Munda chikumbiro, uye zvivako zviri Tungsten fomura

Chii tungsten? The chikuru ehupfumi ari chinhu kwakavakirwa peculiarities kwemakemikari ayo mamiriro. Tichifunga kwokudiwa tungsten, iwe unofanira kwazvo kunzwisisa maumbirwo kwayo.

The chinzvimbo Periodic Table

Tichitarisa dzinokosha ehupfumi ose tungsten, tanga chokwadi kuti ane 74th nhamba. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, rinomiririra kuchinja simbi ane rwebhuruu-sirivha ruvara. Tungsten zvikukutu, ane esimbi kubwinya. Ndicho chinonyanya refractory chinhu mukuru utsotso pfungwa ane chete kabhoni. ² 5p ⁶ 5d ⁴ 6s ² , E _ион (Ме => Ме ⁺ + e) = 7,98 э В. Electronic payakavakirwa: KLMN5s ² 5p ^{4 6} 5d 6s ^2, E _Ion (Me => Me ^{+ +} e) = 7,98 E V.

Provenance

zita raro chechienzi simbi iri vakasungwa chicherwa wolframite. "Wolf furo" rave richizivikanwa kubvira muzana remakore rechi16. Zita iri kujairika chinotsanangurwa nokuvapo zvicherwa mairi gaba ores. Tungsten chaitadzisa tsvina netini, kushandura nayo kupinda furo kubva slags. Ndezvipi ehupfumi kuti tungsten panyama ndivo hwaro wayo kwazvo kushandisa iri indasitiri? MuUnited States simbi iyi inonzi "dombo rinorema '.

Mukupera rechi18 Swede Scheele pamwe nitric asidhi kubatwa chicherwa scheelite kwaakaitwa, kugamuchira tungsten trioxide. Papera chinguva, hama akakwanisa Eliyar tungsten oxide kubva wolframite Saxon. Zviri mishonga iyi, vamwe vaizivikanwa makemikari ehupfumi kuti tungsten.

Kuva zvakasikwa

Pane vari hunhu yakaisvonaka tungsten? Chemical ehupfumi zviri simbi inoratidza kuvapo kwayo muna goko vakawanda dziri yeimwe. Somuenzaniso, musanganiswa oxides ose manganese, simbi, tungsten. Nokuti maindasitiri mafomu mukomboni anosarudzwa ferberite uye Gyubnera. Ivo varipo kunze tungsten, simbi uye manganese. ehupfumi zvokunyama tungsten simbi uye kubvumira kuti govera kuti tungsten zvicherwa. Mavari, wevasungwa asingadi pfuura zviviri muzana. Pakati deposits pakukura tungsten, tinoona China, the US, Kazakhstan. Uyewo, akaratidza uye nouchapupu matura simbi ores muSouth Korea, Bolivia, Russia, Portugal. Excellent ehupfumi kuti tungsten mumuviri vanoti ayo chakazvibata maindasitiri kugadzirwa. kugadzirwa munyika negore vanenge 50 zviuru matani refractory maatomu akafanana. The chikuru exporters pamusoro tungsten anonzi South Korea, China, Austria. Pakati importers ose refractory simbi emichindwe utungamiri ndohwaJehovha United Kingdom, Japan, USA, Germany.

kugadzirwa Features

Kugadzirira tungsten rinoitwa Via ane zvenguva nhano, zvichiratidza kuparadzana esimbi Kuisa pfungwa pachinhu tungsten trioxide. Next, izvozvo rinoitwa kudzorera weupfu simbi. danho rakadaro kunoitika panguva imwe tembiricha anenge 700 Celsius. Ndezvipi ehupfumi kuti tungsten mumuviri panguva mwoyo ruzivo urwu? Mukuru utsotso tembiricha wavatendera Via upfu simbi pasi upfu compaction, sintering mune rehydrogen mhepo ari tembiricha anenge 1300 Celsius. Next, mushure vakawana tungsten Magetsi akapfuura. Kana simbi iri neshungu kuti tembiricha kuti 3000 madhigirii vakacherechedza monolithic zvinhu. Pachishandiswa utsotso mapazi rinoitwa unozotevera yokunatsa uye kugadzirira chete-sekristaro simbi.

