Chinoziva umambo muRussia

"Chinoziva mambo" muRussia akadana rehurumende mutemo, iyo inoitiswa Empress Catherine II, aitonga 1762-1796 gg. In manyorero utungamiriri hwake munyika rinonyatsotarira ipapo Western mitemo. Chii chaiva mutemo vakambovhenekerwa absolutism? Prussia, ivo Habsburg umambo, France - vose venyika idzi, kufanana Russia, ari ipapo vakanamatira kosi. Chaiva pakuita zvinhu, upgrading hurumende hurongwa uye abolition vamwe feudal survivals.

Power akaramba zvachose mumaoko autocratic mutongi nyika. chinhu ichi ndicho kupikisana huru chinosiyanisa mutemo vakambovhenekerwa absolutism. Habsburg umambo, Russia uye mamwe masimba makuru European akatanga nzira zvinhu pamusana kuwedzera capitalism. Changes vakanga zvakasimba dzinodzorwa kubva pamusoro, uye saka akanga asina kuva dzakazara

panotangira

Russian chinoziva umambo akauya pasi pokudzora tsika French, akaumba maonero Catherine II, wake boka racho uye yakakura chikamu vakadzidza vanhu venyika. Kudivi rimwe, raiva fashoni iri revatongi nokuzvibata, European mapfekero rakarukwa uye heti. Zvisinei, zviri French kuitika vakanga akaratidza zvokunamata dzinotaurwa kwamachinda.

Rich vatengesi nevatengesi, uyewo mukuru vakuru vakatanga tinyatsoziva kumadokero European dzavanhu netsika, nhoroondo, uzivi, unyanzvi uye mabhuku pasi Peter I. Munguva Catherine muitiro yakasvika yepamusoro pfungwa. Zvinonzi inoumbwa ne vakakwirira - ndiro evanhu mujinga umambo munguva vakambovhenekerwa absolutism. Books nevaenzi vokune dzimwe nyika kuti kwamachinda akaisa mberi pfungwa. Rich vanhu kufamba kakawanda kuna Europe, mundotarisisa nyika, kuti enzanisa Western murayiro uye netsika pamwe Russian.

Catherine "Instructions"

Catherine II akauya simba muna 1762. Akanga German pakuberekwa, aiva dzidzo European uye miitiro yakambotora guru nevazivi French. Izvi "mukwende nevakangwara" zvakakanganisa manyorero hurumende. The Empress aida kuchinja mamiriro uye kuti zvakanaka uye ano. Saka paiva chinoziva umambo Catherine 2.

Nechekare iyoyo 1762 Nikita Panin Empress chipangamazano Akamupa ubate zvinhu zviri Imperial Council. Statesman nharo kuti hwakare hurumende haisi kunyatsobudirira nokuti kuti anobvumira chidzoke nevatungamiriri simba. Kuchinja kubva absolutism kuti chinoziva umambo akarara pakuti Catherine kurwisa vaimbova vatongi postpetrovskoy panguva apo zvematongerwo enyika akatonga courtiers siyana.

Vakawanda Panin zvinganaka kusikwa ane Advisory muviri. Catherine vakaramba basa rake, akasarudza kutsivira gwaro iri. Saka akaberekwa zvakakwana kugadzirisa zano aimbova mutemo. The chikuru ndechokuti chii Ndaida vabudirire Empress - uchitanga inodzora nyika. Nokuti chinangwa ichi zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti chose rework mitemo akwegura uye kuwedzera vatsva.

Nokukurumidza Catherine akasimbisa Commission kuti nokuumba Code itsva. Sezvo kurumbidzwaka uku kwake Empress akanyora "murayiro". Paiva dzinopfuura 500 nyaya, izvo zvaitwa nemutoo dzinokosha pamutemo wemuTesitamende Russia. Catherine gwaro akataura zvakanyorwa nevafungi huru nguva: Montesquieu, Beccaria, Justo, Bielefeld. Mu "Instructions" yakaratidza zvose kuti aiva chinoziva umambo muRussia. Features, kugutsikana, kukosha gwaro iri akadzokera yepamusoro dzematongerwe Kujekerwa.

Catherine yokungotaura nharo dzaiva kure zvokusagona norupo uye saka regai kushandisa zvinotaurwa ipapo aiva chokwadi Russian, sezvo ari akarova kusvikira zvinodiwa ropafadzo kwamachinda - huru mamiriro simba rutsigiro. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi mizhinji nharo amambo yakaramba chete mukati zvakanaka zvido. Ukuwo, mu "Instructions" Catherine akataura kuti Russia - a European simba. Saka iye akasimbisa enyika Chokwadi, yakavambwa Peter I.

