Chartist kufamba: vatungamiri, zvikonzero, chikuru zvinangwa, nzira kurwisa, mugumisiro. Kutanga Chartist kufamba. Nei Chartist sangano vakundikana?

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha nhoroondo zviitiko pakati XIX remakore ari UK rava kunzi Chartist kufamba. Yakanga iri nenzvimbo kuitwa vashandi munyika kudzivirira kodzero dzavo wokutanga mhando. The yezvinoreva enyika zviito proletarians havana kuziva pamberi kumboitika munhoroondo Britain. Ngationei zvinokonzera Chartism, kuronda mberi kwayo uyewo kusimbisa nei Chartist kufamba kwakakundikana.

prehistory

Kusvikira chechipiri kota XIX remakore, huru echimurenga simba ari UK yakaramba iri bourgeoisie. Pakupedzisira, kuita ive pakati dzeparamende zvinhu muna 1832, izvo zvakaita kuti chinokosha Kuwedzera kumiririrwa kwayo Mumba Commons, ari bourgeoisie kutotadzisa kuva mumwe nemakirasi mutongo. Vashandi uyewo akagamuchira zvokuchinja sechikamu uye zvakaita zvavo kufarira, asi sezvo zvikazooneka, kure achiva akasangana zvomurayiro proletarians.

Zvishoma nezvishoma, proletariat yakava huru echimurenga uye kuchinja simba muUK.

Zvikonzero inofamba

anogona kunzwisiswa se kubva apa, zvikonzero Chartist sangano akarara yayo basa kusagutsikana nevezvematongerwo mamiriro ezvinhu munyika, kuti dzisanyanya kodzero dzavo kusarudza vamiririri kuna paramende. Huni dzomoto akadururira zvoupfumi nematambudziko 1825 uye 1836 makore, kunyanya okupedzisira, yaiva yorudzii rukungiso kuti kutanga kufamba. Mhedzisiro dambudziko iri rakanga kuwa mitemo zvipenyu uye uremu kwemabasa pakati proletariat. Kunyanya dambudziko raiva kumadokero County kweEngland, Lancashire. izvi zvose vasingagoni asi chisingafadzi vashandi vaida kuva zvishandiso kuchinja kuburikidza Paramende upfumi munyika.

Mukuwedzera, muna 1834 Paramende rakagamuchira vanonzi mutemo murombo, izvo akasungirirwa vashandi. Pamutemo pakutanga Chartist sangano aishamwaridzana okutsutsumwa mutemo uyu. Zvisinei, vakabva zvinangwa zvakawanda zvinokosha tinozviona.

Saka, zvinokonzera kuti Chartist rwokufamba aiva kunzwisisa hunhu, tichibatanidza enyika uye zvoupfumi zvinhu.

Kuwana Traffic Chartists

Kutanga Chartist kufamba, sezvo pamusoro apa, vakawanda kare vanotaura 1836, kunyange zvazvo musi chaiwo haigoni kutsunga. Nezvokumutswa kutanga rinotevera zvoupfumi vakatanga vakawanda Misangano mikuru uye Kuratidzira vashandi, dzimwe nguva rinosvika mazana ezviuru zvevanhu. The chidzoke of Chartist sangano rakanga pakutanga nani akanga kwatangwa uye kwaibva ari kufara kutsutsumwa yevamiriri, uye akanga asiri chete yakarongwa simba, iyo wakakugadzirirai pachena zvakafanana chinangwa. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, pakutanga kurovedzera kuita zvinodiwa kuti abolition mutemo murombo, saka pashure mumwe dziite zvaidyapo akawandisa aikumbira Paramende kuti wakabvisa mutemo uyu.

Zvichakadai, vakapararira mapoka zvenyika vakatanga vabatane pamwe nemumwe uye kuva vakasimba. Somuenzaniso, muna 1836 muLondon, kwaiva London Working Men kuti Association, iro rinounza pamwechete wandei masangano diki proletariat. It Kuwadzana uku ramangwana kuve enyika huru rehondo Chartist kufamba muBritain. Ndirwowo wekutanga yakatanga pachavo chirongwa dzavo zvinodiwa kuti Paramende rinoumbwa matanhatu pfungwa.

Chartists kuyerera

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti kubva pakutanga okutsutsumwa vari kufamba zvave mapapiro maviri makuru: rworudyi uye kuruboshwe. bapiro Right raimirira ukama chete bourgeoisie uye vakanozviviga kunyanya enyika nzira hondo. Kuruboshwe bapiro yave zvakawanda zvikuru kugadziridzwa. Zviri zvinoodza mafungire kuti zvinobvira kubatana pamwe bourgeoisie, asiwo vanofunga kuti zvinangwa izvi zvichaita chete zvinobvira kuita nechisimba.

