Catadromous uye anadromous hove dzemarudzi: maitiro avo uye nzvimbo

Nyika yevagari vemakungwa, makungwa, nzizi, makungwa zvakasiyana kwazvo. Masayendisiti anokwana zviuru gumi nezviviri zvehove mumhepo ye saline, uye pedo nemasere 6,800 mumvura yakachena. Kazhinji, marudzi mazhinji ehove anofamba achienda nguva dzose: kubva kunzizi kusvika kugungwa, kubva kugungwa kuenda kunzizi. Vamwe vanoita izvi kamwe chete gore, rimwe zuva zuva nezuva. Sei tichida kufamba kwakadaro uye ndeapi mararamiro evanhu vanoenda kune imwe nyika inosanganiswa? Vakawanda vakanzwa nezvevanadromous, catadromous uye sedboundary marudzi ehove. Pamusoro pavo uye ichakurukurwa munyaya yacho.

Zvaunoda kuziva pamusoro pehove dzinopfuurira

Hove (inoputika hove) yakasiyana nevasiri vepasi nokuti vanogona kushambira kwechinguva mumakungwa, uye imwe hafu - muhova dzinoyerera mukati mavo. Imwe hove dzinofamba dzichienda nyore nyore kunzvimbo yakachena yemvura (inodhaka nyoka dzemarudzi), asi vamwe vanoenda kunyanzvi (vanhu vane masikati). Zvakawanda zvekushandura kwakadaro zvinovhara kure kure. Kufamba kwakadaro kunobatanidza pamwe nekugadzirwa kwezvokudya, kana nekuberekwa.

Anadromous and catadromous fish species vane zvigaro zvavo zvakabatana nekushandurwa mune salin yemvura. Kana vachisimuka, vanhu vakadaro vanotsvaka mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka ekufambisa fry, zvokudya zvekudya. Kana uchibva kune imwe nzvimbo kusvika kune imwe, simba rakawanda rinowedzera uye kune marudzi ose ezvipingamupinyi: mvura yemvura, rapids, high-speed current. Nokuda kweizvi, vanhu vakuru vakura vanofanira kuunganidza kuchengetedza zvinhu nenzira yamafuta. Nhove dzakawanda dzinofamba dzichimirira rufu mushure mokuberekwa, uye dzimwe dzinogona kudzvara kakawanda nenzira iyi. Ihove dzakadaro inokosha inoshandiswa pakuvhima kwevanhu uye kudya kunovaka kune dzimwe mhuka.

Anadromes anozivikanwa

Ivanadromous marudzi ehove yekusvetuka kubva mumhenderekedzo yegungwa inoenda kumvura yakachena. Vakuru vakakurumbira vamiriri vese saumoni, herring, sturgeon. Muenzaniso unonyanya kukunda ndeaarimoni wePacific Ocean. Vakuru vanogona kuyera makirogiramu matanhatu uye vane urefu hwemasendimita 60. Kupisa kunopera muhova dzeJapan peninsula, Primorsky Krai, Kuril, Sakhalin. Iyi mhuka inoberekerwa mumvura yerwizi, zvino marudzi acho anokwira achienda kugungwa, kwaanoshandisa kubva kubva kuna 1 kusvika kumakore matanhatu. Mushure mezvo, vanodzokera kunzvimbo yavo yepakutanga, vanowedzera uye vanofa. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti kufamba uku kunopesana nekuyerera kwehova.

Mumakungwa eAlack uye Azov kunewo anedromous marudzi ehove, semuenzaniso wake. Nokuda kwekufamba, vanoshambira mumasango eEurope. Anadromous swimmers inogadzirwa ne sturgeon, lamprey uye carp. Rwendo rwevanadromous marudzi ehove rinowedzerwa nelozes, trout, uye nhatu-dzakaputika. Pakati pemakumbo anozivikanwa vanomiririra zvinokwanisika kudana red-peaks-ugai.