The akaturikidzana yeRussian vokuparidzira

Catherine II aidavira kuti chinoziva umambo muRussia kwaibva mukirasi weboka vanhu. Ideal mamiriro akadana absolutist womuenzaniso. Empress akatsanangura kuvimbika kwake kuna "rwokuzvarwa" kodzero yokutonga oga, uye vamwe - kuti kudzorwa. Catherine postulates takarurama panotaurwa nhoroondo Russia, apo autocracy yaiva midzi kupfuura kare.

Key haana kunzi chete tsime simba, asiwo munhu kuti consolidates vose munzanga. Akanga asina kurambidzwa, kuwedzera kune chokuita. Namambo, vakafunga Catherine, aifanira kushandisa murefu uye kuitira "kuti mufaro nomumwe nomumwe." Chinoziva umambo kunangidzirwa kuti haana kusiyira rusununguko vanhu, uye nhungamiro yavo nesimba uye mabasa kuti vawane zvakafanana kubudirira.

Empress akavakamura Russian vanhu kupinda huru nhatu strata: kwamachinda, kuti zviduku bourgeoisie uye miduku yokuruwa. Freedom akatumidza kodzero kuita mukati murayiro. Huru chishandiso akataura mitemo mamiriro. Vakanga zvakavakwa uye akagadzira maererano "mweya yevanhu", kuti ndiye mafungiro. Zvose izvi raiva kugovera ane chinoziva umambo rechipiri hafu XVIII remakore. Catherine II akanga vatongi wokutanga Russian akataura nezvokukosha sevanhuwo mutemo mhosva. Akafunga chikuru chinangwa ehurumende haisi kurangwa vemhosva, uye kudzivirira mhosva dzavo.

upfumi

mbiru Economic iro akazorora ane avhenekerwa umambo, aiva nekodzero pfuma uye kurima. Mukuru zvimiso nyika kubudirira Catherine akadana basa rakaoma makirasi zvose Russian. Calling kurima hwaro hwenyika, asi Empress haana vakanyengera. Russia yechipiri yezana XVIII remakore yaiva yakadzika agrarian nyika, apo indasitiri zviri shure European.

Misha mizhinji iri yaitonga Catherine II akanzi guta, asi chaizvoizvo vakanga chete zvose misha pamwe chete nebasa uye chitarisiko. Mukusiyana ichi ndipo agrarian uye ateteguru Russia. Kunyange zvekufungidzira maguta madhorobha Vagari nyika yakanga isina anopfuura 5%.

Russian indasitiri, kufanana zvokurima, yakaramba feudal. Mafekitari manufactories zvinowanzoshandiswa rokumanikidzirwa, nekuti basa rehurumende vashandi mari makambani arayire zvakawanda. Zvichakadaro, kuEngland, hazvina akatotanga ari Industrial Revolution. Russia aivigirwa kunyanya Semi-dzapedza zvinhu uye dzinongoitika mbishi zvekushandisa. Finished zvinhu upfumi akapotsa haana kuita dzimwe kumusika.

Court uye Religion

Okupedzisira muzvitsauko "Instructions" Catherine ave vakazvipira kumatare. Chinoziva umambo muRussia, muna pfupi, vaisagona kushamwaridzana voruzhinji pasina muzvinapembe ichi. Zvekufamba yaikosha, aigona izvo kutsauka kunzwisisa Empress. Catherine akapa zvakawanda mashandiro anoita masangano. Kunyanya, dare aifanira kudzivirira musimboti rusununguko rwekunamata rinoshanda vagari vose Russia. Nyaya chitendero Catherine sei uye tsamba yake. Aiva anokumhan'arira kuti kumanikidzwa kuchiKristu, non-Russian vanhu munyika.

Chinoziva umambo - mamiriro midzi kuomerera mitemo uye mitemo. Ndokusaka Commission vakarambidza akaisa Catherine vakabata zvashata hearings. Empress zvakare vaishora kudzvinyirirwa rusununguko rwokutaura. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kutadzisa wake kuuya pasi zvaisarudza vaya, kwake maonero, mabhuku ake encroached pamusoro runyararo.

murimi mudiki mubvunzo

Huru dambudziko yakasangana ne chinoziva umambo kuRussia, zvakanga ramangwana serfdom. Munguva Catherine II vamanikidzwe chinzvimbo vanhuwo zvavo uye haisati akadzima. Asi pasi serfdom vakawanda paunotsoropodzwa kubva mberi sectors munzanga. Ichi munzanga zvakaipa zvave chinhu Nikolaya Novikova satirical magazini kurwisa ( "chikwama", "enyuchi hono", "rokupenda"). Kufanana Radishchev, haana kumirira kuchinja zvikuru anosarudza kubva pamusoro, uye akaiswa mujeri Schlisselburg nhare.

