vevhesi yake, avo vaifungidzira vachiparadza tsika dzenyika.

«Trolley nemaapuro»

Mune rimwe remitambo yake yakakurumbira - "Trolley nemaapuro" - mutambi wenhau anotaurira pamusoro pezvakananga zvehukama hwevanhu uye zvezvematongerwe enyika muEngland mune yechitatu yezana remakore rechi20. Pfungwa huru yemutambo ndeyekukurukurirana pamusoro pezvematongerwe enyika, Mambo Magnus neKadhimende. Vashumiri vakasarudzwa navanhu, ndiko kuti, nenzira yezvematongerwo enyika, vanoda kuiswa kwehurongwa hwehurumende hurumende nehurumende, asi mambo anotsigira kuti simba rose muhurumende rinongova hurumende chete. Kukurukurirana kwepfungwa nehupenyu hwemapurusi kunobvumira munyori kuratidzira mafungiro ake echokwadi kune sangano rehurumende yehurumende uye kutsanangura ndiani ari kunyatsoshanda munyika.

Bernard Shaw, uyo anonyanya kuratidza mafungiro ake pamusoro pesimba chero ripi zvaro rinodzvinyirira, anotsvaga kuratidza chokwadi chechimiro chehurumende yenyika kwete kwete chete mukurwisana pakati pevanhu vanoita zvematongerwo enyika uye vanoita zvisiri-democrat, asiwo "mukurumbira." Maererano nemunyori, pasi pechirevo che "plutocracy" anoreva chimwe chinhu icho, pasi pekudzivirirwa kwekudzivirira democracy, chakaparadza simba ramambo uye demokarasi pachayo. Izvi zvakaitika, hongu, kwete pasina rubatsiro rwevaya vane simba, anodaro Bernard Shaw. Nhaurwa kubva mubasa inogona kungotsigira pfungwa iyi. Semuenzaniso: "Mambo ndiyo yakanaka yakasikwa neboka rengoro, kuitira kuti zvingava zviri nyore kutungamirira nyika kushandisa mambo sehodhi," anodaro Magnus.

Pygmalion

Pakati pebasa reMurati wemakore ekutanga-hondo, comedy "Pygmalion" inonyatsojekesa. Paainyora damba iri, munyori akafuridzirwa nenhema yekare. Iyo inobatanidza nemuvezi anonzi Pygmalion, uyo akadanana nemufananidzo wakaumbwa naiye amene ndokukumbira mwarikadzi Aphrodite kuti amutsidzezve zvakasikwa izvi, mushure mokunge mifananidzo yakavezwa yakave yakave mudzimai wemusiki wake.

Shaw akanyora shanduro yemazuva ano yenhema umo vanhu vanyori vakuru havasati vava nhoroondo, ivo vanhuwo zvavo, asi chinangwa chinoramba chichifanana: munyori anoronga zvisikwa zvake. Mune basa rePygmalon, Purofesa Higgins anotaura pano, uyo anoedza kuita mukadzi kubva kuEliza akareruka, asi semugumisiro, iye pachake, anofadzwa nehupenyu hwake, ari kuchinja kuti ave nani. Pano pano mubvunzo unomuka ndiani wevane simba vaviri ndiye munyori, uye ndiani chisikwa, kunyange zvazvo Bernard Shaw pachake pachake akava guru guru, hongu.

Elisa's biography inonyanya kufanana nevakadzi venguva iyo, uye purofesa anonyatsogadzirisa Highlands Higgins anoda kuti iye akanganwe nezvemamiriro ake ezvinhu uye ave sangano. Somugumisiro, "muvezi" akabudirira. Iko kushandurwa kwakanakisisa kwemuchina we protagonist Shaw aida kuratidza kuti, chaizvoizvo, hapana misiyano pakati pemapoka emagariro akasiyana. Mumunhu chero upi zvawo, simba rinogona kuiswa, dambudziko nderekuti chikwata chakaipa chevanhu hachina mukana wekuzviona.

Mhedziso

Bernard Shaw, zvinyorwa kubva pamabasa ayo anozivikanwa kune munhu wese akadzidziswa, kwenguva yakareba haigone kuonekwa uye yakaramba iri mumumvuri, sezvo vaparidzi vakaramba kudhinda zvisikwa zvake. Asi, pasinei nezvipingamupinyi zvose, akakwanisa kumuwana uye akava umwe wemapurogiramu anonyanya kufarirwa nguva dzose. Chido, izvo zvichakurumidza kana kuti zvichazoitika, kana zvisingazobvisi nzira yakarurama, yakave iyo leitmotif yebasa reEnglish playerwright, iyo yakamubvumira kwete kungogadzira zvisikwa zvisingaverengeki, asiwo kuva yemaitiro emutambo.