Chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers. Chakaita zvokugadzirwa polyamide faibha

Chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers akatanga zvine industrially kubudiswa muna 1938. Panguva iyoyo, izvo pane kare dzakawanda dhazeni marudzi. Nokuti vose zvavo vane zvakafanana ndechokuti pokutangira zvinhu vakaderera samolecular uremu yeimwe dzikava Polymers nemakemikari kwetunhu. Kuparadzwa kana kubvunda kuti Polymers vakawana gadziriro rinoitwa kubva Kuumbwa kana Kukosa mhinduro. Vari aumba kubva mhinduro kana zvinonyauka uye chete ipapo vari pasi apedza.

mhando

Zvichienderana zvinhu munguva maumbirwo macromolecules, chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers kazhinji akakamurwa hetero uye kabhoni cheni. Aimbova zvinosanganisira vaya Rinobva Polymers vane macromolecules kunze kabhoni, uye zvimwe zvinhu zviri varipo - senitrogen, sarufa, okisijeni uye nevamwe. Izvi zvinosanganisira polyester, polyurethane, polyamide uye polyurea. Carbochain chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers dzinoratidzwa kuti chavainyanya cheni yakavakwa kabhoni maatomu. boka iri zvinosanganisira polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyolefin, polyvinyl doro, uye fluorine tubhokisi.

Polymers kushumira sezvo hwaro kugadzirira hetero-fibers vakawana pedyo polycondensation uye chigadzirwa riri kuumbwa kubva uchanyangadika. Carbochain yaunganidzwa cheni polymerization uye inotungamirwa iri kazhinji kubva zvinogadzirisa, muna zvisingawanzoitiki nguva kubva uchanyangadika. Unogona kuona vamwe chakaita zvokugadzirwa polyamide faibha, yainzi siblon.

Kuunza uye Kushandisa

A shoko kufanana siblon vakawanda ari mutorwa wakakwana, asi kwamboita jira Tabs nguo aigona kuona Acronym BBM, richiratidza viscose mukuru modulus fibers. Ipapo vaburitsi vakafunga kuti zita iri taitsvaka zvinofadza pane siblon raigona chokuita zvinhu zvenaironi uye Caproni. Kugadzirwa kwakadai chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers anobva miti, sezvinonzi haina kutarira kusimba.

Features

Siblon akazviratidza mukutanga 70-ies wekupedzisira remakore. Zviri nani rayon. In wokutanga danho, kugadzirwa huni pulp, zvinonzi voga yakachena chimiro. The guru nhamba iri mubhuku racho donje - vanenge 98%, asi nekuda donje fibers, uye pasina ichi kuti zvakaisvonaka shinda. Saka, matanda kushandiswa kugadzira pulp, kunyanya softwood, sezvamakaropafadzwa rine 40-50%, uye vakasara - hakudikanwi zvinoriumba. Ivo vanofanira kubvisa mu pagadzirwe chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers.

Muitiro pakusika

Chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers anobudiswa nezvishoma. Pakutanga Danho pakubika doro, umo huni Chips ose okushamisira zvinhu zvose Kutamiswa kupinda mhinduro, uye vaberekawo kuparara refu polymer necheni yoga zvimedu. Sezvingatarisirwa, hapana chete mari mvura inopisa, yokuvirisa siyana yakabereka reagents: Inoue nevamwe. Chete kubika pamwe kuwedzera sulfates inopa pulp riri yakakodzera kugadzirwa siblona, sezvo ane zvishoma tsvina.

Kana pulp ratova ozeyewa, zvinonzi akatumira bleaching, nokuomesa uye kurovererwa, uye ipapo kutamira wava - ndiko kugadzirwa bepa, cellophane, makadhibhokisi uye faibha, kuti ndiye mukuru kugadzirwa. Chii chinozoitika kwaari?

aftertreatment

Kana kunodiwa kuwana chakaita zvokugadzirwa uye zviwanikwa fibers ndiko kutanga zvakafanira kugadzirira Kukosa mhinduro. Cellulose ndiyo yakasimba iri nyore nyunguduka. Saka, zviri kazhinji kutendeuka kuva mvura-soluble Eteri ditiougolnoy acid. Muitiro tishandurwe kuva fuma iri zvikuru mirefu. First inopisa alkali cellulose, anoteverwa nemvura kurapwa, pane kugadzirisa apo kutamira zvisingakoshi okunze. Pashure kugadzira gobvu wakapwanyika uye akabva aisa mune imwe kamuri chaiyo apo predsozrevanie unotanga - pane kupfupikisa ari cellulose mamorekuru kubudikidza zvinenge hafu nokuda oxidative kudzikisirana. Next pane zvakaitwa alkali cellulose pamwe kabhoni disulfide kupa xanthate. vakawanda ichi Orange-kufanana mukanyiwa ditiougolnoy asidhi Ester kutanga zvinhu. Izvi mhinduro kwayo viscosity anonzi "viscose".