Mukuwedzera kune saumoni, mumiririri asinganzwisisiki ndiye mwenje. Inowanikwa mu deltas yeVolga. Inosvika mumatombo uye mumatombo echando. Anonyanya anadrom yakakurumbira is stellate sturgeon. Anogara mumigodhi yeGungwa Dzvuku, Caspian uye Azov, achiisa mazai muVolga, muUrials, kuKura.

Chimwe chidiki chinonzi anadromous specimen yeGungwa Dzvuku neCaspian inzwa. Haakwanisi kubva murwizi kwemakore akawanda. Izvi zvinosanganisirawo keta, salmon, nelma, hove tsvuku. Dzimwe hove dzinoenda kune dzimwe nzizi kune nzizi nokuda kwekudya kwepamusoro (usiku), uye masikati vanodzokera kunzvimbo ine munyu.

Vamiririri vemakadhi

Mumiririri akajeka wevanhu vane catadromous ndeye mhuri yeeel (eel). Mazai ayo anogona kufamba mumhenderekedzo yegungwa kwemwedzi uye kunyange nemakore. Zvadaro zvinotumirwa kumahombekombe eEurope, uko dzinoshambira kupinda munzizi ndokutanga kubudirira. Acne inoda simba rakasimba, dope kana jecha. Izvo zvakaoma zvikuru kuzviona, masikati anovanza mu burrows kana pasi pematombo. Nekuuya kweusiku, anosiya hutiziro hwake. Ineri yeEurope inotora hupenyu huzhinji mumvura yakachena.

Nhamba yeTransboundary

Vanhu vanogara munzvimbo imwechete, imwe nzvimbo yezvemari, inonzi "transboundary". Chaizvoizvo, dzinosanganisira hove dzinofamba-shanduka dzinogara munharaunda ye saline iri pedo nenzizi, uye inobereka mumvura yakachena. Kwavari zvinokwanisika kutakura bream, carp. MuAzov uye Aral makungwa, Northern Caspian, pane pike-perch, ram, uye vobla.

Anadromous fish species dzeGungwa reCaspian

Nyika inorarama mubhasi reCaspian inoshamisa nekusiyana kwayo. Ikoko kune maduku maduku zvikuru uye vamiririri makuru-beluga. Sarimoni uye mwenje, kupinda muKura yekuita, inowanzofa nekupera. Kune hove dzavanadromous dzechidziva ichi ndezvipi zvinotevera: salmon, white saalm, stellate sturgeon, munzwa, sturgeon. Gungwa re pike perch, pike, catfish, carp, sirivha carp uye white cupid yakawa murudo.

Sturgeons haisi huru kwazvo pano, asi kune vanhu vakagara makore anopfuura makumi matatu. Mamwe mazita e stellgeons muCaspian anosvika 40 kilo yehuremu. Asi salmon mugungwa iri inowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Imwe hove inokosha yekubata pano ndiyo pike. Chimwe chikamu chikuru chezvibatanidza zvitsvuku, zvinowanika pane zvidzitiro zvakafukidzwa nemiriwo yakaoma.

Kudzivirirwa kwehove dzinopfuurira

Zvokurera mbeu dzehove zvakawana kukosha kwekudzivirirwa kwemarudzi akawanda ehove dzinopfuurira. Miti yakadaro inowanzovakwa pedyo nemamita, mumiromo yehova huru. Vakadzi vanobatwa uye vanogadziriswa. Mushure mekusarudzwa mazai, inochengetwa mumadziva akakwirira. Mushure mokunge fry ikura, inotumirwa kunzvimbo dzakakwirira kana nzizi. Mumiti yeRussia hatchery, mabhiriyoni ehove duku anokura gore negore. Nokudaro, rudzi rwemhando dzakakosha dzehove dzinodzokorora uye dzinodzorerwa: sturgeon uye salmon. Vamwe vanobatanidzwa mukurimisa pike perch uye whitefish.

Mashamba eRussia emapurazi eVolga neDon akagadzira mhando yehove yakagadziriswa: bream uye carp. Fry pamiti yakadaro inodyiswa nemasikirwo emasikirwo kana mashizha.