Bundestag chii?

IBundestag ndiyo paramende ye Federal Republic yeGermany (Deutscher Bundestag), musangano wehurumende unicameral unomirira zvinodiwa nevanhu vose veGermany. Akasikwa seanomutevera kuReichstag maererano nemutemo we1949, uye kubvira muna 1999 iye ari muBerlin. Pari zvino, paramende yeGermany inotungamirirwa neChris Democrat Norbert Lammert, uyo akabata chigaro ichi kubva munaOctober 18, 2005. Ndiyo Bundestag inosarudza Federal Chancellor, uyo ari mukuru wehurumende yeGermany.

Mabasa

Muhurongwa hwezvematongerwe enyika, Germany ndiyo repamende yeparamende umo Bundestag ndiyo simba rinonyanya kukosha:

• Mukubvumirana neBundesrat, ari kuita mabasa emitemo, kukura uye kugamuchira mitemo yakasiyana-siyana uye kugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo panzvimbo yehurumende. Anobvumiranawo zvibvumirano uye anobvuma federal budget.
• Bundestag inoita mabasa ekutonga dzimwe hurumende, kusanganisira kuvhota kune munhu anenge asarudzwa kuti ave mutungamiri wehurumende, uye anobatanidzwawo mune sarudzo yemutungamiri wehurumende nevatongi.
• Inotarisira mabasa ehurumende, iyo inofanirwa kuitaurira, uye inotarisirawo kufamba kwevarwi vehurumende.

Nzvimbo yekusununguka

Mushure mekungezve kuwirirana kweGermany, Bundestag yakatamira kuReichstag kuvaka, yakavakwa kuma1900 ekupera kwezana remakore rechi19 uye yakavakwazve nemuumbi wekuvaka Norman Foster. Kubvira muna 1949 kusvika muna 1999, misangano yakaitwa muBundeshaus (Bonn).

Zvivako umo mahofisi eparamende aripo akavakwa pamwe chete kumativi maviri eRwizi Spree uye muchiGermany anonzi Paul-Löbe-Haus na Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus mukuremekedza avo vaviri vakakurumbira veparamende dzezvematongerwo enyika.

Chisarudzo

Kusarudzwa kweparamende yeGermany kunowanzoitwa kwemakore ose mana, kunze kwematambudziko ekuparara kwekutanga.

Bundestag inhengo yeparamende iyo sarudzo inotungamirirwa kuburikidza nehuwandu hwehuwandu, izvo, vatongi vanosarudzwa mukuenzana kwakaenzana nevematongerwo enyika uye nhengo dzakawanda dzenhengo imwe chete mune rumwe rutivi. Bundestag ine vatungamiri 598, avo vanosvika 299 vanosarudzwa nekuvhota munharaunda. Mishonga inogamuchirwa nevechikwata chechikwata zvichibva pamusarudzo chaiyo (nehurumende dzakawanda) yakawedzerwa kune zvakanyorwa nevatungamiri venyika ino, yakaverengwa maererano nehuwandu hwemasarudzo ehurumende.

Mukusarudzwa kweparamende yeGermany, ruzhinji rwezvinhu haruiti kuparadzaniswa kwezvigaro pakati pemapoka, kunze kwekuti imwe yemapato mune imwe-nhengo yehurumende inogamuchira nhamba yakawanda yevatongi kupfuura iyo inogamuchirwa pamusana pekambani yemasangano ega chete. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, bato racho rinogona kuwana imwe nhamba yezviremera zvakare (Überhangmandate). Somuenzaniso, Bundestag yechi17, iyo yakatanga basa rayo musi waOctober 28, 2009, ine vatungamiri 622, avo vane 24 vane mimwe mitemo.