Next zvadonherwa filtration kubvisa okupedzisira tsvina. Ichiputswa mhepo iri pauri kuburikidza "effervescence" Eteri mu vacuüm it. akavhiyiwa zvose izvi kutungamirira ndechokuti xanthate rinova somwana muduku uchi - yeyero uye stringy. In Kukosa ichi mhinduro zvagadzirirwa.

pakuwana fibers

The mhinduro yakanga extruded kuburikidza spinneret. Chakagadzirwa chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers havaiti chete vakakosa mune zvetsika nzira. oparesheni Izvi zvakaoma kuenzanisa nokungoti Whitehead Textile aizova zvakarurama kutaura kuti makemikari muitiro kuti unobvumira mamiriyoni hova emura viscose fibers kuva hwakasimba. On the Russian nharaunda viscose pulp vakawana uye siblon. The mhando chechipiri nokusanzwira uye nguva nehafu nesimba pane wokutanga, kunoratidzwa kurwisa kukuru kune alkalis, zvinyama anosiyana kwazviri hygroscopicity ezasi mwero shrinkage uye crease. Uye kusiyana dzinotsanagura pakuburitswa viscose uye siblona kuoneka panguva apo coagulation bhati pashure dies dzinongova "vanhu" chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers.

Chemistry rubatsiro

Nokuti viscose kuva nebhati izere sulfuric acid. Mwari akaronga kuti manyowa raEta, apo yakachena cellulose fibers. Kana zvakakodzera kuwana kugeza siblona Wakawedzerwa zingi sulfate, ubatanidzwewo hydrolyzed Ester wokupa chipingamupinyi, saka filaments ichange iine residual xanthate. Saka chii anopa? The fibers dzakabva pasi ndichisveerera nokuita. Kana polymeric fibers ndiwo zvasara xanthate vakawana kudhonza polymeric cellulose ngetani achitevedza faibha akabatana, pane mugozviisa randomly, sezvo ari parumananzombe kuti kwakajairika viscose. Pashure tichigumisa munhu kweva kuti fibers unotemwa kupinda shpatelki 2-10 millimeters pakureba. Pashure mashomanana maitirwo anoitwa vachisundira fibers kupinda Bales. Matani matanda zvakakwana kuwana 500 makirogiramu pamusoro pulp, iro anogadzirwa kubva makirogiramu 400 siblona fibers. cellulose Kukosa rinoitwa anenge mazuva maviri.

Zvokuita siblonom?

Munguva eighties, izvi chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers anoshandiswa sezvo yokuvirisa kuti donje kuti mutsvuku vakakosa nani uye kwete kubvaruka. Kubva siblona akaita substrate pasi hazvizivi ganda, uye kushandiswa kwayo anogadzira zvinhu asbestos. Ipapo mainjiniya havana kufarira pakasikwa chinhu chitsva, zvaida faibha napo kuti Kuziva.

KuMadokero panguva mukuru modulus viscose rayon fibers inoshandiswa kugadzira micheka iyo yakasiyana simba uye cheapness achienzaniswa donje, asi zvakanaka akanyatsonzwisisa unyoro uye kufema. Zvino Russia haagari enzvimbo donje munzvimbo, saka siblon zvepamusorosoro. ari kudiwa chete haisati guru chaizvo, saka sezvo machira uye zvipfeko mudzimba kugadzirwa zvino anenge hapana ari kutenga.

polymer fibers

Dzinowanzotanga rakakamurwa dzinongoitika, chakaita zvokugadzirwa uye chokunyepera. Natural fibers vaya vane inotungamirwa rinoitwa pasi zvakasikwa ezvinhu. Dzinowanzotanga Classified ne mavambo, izvo kuona kwavo makemikari anoumba pamusoro mhuka uye miriwo. Wokutanga ine mapuroteni, kureva carotene. nesirika ichi nemvere. Yokupedzisira ine cellulose, hemicellulose uye lignin.

Chakagadzirwa chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers vari vakawana nemakemikari kubudiswa Polymers izvo zviripo zvakasikwa. Vakabvuma kuti acetate, rayon, alginate uye mapuroteni fibers. Sezvo mbishi zvokuvakisa gadziriro dzavo kraft kana sulfite huni pulp. Kusunungurwa chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers kugadzirwa muchimiro nyoro uye netambo, uyewo muchimiro sadza faibha iyo chinogadzirwa pamwe nemamwe fibers panguva kugadzira muitiro micheka siyana.

Chakaita zvokugadzirwa polyamide faibha akawana kubva Polymers hwokurara artificially. The feedstock kushandiswa kwacho vakadaro polymeric fibers aumba kubva kusanduka Linear macromolecules kana zvishoma mapazi zvivako chine nouchapupu guru - zvinopfuura 15,000 amu uye rakamanikana chaizvo samolecular uremu kugovera. Zvichienderana rudzi chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers angava mukuru dhigirii simba, chinokosha ukoshi hama kuti elongation, elasticity, nemishonga kuvanhu vakawanda mitoro, duku residual deformation uye nokukurumidza kupora pashure kubviswa mutoro. Ndokusaka kuwedzera kushandiswa Textiles vave kushandiswa senzvimbo muedzo chinhu anogadzira zvinhu chinoumbwa, uye zvose zvakaita kuti dzinokosha ehupfumi ose chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers.

mhedziso

Mumakore mashoma apfuura, mumwe anogona kuchengeta vachiwana chaizvo kuwedzera nhamba mberi kukura itsva fibers polymeric, kunyanya ya-wodna, polyethylene, kupisa nemishonga, anoumbwa nevazhinji, vane mamiriro - panozogadzirika-goko heterocyclic Polymers, izvo zvinosanganisira nezvimedu zvakasiyana-siyana, Somuenzaniso, sirivha kana nedzimwe simbi. Zvino zvinhu zvenaironi zvinhu - ichi haisi pamusoro engineering, sezvo zvino pane akawandisa fibers matsva.