Civic Kuzivikanwa - chii ichi? Kutsanangura pfungwa

Munhu wese inosimbiswa rusununguko rwokusarudza, kusanganisira panyaya yokuzvitonga uye zvitupa. Unhu achiumbwa munyika zvipenyu Kamudzira pasi pokudzora kwenzanga uye matambudziko vanhu vake. On sei wose anokoshesa kukanganisa kwayo pamusoro upenyu vanhu uye hurumende kunoenderana kutsiga evanhu masimba. Inotungamirwa wehurumende nokuzivikanwa rakanyatsojeka matambudziko pfungwa kuyaruka Danho okukura. Vechiduku haagoni kunzwisisa zvizere basa wavo mafungiro munyika. Izvi kunonyanya kukonzerwa nokusava mashoko kana zvaigara nzira makurukuriro dzaro. Munyaya ino isu tsanangura chii chinoumba National ehurumende ani.

Kunzwisisa pfungwa ehurumende nokuzivikanwa

Paumbwe raiitirwa nokuzivikanwa chinhu chinokosha masangano simba Kutarisira, National kuchengeteka uye kudzivirira. Kana vanhu vanogona kuziva pachavo, ipapo nyika iyi inogona zvakarurama kunzi democratic.

Kare, kuti sumo kupinda wokufambisa pfungwa "vachanogara" uye kunzwisisa mairi ndiye kunobatanidza chikonzero. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinobatsira kubvisa aparadzane munharaunda, anobatanidza yakasiyana kirasi, strata uye mapoka vemo. Zviri kubatana vanhu vose, izvo, chokwadi, rinounza mupiro yayo kuna Kudzikamiswa. Pasinei nokuti ndiani ari ani uye sei mari zvakawanda zvose kufanana. Izvi zvinoita kuti tive zvakafanana pamutemo framework uye midziyo kuchengetedza vagari 'zvido. Hurumende munyika iyo nheyo ehurumende nokuzivikanwa, zvingaite nevezvematongerwo enyika.

Civic dzidzo vechikoro vemazera akasiyana

Civil Kuzivikanwa vadzidzi vaduku vavo wechikuru nevamwe zvino ava nyaya nhaurirano iri pedagogical, mupfungwa uye zvesayenzi yeChina. Pashure pezvose, kuziva pachake somunhu mumwe munhu anofanira kubva pamhuno.

dzidzo Civil achipfeka ane pfungwa dzinotevera:

• matambudziko pamusoro psyche mwana;
• kupa zivo imwe mhando;
• pakuita pfungwa kuremekedza uye kuda Motherland;
• ari kuda kufarira nyika nhoroondo uye madzibaba avo;
• kuisa hwaro jurisprudence;
• paumbwe pfungwa mhosvawo yezviito zvavo, nokuti sarudzo dzavo, njodzi ehurumende;
• kushingaira citizenship.

tinoberekwa ruzivo

Pakupedzisira, zvaireva kuti paumbwe yevagari ndiani mudzidzi anofanira kuisa mariri zvimwe zvinokosha. Anofanira kuva ruzivo nezvekodzero dzavo uye mabasa, zvematongerwo enyika uye sarudzo.

Mwana amenable kuti simba kubva kuvabereki, kukireshi uye chikoro, vanofanira kungwarira tsika kuti tiremekedze kodzero uye sarudzo zvevamwe, kushivirira. Mukuita huchangotanga vana vanofanira kuumbwa nokufunga dzinonetsa, kukwanisa zvakakwana maonero mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika. Munhu anofanira kunge ndiripo chido kutaura pfungwa dzavo kana chigumbu, anofanira kuita munzanga uye enyika upenyu. Education yevagari nokuzivikanwa kunoratidzwa kukudziridza kumarudzi kurarama maererano nevanhu tsika.

Kutsunga pfungwa ehurumende nokuzivikanwa

Kune mhirikiro dzakawanda pfungwa ehurumende ani. Zvechokwadi, izvozvo zvinogona kuva vanhu zvinhu zvikuru zvakafanana uye ane nezvaanoreva zvakasiyana. Asi pakutanga nedzevanhu ani - kuzvipira munhu kuva boka rimwe kana mumwe. zvakajeka Anofanira kunzwisisa chokwadi resarudzo.

In nomumwe mamiriro, pfungwa iri basa yakasiyana ukoshi. Civic Kuzivikanwa - pfungwa unhu pacharo sezvo chikamu rakarongeka ehondo maatomu akafanana. Uye kuti vanofanira kudzivirira kubva chero kuratidzwa kunaka munzanga.