Sezvaunogona kuona, nzira kutamburira of Chartist sangano iri zvakasiyana, zvichienderana zvakananga waro kosi. Saka munguva yemberi, uye yaiva chimwe chezvinhu zvikonzero kukundwa.

Vatungamiri rworudyi bapiro

Chartist Bato aizivikanwa kuvapo wandei vatungamiriri vakakurumbira. Bapiro rworudyi inotungamirirwa William Lovett uye Tomas Ettvud.

William Lovett akaberekwa muna 1800 mune Mafuro London. Kunyange hwake akatamira kune guru. Pakutanga akanga chete muvezi, ipapo akava purezidhendi Society of woodworkers. Zvakazoonekwa kuti zvakasimba kuchinjwa pfungwa Roberta Ouena - Utopian Socialist yokutanga yezana XIX remakore. Kubvira 1831 Lovett akatanga kubatanidzwa mukuratidzira siyana pamusoro basa racho. Muna 1836 aiva mumwe havaoni of London Working Men kuti Association, iro rakava nomuzongoza of Chartist kufamba. Somumiririri vanonzi basa vakakwirira, William Lovett waitsigira kubatana pamwe bourgeoisie uye kuti enyika kugadzirisa hunovimbisa kodzero vashandi '.

Tomas Ettvud akaberekwa muna 1783. Anozivikanwa bhenga uye Economist. Kubvira achiri muduku, iye nokushingaira muchirongwa upenyu enyika muguta Birmingham. Muna 1830, bato raiva seri Birmingham Political Union, iyo aifanira kumiririra zvinodiwa yevagari guta rino. Attwood aiva mumwe kupfuura vanoshingaira vatsigiri enyika kuchinja zvinhu 1932 gore. Pashure iye akasarudzwa kuti Paramende Mumba Commons, apo aionekwa chimwe chezvinhu okunyanyisa wevatariri. Iye tsitsi vane mwero Bapiro Chartists uye kunyange akatora Zvinoshingaira mubasa racho, asi vakafamba kubva kwaari.

Leaders vakasiya bapiro

Pakati vatungamiri rworuboshwe Bapiro Chartists simba chaiyo akanakidzwa Fergus O'Connor, James O'Brien, uyewo mupristi Stephens.

Fergus O'Connor akaberekwa muna 1796 kuIreland. Vakadzidza gweta, ari kushingaira kwaiitwa. O'Connor aiva mumwe vanoshingaira vechikamu National rusununguko rwokufamba muIreland, yakatanga muna 20s pakati XIX remakore. Asi zvino ndaifanira kutamira kuEngland, apo akatanga kubudisa pepanhau "North Star". Kamwe payo akatanga Chartist kufamba, akava mutungamiriri bapiro rayo kuruboshwe. Fergus O'Connor aiva mutsigiri echimurenga nzira hondo.

James O'Brien aivawo chizvarwa Ireland, akaberekwa muna 1805. Akava rinozivikanwa wenhau, uchishandisa chinyoreso zita Bronter. Akaita mupepeti mune mabhuku akawanda, izvo vakatsigira Chartists. James O'Brien munyaya yake vakaedza kupa sangano ane pfungwa kururamiswa. Pakutanga akadzivirira echimurenga nzira hondo, asi akazova murevereri pakati runyararo zvinhu.

Saka, vatungamiri Chartist rwokufamba asina zvakafanana nechinzvimbo pamusoro nzira kurwira vashandi 'kodzero.

chichemo

Muna 1838 zvakanzi vakava vakawanda choga kusafara yainzi REGUTSARUZHINJI (Peoples chata). Saka zita racho, iro vakatsigira bumbiro - Chartism. zvikumbiro Key mbuva vave wagadzirirwa nhanhatu pfungwa mu:

• rabvuma kodzero dzokuvhota vose varume pamusoro makore 21;
• abolition chepfuma zvinodiwa kuti kodzero kuti akasarudzirwa paramende;
• pakavanda kuti kuvhota;
• kuenzana nesarudzo maruwa;
• zvokunyama mubayiro dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende nokuita zvemitemo mabasa;
• pagore sarudzo nguva.

Sezvaunogona kuona, vari chikumbiro zvave kuzivikanwa, kwete huru mabasa ose Chartist sangano, asi avo chete chokuita sarudzo Mumba Commons.

Muna July 1839 chikumbiro akanga vakabvuma Paramende vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1,2 vakasaina.