Kusagadzikana kweParamende

Mutungamiri weBurumende (Bundespräsident) ane kodzero yekuputsa Bundestag muzviitiko zviviri:

1. Kana mushure mekunge mushure memusangano, pamwe chete nemhosva yekufa kana kusarudzwa kweKancellor we Federal Republic yeGermany, Bundestag haigoni kusarudza chancellor itsva nehuwandu hwakazara (nha. 63, ndima 4, ye Basic Basic of Germany).
2. Pamusangano weChancellor, kana Bundestag inotora chisarudzo chakaipa pamusoro pemubvunzo wekutendwa kunoiswa naChansela uyu kuvhoti (unyanzvi 68, ndima 1). Izvi zvakaitika kare muna 1972, naCancellor Willy Brandt neMutungamiri Gustave Heinemann, uye muna 1982, apo Chancellor aiva Helmut Kohl, uye Mutungamiri Karl Karstens. Muzviitiko zvose izvi, semugumisiro wevhoti, Chancellor yakarambidzwa kuvimba, mushure mokunge sarudzo itsva dzaizoitwa. Musi waFebruary 16, 1983, Constitutional Court yakaderedza chisarudzo chekuramba kuvimba.

Kusarudzwa kwaGerhard Schröder

Musi waMay 22, 2005, mushure mokukundwa kwesangano rake mumasarudzo emunharaunda muNorth Rhine-Westphalia, Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder akazivisa chinangwa chake chekuvhota pane chivimbo kuitira kupa mutungamiri "simba rose rinodiwa kukunda mamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino."

Sezvo zvaifanira kutarisirwa, German Federal Bundestag yakaramba Gerhard Schroeder kuvimba (nokuda kwe: 151 mavhoti, kupikisa: 296 mavoti, akarega: 148 mavhoti). Mushure mezvo, Chancellor akaisa chikumbiro chepamutemo chekuparadzwa kweBundestag muzita remutungamiri wehurumende Horst Köhler. Musi waJuly 21, 2005, Mutungamiri akabudisa mutemo kuparadza paramende uye akagadza zuva rekusarudzwa musi waSeptember 18, Svondo yekutanga shure kwemazororo echikoro uye Svondo yapfuura, isingapfuuri mutemo wekupedzisira kwemazuva 60. Musi waAugust 23 ne25, Bumbiro reMitemo reDare reChishanu rakaramba kupomerwa kwakaitwa nemapoka matatu maduku, pamwe chete nemapurisa Elena Hoffman weSDD naWerner Schultz kubva kuGreens.

Maitiro eBundestag

IBundestag ndiyo nhengo, iyo inonyanya kukosha maumbirwo ayo mapoka eparamende, ayo anonzi masangano. Mapoka eParamende anobatanidzwa mukugadzira basa reMutemo. Semuenzaniso, vanogadzirira basa remakomisheni, kutumira zvikwereti, kuchinjwa, nezvimwe.

Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinosanganisira sachigaro (Fraktionsvorsitzender), vice-visiriri vemazana uye presidium, inosangana vhiki imwe neimwe. Panguva yekukakavadzana uye panguva yekuvhota, ndezve tsika yekuchengeta zvakasimba party discipline (Fraktionsdiziplin). Paramende yeGermany inokudzwa nokuti kuvhota mairi kunowanzoitwa nechiratidzo chesigaro weboka reparamende.

Bundestag inosanganisirawo Council of Elders (Ältestenrat) uye Presidium. Dare rinosanganisira Presidium nevakuru makumi maviri (vatungamiri vemapoka eparamende). Inowanzoshandiswa kuitisana nharo pakati pemapato, kunyanya panyaya dzehutungamiri mumakomisheni emaparamende uye zvirongwa. Kana iri yekutanga, inosanganisira vashandi vese uye vachi-vachigaro vanobva kune rimwe nerimwe boka.

Ushumiri hwega wega hune komiti yeparamende (ikozvino kune 21). Iyo hutungamiri huzhinji hunoshandiswa na sachigaro weBundestag, iye zvino nzvimbo iyi inotorwa naNorbert Lammert.