Chii mutemo muGirisi yekare? State mitemo Ancient Greece

Munyaya ino tichataura pamusoro Greece yekare. More chaizvo, tichaedza kuwana mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti chii mutemo muGirisi yekare.

Muna 8-9 remakore BC. e. Greece haasi chete nyika, dzakadai yekare Eastern inoti panguva yayo ichatonga zvine mbiri. Greece yakanga yacho mitemo.

Polis muGirisi yekare - nenzanga vemo, seboka varimi uye pastoralists, vanogara pamwe chete uye pamwe kudzivirira nyika yavo. Zvishoma nezvishoma, mutemo wakanga dzakachinjwa, achitora pane zvaidiwa ehurumende. Chakava musimboti guta akakombwa ane rokutengesa nzvimbo - Mab, temberi yakatsaurirwa kuna mwari-vaichengetedza muguta, dzimba siyana nezvimwewo. Around guta akagadzirisa varimi uye vafudzi. nyika yose arable, nyika uye zviwanikwa vaionekwa enzvimbo munharaunda.

Muridzi wenyika aigona chete kuva mugari. vagari vose vaiva nhengo varwi, ikasimudza maoko panguva uto kutyisidzira. National Assembly aiva nesimba rose mutemo. Itaiwo mairi aiva nekodzero chete vagari vomumusha. Pane mhando dzakasiyana mitemo in Ancient Greece.

Izvo pane yakawanda. Mighty vaiva mitemo Ancient Greece. mazita avo - Atene uye Sparta. Raiva vakapfuma guta reKorinde. Mumwe Mutemo une yayo hurumende, hondo uye pfuma, yakagadzirwa mari.

Athens

Kupindura mubvunzo pamusoro chii mutemo muGirisi yekare, nyika yokutanga kuonekwa - ndiye Athens. Nharaunda vaAtene polis dzatora yose kweItari pakati Attica muCentral Greece. Sami Atene iri pakati bani yakaorera, 5 km kubva mugungwa.

Chikuru chinzvimbo itsva vehurumende zvaiva dzokumaruwa kwamachinda. Mukuru hurumende namagwatidziro inogarwa vairemekedzwa. Yepamusorosoro simba vaiva kuAreyopago, rinoumbwa vamiririri dzokumaruwa kwamachinda, uye archons - vakuru vakuru vehurumende (musoro, mushumiri, mukuru mukuru, vatongi ruzhinji matanhatu).

Zvishoma nezvishoma varombo nhengo munharaunda anokandazve akazarurwa uye zvakamanikidzwa kukwereta kubva vapfumi. Pasi akaisa chikwereti anokwereta ibwe. Kana vakanga vasingakwanisi kubhadhara, pamwe mubereko, akarasika muvhu. Kutora nyika risi aibvuma chete wechitanhatu wokukohwa, uye vamwe akapa muridzi wenyika. Skudeli Varimi vakava munjodzi, vakabva akatendeukira varanda.

Solon kuti kuchinja

Muna 8-7 remakore BC. e. mumwe chikamu Demos - vatengesi, varidzi muzvitoro uye motokari, akabudirira vanhuwo zvavo - vakapfuma. Zvino vanoda kuti ndiitewo basa iri mutemo, asi vave kunyimwa kodzero iyi. Ndizvo avo vakatanga uye akatungamirira hondo pakati Demos kuzorwa vakakwirira.

In pakati nenyonganyonga, vagari akatendeukira vaAtene gwara Solon, uyo akatungamirira mutemo muGirisi yekare - zvakatungamirira kuti Implementation anoverengeka zvinhu. Chokutanga, iye akadzima zvikwereti vaAtene uye wairambidza chikwereti huchirema. Land akadzokera nechikwereti. VaAtene, vakanga muuranda nokuda chikwereti, dzakasunungurwa. Kubva zvino, hapana vomuAtene vaisagona kuva muranda!

Solon akatanga weboka vagari muzvikamu zvina - kupfuura vapfumi, shoroma, nepakati-kirasi uye varombo - zvichienderana nouwandu pfuma yavo uye mari. Vagari Mapoka akasiyana-siyana aiva nekodzero siyana uye vanoita mabasa akasiyana-siyana kuti hurumende.

Kutendeuka kuti akaita Solon vomuAtene vanhu, Atene refocused munzira hweruzhinji.

Vanodzvinyirirwa muAtene

Makore 20 apfuura kubvira pakutanga ushe Solon muAtene Troubles vakatanga zvakare. A hama Solon, Pisistratus mukuru muna 560 BC. e. Akabata simba uye akatanga kutonga muna toga paAtene, ichipa simba vaAtene polis rugare uye. Saka muAtene zvakatanga vanodzvinyirirwa.