The fallacy pamusoro serfdom haana chete zvisina muranda nenzvimbo vanhuwo zvavo, asi kuti kutadza upfumi kukura umambo. Rusununguko Estates zvakafanira kushanda kwavo pachavo vabatsirwe. Shanda kuti muridzi, kuti abvise kukohwa uye mari, mumwe priori kwaisagona ubudirire. The vapfume miduku yokuruwa rakanga chete pashure ake kubudiswa muna 1861. Chinoziva mambo Catherine 2, mune pfupi, haana kuda kutora danho iri kuitira kuti achengetedze womukati isimbe, ndiyo kusavapo Kurwisana hurumende uye Varidzi. The Kutendeuka yasara Empress Village ipapo akasara chete nzvimbo yokugara. Yakanga paitonga maro - paraiitwa avakuru uranda vanhuwo zvavo. Nechekare mwanakomana Catherine kuti Paul I Boon kuderedzwa, kuva-zuva matatu.

The kutsoropodzwa autocracy

rationalism French uye Kujekerwa nepfungwa vakanongedzera zvazvakashatira feudal siyana hurumende. Saka akaberekwa ari kutsoropodzwa autocracy wokutanga. Chinoziva umambo, zvisinei, kwaingova muchimiro simba risingagumi. States akagamuchira zvokuchinja, asi vaifanira kuuya kubva kumusoro uye regai kukanganisa chinhu chikuru - the autocracy. Ndokusaka nguva Catherine II uye varo vakararama akatumidza nguva vakambovhenekerwa absolutism.

Chokutanga pachena kushora autocracy munyori Alexander Radishchev. ode ake "Liberty" waiva nhetembo wokutanga echimurenga Russia. Mushure Bhuku "Rwendo kubva St. Petersburg kuMoscow» Radishchev akatumwa kuutapwa. Nokudaro, chinoziva umambo Catherine 2, kunyange papi somunhu mberi mamiriro, haabvumirwi kuchinja zvematongerwo ezvinhu chitendero hachina basa muupenyu.

inotungamirwa

Munzira dzakawanda, kuchinja kubva absolutism kuti chinoziva umambo akauya kuburikidza basa kunoshamisa masayendisiti. chinovheneka Chief wokuRussia sayenzi XVIII remakore rakanga Mikhail Lomonosov. Muna 1755 akatanga Moscow University. Panguva iyoyowo utopianism inodzidzisa pabasa Masonic vadzimu, izvo zvava akakurumbira chaizvo pakati kwamachinda.

In yechipiri yezana XVIII remakore, mutsva richikurukura zvikoro oga vana kudzidza vanokudzwa, vatengesi, vafundisi, masoja, raznochinstva. Vose mukaitwa kirasi hunhu. Pano, sezvaingoitwawo, kunakisa yakanga mumaoko kwamachinda. Kwavari akasvinudzwa siyana pokugara, apo kudzidzisa chaiitirwa nezvinodiwa vokumadokero kweEurope.

Collapsing kuchinja

Legislative basa Catherine II chakanakisisa komisheni chinoratidza ukama pakati pfungwa "umambo kwakakwana" uye "chinoziva absolutism." The Empress akaedza kuumba hurumende kuti yaizova sevaya mienzaniso kuti akatsanangurwa nevafungi huru European pamusoro XVIII remakore. Zvisinei, ari kupikisana iri kuti dzidzo uye nemhedziso umambo haana kugona kuva enderana. Rarinoshevedzwa autocratic simba, Catherine pachake kudziviswa kukura ehurumende masangano. Zvisinei, okunyanyisa kuchinja havana kugadziriswa chero European woumambo Kujekerwa.

Zvichida Catherine, uye ndingadai vaenda uchiwedzera kusanduka, kana kwete vashoma kunoshamisa zviitiko yechipiri yezana XVIII remakore. Wokutanga yakaitika muRussia pacharo. Tiri kutaura Pugachev yemuna kuti hwapararira Urals uye Volga mudunhu 1773-1775 gg. Bope ritange Cossack ezvinhu. Akabva rakafukidza nyika uye murimi mudiki akaturikidzana. Serfs vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata Manor akaputswa, akauraya vadzvinyiriri zuro wacho. At kukwirira yemuna kudzora Emelyana Pugacheva maguta makuru akawanda, kusanganisira Orenburg uye Ufa vaiva. Catherine vakakanganiswa ndifare makurusa muzana remakore rapfuura yokupandukira. Apo mauto vakundwa Pugachev, akauya maitiro nezviremera uye zvokuchinja vasingachaiti. Mune ramangwana, nenguva Catherine akava "yendarama zera" pakati kwamachinda, kana Vasvika kufadza kukura ropafadzo.

