Biospheric kwendangariro. The senitrogen kutenderera zvakasikwa

A kwemakemikari chinhu pamwe mabhomba nhamba nomwe runotaurwa ne N (Nitrogenium). zita rayo - "Zot" - kubva Greek rinoreva "upenyu". Izwi iri, mumwe dzidziso dzayo mavambo, akanga aronga muna 1787 Antuanom Lavuaze gore, pane chakapfuura "phlogisticated", "vakapamba" uye mhepo "mefitichesky". Panguva iyoyo boka French masayendisiti, umo Lavoisier akanga achishingaira zvaisanganisira, mubasa kukura Nomenclature dzemitemo namakemikari. Kunyange zvino, rakanga akacherechedza senitrogen pfuma haritsigiri chero combustion kana afemeruke.

Maererano neimwe shanduro shoko "senitrogen" kwete afunga Lavoisier nevamwe vake. It rinowanikwa zvakawanda alchemical mabhuku panguva mambakwedza kuMiddle Ages kutsanangura vanonzi "chikuru simbi zvinhu", uye zvikanzi anonzi kunyange zvakawanda kana zvishoma, uye pfuma "Arufa naOmega" zvinhu zvose.

Zvakasikwa, ari senitrogen anogona kuvapo ari nyore zvacho yemaitiro N2, zvakakwana inert gasi iri pasina kuravira, ruvara uye kwakanaka. Three muzana pasi muchadenga chinoumbwa senitrogen. chaikosha ichi anobatsira basa rinokosha muupenyu nemhuka. In murwiyo kwemapurotini, ayo kubva muzana iri 16-18% uremu. Uyewo chikamu maumbirwo nucleic acids, nucleoproteins, amino acids, chlorophyll, hemoglobin. In kurarama masero maererano nokuwanda senitrogen maatomu anenge 2%, uye vakawanda chikamu ichi rokuti inowedzera kuti 2.5%. Eremendi N pokutanga chechina kukosha inokosha zvinhu makemikari kemisitiri - sehydrogen, carbon uye okisijeni.

Chaizvoizvo senitrogen kutenderera zvakasikwa pachishandiswa nemakemikari mudenga. Pakati pavo vari hunodzorwa oxidation. Uyewo munhu nouchapupu inorwara zviri senitrogen mukukurukurirana kutora nemakemikari ari biosphere. Main N2 zvakasikwa - zviri mumhepo. Zvino miti basa rinokosha, chaizvoizvo, vakanga tatanga senitrogen kutenderera zvakasikwa. Nemiti redu mashandiro ave puroteni usage. Sezvo zvakashandiswa nitrates vari muvhu. aspirated uye panobva rwokuzvarwa nitrate senitrogen ndiyo Ammonium munyu. The mashandiro unoponesa munhu fuma nyore muchimiro kuwanikwa kuti kuitwa miti, akadana senitrogen Kuda kutamba.

Pane vaviri Muitiro unobatanidza senitrogen percolation mashandiro. Muzana rokutanga musimboti, imwe nhamba panguva mheni discharges ose senitrogen oxides. Rakasanganiswa nemvura, ivo kutsamwisa pakuonekwa nitric acid, izvo zvinoita kuti pave pakuonekwa ivhu nitrates. In chechipiri musimboti, pane paumbwe amoniya. kupatsanurwa utachiona dzaro nitrates, vari kazhinji riri mudzi nodules ose tuberous zvirimwa. More, mashandiro ichi anonzi nitrification.

Rufu chirimwa kunotungamirira kuti paumbwe Ammonium yeimwe. Above kwavari kushandisa utachiona, achiishandura vave nitrate senitrogen uye kudzoka mumhepo. Kuda kutamba, nitrification uye denitrification kuti senitrogen - zvinoumba kunzwisisa mashandiro, vakatakura senitrogen kutenderera zvakasikwa. Driving izvi ndechokuti pane wekurukurirano pakati senitrogen Kuda kutamba uye denitrification.

Nitrogen Kuda kutamba kunoitika apo chirimwa metabolize senitrogen yeimwe kubva mhepo, mune izvi zvaisanganisira utachiona zhinji uye cyanobacteria. Zvibereko kugadzira senitrogen ndiko amoniya, nitrates kana nitrites.

The senitrogen kutenderera zvakasikwa pamwe yezwi danho rinotevera anoita nitrification pakati Kuda kutamba. Zvino amoniya zvinoenda nitrates uye nitrites. Panguva denitrification anopedzisa senitrogen kunoita zvakasikwa, ari nitrates anoora kuti senitrogen. Active kuita muitiro nokutora Pseudomonas, Bacillus utachiona uye mamwe majemusi.

Panguva denitrification zvingaitika intermediates anoverengeka. Anokosha vavo - nitrous oxide, mumwe girinihausi gasi akatsiga.

Kuparidzira musoro, zvinokosha kunzwisisa zvinoreva pfungwa kuitwa uye mineralization. Kuitwa inofanira inonzi yakapedza inorganic senitrogen kwayo makemikari chimiro. Under mineralization chinorehwa makemikari senitrogen remubatanidzwa kutendeutsa inorganic. Mhandu kuitwa uye mineralization zvinokosha chimiro kutendeuka zvinhu kunoitika panguva senitrogen kutenderera zvakasikwa.

Mharidzo yamashoko panyaya iyi kupfuura abudirira kushandisa matafura nemachati.