The mberi weboka racho

In Parliament, riri bumbiro akarambwa makura uwandu mavhoti.

Mazuva matatu gare gare kuBirmingham akaronga dziite pakutsigira chikumbiro, izvo yakaguma muna apesane mapurisa. Kudhumhana Mugumisiro yave yakawanda vaifira kumativi ose, uyewo guru-pamwero moto muguta. Chartist sangano vakatanga kutora chisimba.

Kurwa akatanga mune mamwe maguta muEngland, somuenzaniso, muna Newport. Sangano rakanga emauto akadzingwa mabasa pakupera 1839, vakawanda vatungamiriri ayo akagamuchira mujeri, uye Chartist sangano kwechinguvana achiri.

Asi zvakanga chete kwenguva pfupi chakajairika, pachavo havana kubviswa sezvo honzeri Chartism, uye migumisiro yacho Chartist sangano panguva iyi akanga asina kugutsikana proletariat.

Muzhizha 1840 Central Organization Chartists rakaumbwa muna Manchester. Rakanga vakakunda zvine mwero bapiro racho. It chisarudzo kuti vavariro dzavo vachishandisa nzira chete murunyararo. Asi nokukurumidza, kuti yakakura bapiro rakanga zvakare kudzokera kumashure nzvimbo yake sezvo mubumbiro nzira musapa achida mugumisiro.

The chinotevera Charter

Muna 1842, mumwe bumbiro idzva pasi reParamende. Kutaura zvazviri, zvinodiwa nokuti handishanduki, asi akaratidzwa ari zvikuru nehasha. nguva yakawanda Panguva iyi, vakaunganidza vakasaina vaipfuura maviri nehafu -. mamiriyoni 3,3 Zvakare, migumisiro Chartist sangano vakatadza kufadza nhengo dzayo, saka sezvo chikumbiro chitsva ichi akarambwa guru vazhinji dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende. Zvadaro, sezvo yokupedzisira, sefungu mhirizhonga, asi pamwero muduku. Zvakare achiteverwa kusungwa, asi nokuda kutyorwa muitiro, anenge zvose nevasungwa vakasunungurwa.

Pashure pokufungisisa hiatus, muna 1848, mumwe mutsva nefungu Chartist sangano, vakamutsamwisa rimwe maindasitiri dambudziko. Kechitatu iri muparamende yakanga vakabvuma chikumbiro, panguva ino rinosvika mamiriyoni 5. Vakasaina. Zvisinei, chokwadi ichi zvikuru chokwadi, nokuti signatories vakaverengwa pakati zvakanaka inonyatsozivikanwa unhu, anongoti vaisagona kusaina chikumbiro, akadai Koroleva Viktoriya uye muapostora Pauro. Wakati azarura, kuti Charter haana kunyange nevamwe Paramende nezvawo.

Zvikonzero pokukundwa sangano

Naizvozvo Chartism Handina patsva. Raiva kukundwa ake. Asi nei Chartist sangano vakundikana? Zvikurukuru, ichi chaiva nokuti kuti vamiririri vayo havasi kunyatsonzwisisa chinangwa chavo chikuru. Uyezve, vakuru Chartists munzira dzakawanda vaona nzira hondo: Vamwe akadana kushandiswa chete nzira enyika, vamwe vaidavira kuti chinangwa Chartist sangano rinogona chete kuitwa kuburikidza chimurenga.

Basa rinokosha attenuation reMovement ndechokuti pashure 1848 upfumi muUK atanga pakudzikamisa, uye mararamiro simuka, izvo zvinozoita havachakoshesi muzariro mumagariro makakatanwa munzanga.

migumisiro

Panguva iyoyowo, tinogona kutaura kuti migumisiro Chartist rwokufamba vaiva zvachose kunaka. Vaiva mberi uye zvinokosha nguva inogona kunzi sezvo zvichemo Chartism Parliament.

Saka, mutero mari akatanga muna 1842. Zvino vagari vari kunonyorwa maererano mari, uye pano mikana.

Muna 1846, chibage mabasa vakanga yakaguma, izvo zvinoita zvikuru chingwa zvinodhura. Kubviswa wavo akabvumira kuti kuderedza mitengo bhekari zvinhu uye, naizvozvo, kuderedza mari varombo.

The chikuru budiriro reMovement vaiona pamutemo kuderera 1847, ari kushanda zuva vakadzi nevana kuti maawa gumi pazuva.

Pashure paizvozvo, basa racho harina akamira kwenguva refu, asi akararamazve zvakare mukupera 60-ies zviri XIX remakore muchimiro dzaishandiswa mibatanidzwa (wesangano rinomirira sangano).