ehupfumi

Ndezvipi zvinoitwa tungsten? Chemical ehupfumi kwakavakirwa ayo kumusoro utsotso tembiricha. The chinhu ane Valence inobva 2 kusvika 6. zvikuru yakatsiga ane valency pamusoro tungsten ndiyo matanhatu. Metal dzinoratidzwa nani ngura nemishonga. Hazvina oxidize mumhepo panguva mukamuri tembiricha. In tungsten oxide, zvinoitika chete kana kudziya Bends chena. Mugore electrochemical munhevedzano nesimbi kunosimbisa vanoshingaira maatomu akafanana iri pashure hydrogen, saka hazvisi soluble mu sanganisa hydrofluoric uye sulfuric acids. Tungsten anokwanisa kuiparadza hydrogen peroxide, uyewo wemisanganiswa ose hydrofluoric uye nitric acids.

In pamberi oxidants vanoshingaira simbi inokwanisa kuita pamwe alkalies yakanyungudutswa. Chokutanga, maitiro unobuda panzvimbo zvishoma nezvishoma, asi pashure richisvika tembiricha rworwendo 400 rikauya nomuzvarirwo achidziya chicherwa, iyo Inowedzera zvingaitwa. Tungsten mune musanganiswa hydrofluoric asidhi uye nitric asidhi nezvimiro geksaftorvolframovuyu. The kunonyanyisa mari yaishandiswa bhizimisi tungsten trioxide. In tungstate anokwanisa kuumba polymeric anion. ndiyo simbi iyi hwaro refractory zvinhu zviri indasitiri ano.

Minda chikumbiro

Ndingashandisa sei tungsten carbide? Properties of mukomboni zvinoshandiswa kusiyanisa kubva yakaisvonaka tungsten. Plasticity uye refractory nesimbi akaita hwaro pakusikwa filaments mune dzakawanda chiedza Fixtures. Uyezve, tungsten inoshandiswa pamufananidzo sepombi uye Vacuum sepombi. Sezvo chinhu ichi refu arambe achirema, zvazova muzinda pagadzirwe inorema alloys. Ndivo dzetsika dzemagariro kusikwa zviyero, uye cores dzokurwa kuboora, mukuru-nokukurumidza gyroscopes rotors kuti ballistic zvombo. The huru zvemaBhaibheri tungsten rinoshandiswa nenzira argon-riemukaari nomoto ive electrode. Alloys, izvo ayo sezvamunoita ane tungsten, vane yakakwirira kupisa nemishonga, iine acid nemishonga, ivo husingakwanisi zvemaziso utachiona. Unhu hwakadaro kubvumira kuzvishandisa kuti zvaAtemisi pakuvhiya, dzokurwa dzehondo, michini ndege, kutakura midziyo yose radioactive zvinhu. Kuti tungsten unokosha pakuderedza nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi yepamusoro simbi mamakisi.

Rinoshandiswa dzakakwirira tembiricha Vacuum yamavira somunhu kudziyisa Kufananidzira. In imwe chiwanikwa dzaro rhenium thermocouples anopa yamavira dzakadaro.

mhedziso

Nekuti mukuru arambe achirema kuti tungsten simbi zvakakodzera pamusoro kudzivirirwa ionizing nemwaranzi. Inosimudzira kwoukukutu uye simbi refractoriness pave nematambudziko inokosha wayo kugadzira. Kugadzirisa matambudziko chakaunzwa ari nickel, mhangura nesimbi. Tungsten nemishonga akaita izvozvo zvakakurumbira anogadzira zvinhu zvokuvakisa mu ouinjiniya ano.

Zvakafanira pakugaya, chipping, achitendeuka, kuchera. Somuenzaniso, imwe takunda rinoumbwa tungsten carbide. muvhenganiswa ichi rinoshandiswa chibooreso akashandisa kusika mumakomba kongiri. tungsten sulfide anoita somunhu mukuru-tembiricha mafuta. Aiti ari kugadzirwa. Part tungsten yeimwe kushandiswa sezvo pigments uye catalysts. Shandisa ichi simbi remubatanidzwa uye somunhu alloying chinhu ari steels uye alloys kunobva simbi. Biological kukosha simbi tungsten asina.