Zvimwe zviitiko kuti dzakachinja maonero ari Empress, vakasvika vaviri chimurenga, hondo kuti rusununguko zviri American dzaidzorwa uye French Revolution. Last akapidigura umambo pamusoro Bourbons. Catherine aiva initiator ari muhurumende Anti-French, izvo zvinosanganisira huru masimba ose European pamwe chete absolutist mararamiro.

Cities uye vagari

Muna 1785 zvakanzi rakabudiswa Letters maguta bvumidzwa apo Catherine yacho. mamiriro dzomumaguta vanogarapo. Vakanga rakakamurwa anoverengeka mhando pamusoro magariro uye pfuma mamiriro. Kirasi yokutanga "chaihwo dzomumaguta vagari 'mafungiro namachinda muridzi wemunda chaiye, uyewo vafundisi uye officialdom. Izvi zvakateverwa ari chikwata vatengesi, raanoziva nyanzvi dzokugadzira, nonresident vatorwa, vagari Posada. Yoga dzinounzwa Vagari inozvikudza. Ndivo vanhu vane madhigirii yunivhesiti, varidzi yemisoro makuru, vokubhengi, chikepe varidzi.

The chinzvimbo of nemataundi munhu ropafadzo. Somuenzaniso, vagari inozvikudza vakapiwa kodzero private bindu, nyika pachivanze uye murairidzi. Sokurondedzera ari bumbiro vanhu vane kodzero dzokuvhota. Burgesses uye vatengesi vakagamuchira dzidziso dzekuvamba hurumende. Diploma ushandiswe nguva kuronga misangano vakapfuma uye simba zvikuru vagari muna 3 years. Umbwa zvokuwedzera rokutonga masangano - vehurumende. The nzvimbo kuti yave akaumba kuburikidza kuverenga, kusvikira 1870, kureva kusvikira kuchinja Alexander II.

vanokudzwa ropafadzo

Panguva imwe chete chete Charter kumaguta yakabudiswa kukosha Charter kuna vakakwirira. Gwaro iri rava chiratidzo yose ichikosha pakati Catherine II uye kuvhenekerwa umambo yose. Akakurukura pfungwa zviri Manifesto pakati rusununguko kwamachinda, vakagamuchirwa muna 1762 pasi Peter III. Charter kuna Catherine anoti Varidzi - chete chepamutemo vepamusoro wokuRussia munzanga.

Knighthood yakaitwa nhaka, inalienable uye anoshanda anokudzwa mhuri yose. Kurasikirwa aristocrat ake kugona chete kune imwe mhosva. Saka Catherine ndee pana yako tsika yokuti maitiro zvose pasina chakasara, kwamachinda aifanira kuenzana yakakwirira munzvimbo dzavo.

Nemhaka yaro "huru" Varidzi anosunungurwa kubva koporo kurangwa. muridzi wavo kuratidzirwa mhando dzakasiyana pfuma uye, zvinonyanya kukosha, kuti serfs. Makurukota aigona pakuda kuva Entrepreneurs Somuenzaniso, vaiita mugungwa zvokutengeserana. Persons weimba huru dzakabvumirwa kuti mafekitari. On machinda havana nokurebesa mitero pachavo.

Makurukota aigona kusika pachavo munzanga yavo - the Assembly Noble, pamwe nekodzero enyika uye dzavo nemari. Masangano akadai vanobvumirwa kutumira namambo zvaMambo zvinhu uye transformations. Assembly ndokumisa pamusoro muganhu hwaro uye akasungirirwa ruwa. Hurumende Ndivo vakuru kwamachinda, chinangwa iyo hunopiwa naGavhuna.

Charter kuti agumise refu gadziriro kuruponeso landlords wemunda. Gwaro rakanyorwa kuti raiva avakuru vaiona chikuru uchityaira simba munzanga muRussia. It kwakavakirwa musimboti ichi, zvose zvipfuwo vakambovhenekerwa umambo. The simba kwamachinda zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kuramba kare pasi akatsiva Catherine Paul I. Mambo uyu, sezvo mugari wenhaka, aipesana mai vake, akaedza kudzima ose zvakagadzirwa dzayo. Paul akabvumira kuzoitawo nevaitonga koporo kurangwa, akarambidza kuti kuonana naye pachake. Vazhinji mhinduro vave akadzima Paul pasi mwanakomana wake Alexander I. Asi itsva XIX remakore, Russia iye zvino akapinda danho idzva racho kukura. Chinoziva absolutism raiva chiratidzo panguva - yaitonga Catherine II.