Earth vairemekedzwa rakatiza nyika, akagovera pakati vanhuwo zvavo. Kwavari, anodzvinyirira vakaisa mutero (chegumi yokukohwa) pane akakukomborera chezvipo.
Peisistratus akaedza kubatsira kutanga zvokurima, rwokugadzira, zvokutengeserana uye shipbuilding. Akatanga yakawanda kuvakwa muAtene: ne mirairo yake vakanga akavaka temberi, nzira uye aqueducts. Guta akakoka nomukurumbira vemifananidzo uye vadetembi, akanyora "The rinonzi Iliad" uye "Odyssey", izvo panguva iyoyo zvakanga zvitange nomuromo. Chaizvoizvo, zvakaita panguva yaitonga Pisistratus veAteni ikava tsika muzinda Greece. Kubvira ipapo, anobva uye gungwa simba.

Pokupedza paumbwe vaAtene polis

The muchivadzvinyirira akawira achangofa kuti Pisistratus (sezvo vatsivi vake aitonga noutsinye), uye wokutanga archon akasarudzwa muparamende Cleisthenes. nharaunda The yose vaAtene iye rakakamurwa mumatunhu 10, rimwe nerimwe raiva zvitatu zvakaenzana zvikamu mamiriro - the mumhenderekedzo yegungwa, kumaruwa uye mumaguta. Ugari zvino kusakanda ndezvomunhu genus, uye kune mumwe constituency. Pakuvamba, nyika yakakamurwa generically. Izvi zvinhu Cleisthenes "shuffled" vagari uye akavapa chete kodzero dzose. Saka, simba dzokumaruwa kwamachinda muhurumende kwave ipfupi.

vagari vose vari kunzi vakaenzana zvisinei pfuma; kunyange varombo vanhu vaigona kutora chero hofisi paruzhinji. Saka, musimba veAteni aiva mumaoko avanhu zvakare.

Sparta

Simba negwaro muGirisi yekare inonzi Sparta. Muzana wa9 remakore BC. e. muna Peloponnese, muna Laconia, Dorians akavamba misha inoverengeka. Zvadaro, vakazosvika akakunda vemo madzinza Achaean. At mamita 7. BC. e. Dorians akaisa papfuma yake pedyo Messenia Region. Mumakore maviri hondo uye Messinian aumba voruzhinji, rinonzi Sparta (Sparta).

Munyaya ino tiri kutsvaka mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti chii mutemo muGirisi yekare. Naizvozvo, tikanyatsoongorora mamiriro Sparta mudziyo.

polity

Vagari Sparta vaigara pasi mitemo, izvo, maererano nengano, akatanga somuzivi Lycurgus. A aitungamirira basa iri kurapa Spartan hurumende rakabatsira dare revakuru. Council chisarudzo Vakuru unotsigira reVanodzika. Kuriita akatora chete vagari-varwi vaya zvasvika makore 30.

Lycurgus akaita nechokwadi chokuti zvose vagari Sparta akanga akaenzana kodzero, kuti pakati pavo paiva hakuna murombo kana mupfumi. mhuri Spartan vakapinda nhaka iyoyo, havana kugona kutengesa kana kupa, sezvo zvose panyika Sparta kwainzi enzvimbo mamiriro.

Spartans vairambidzwa kuita zvokutengeserana, zvokutengeserana, avo chete basa raiva hondo. Zvombo uye Crafts dzakaitwa kwavari perieki. Plot nyika aiitirwa Spartan helots. The Spartans vaisagona kutengesa, kuramba kana kuuraya helot - helots mhuri, sezvo nyika aiva mamiriro.

Gen. Spartans

Ongorora mubvunzo chii mutemo muGirisi yekare, uye tsanangura zvishoma pamusoro upenyu Spartans.

The Spartans vaiva vakashinga, akaomarara varwi. Vakanga vakapfeka ine nguo, aigara rimwechetero-storey yemapuranga dzimba. Takava vamwe chimiro rakarukwa, ndebvu uye mustaches. Kana kuvaka aibvumirwa kushandisa demo, uye chete kugadzirwa madhoo - Moro. With nemakore 16 uye kusvikira Spartan aifanira kushanda muchiuto. Mumakore 30, aionekwa akura uye aiva nekodzero kuwana munda uye kuroora.

Saka taigara uye vakava State mitemo Ancient Greece.