The duality tsananguro

Pfungwa ehurumende nokuzivikanwa zvinogona kuzivikanwa kubva kumaonero maviri. Yokutanga inotaura kuti tsanangudzo iyi inoratidza munhu chomumwe imwe vanhu imwe mamiriro. Wechipiri chinzvimbo, kusiyana yapfuura mumwe, rinoti kuti chirairo hakusi imwe nzanga, uye kuti raora vanhu seboka. dzidziso iyi inoratidza kuti yakabudirira murume anoona anozviita seboka nyaya.

Zvechokwadi, chokutanga nzvimbo rinozivisa tsanangudzo maviri, uye anoti ehurumende ani - uyu muRoma. Asi kwete zvakakwana kuva chikamu nyika pamusoro pasipoti, zvakakosha kutaura mafungiro uye kunzwa chikamu chacho. Base revatema maonero vanofanira kuziva mukana kuzvisarudzira uye kuzvidzora zvitupa. Vanhu, umo mune nheyo ehurumende tsika wacho, achibatsirwa dzidzo akateya zvimwe unhu hwakadai uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika, tsika uye kushivirira.

Zvinhu rokuumba vehurumende nokuzivikanwa

Nokuvapo nemamwe matambudziko pamusoro paumbwe paruzhinji kuziva. Mumwe mugari anogona kuziva kwavo vagari, vanofanira kuva varipo zvinhu zvinoverengeka:

• nyaya chete;
• zvakafanana tsika;
• kusavapo mutauro ematongerwo;
• tichibatanidza mupfungwa inoti;
• mharidzo mashoko masangano ose socialization;

Nhoroondo chidzoke ane mugari dzidzo dzidziso

Civic Kuzivikanwa - ndizvo zvakashatirisa vanhu munguva dzekare. Sezvo kuitika mune dzidzo, yakanga yakaumbwa nguva refu, kuti nyaya yave akadzidza kwete chete nokuda nevafungi ano. Aongorora zvinofungwa dzekare uye vazivi, tinogona kugumisa kuti nheyo yokuzvisarudzira panyaya iyi dzakaiswa mubudiriro yekare. Munguva Uyezve, vanofunga kuti kuva pfungwa iyi munharaunda, uye ari pacharo kuva vakadzidza uye ruzivo panyaya iyi. Rinopa kodzero vanoti hunhu evanhu ukama iri pakutsvaga mwero Implementation pakati muuzivi ehurumende dzidzo.

Paumbwe raiitirwa zvinocherechedzesa vechikoro chinokosha dzidzo muGirisi yekare. Zvino kubva idzi akasiya mukuru pabasa uye akapfuma nhaka pfungwa kwouzivi panyaya sayenzi dzidzo. Somuenzaniso, Plato, basa rake anotaurawo kukosha veruzhinji uye kuzvidzora dzidzo. Izvi runoratidzwa nezita mabasa ake akawanda chose kuti dzidzo.

A muteveri Plato, Aristotle vaiona chinhu chinokosha anobudirira utariri imwe nyika yakakodzera kutarisira kumarudzi vane pfungwa yakarurama uye pfungwa. Maererano naye, dzidzo vechiduku ndiko kuchengetedza runyararo. Akati kuti matambudziko ari mupfungwa vana vanofanira kutanga aine makore manomwe. Aristotle nharo kuti padanho kukura uye ruzivo vanofanira kusvika pokuti munhu akakwanisa kubata yake mamiriro.

Medievalism

Pakati Kujekerwa of namasere remakore, zvakanzi vaidavira kuti paumbwe imwe National ehurumende nokuzivikanwa hazvibviri pasina mukana wakakwana pamwero dzidzo. inodiwa yakanga mumwe chikamu vanhu vakadaro kuti kutsiga kwenzanga. pfungwa iyi yakaparidzwa chikuru mupfungwa nguva yake - Rousseau, Diderot, Pestalozzi, Helvetius. Patinosangana Russian vemunharaunda nesayenzi kuti pfungwa yakadaro I aiwanzoda K. D. Ushinsky.

All izvi vanhu vakati kuti nzanga chinogona kunzwa simba ravo uye unyanzvi chete kana munhu wose inganakirwa kodzero dzidzo. Kuti vawane dzidzo uye anofanira kupa hurumende, nokuti zvinodiwa nyika.

Nebudiriro namapfumbamwe remakore

kunzwisisa Itsva ehurumende nokuzivikanwa kwakaitwa nevafungi pamusoro namapfumbamwe remakore. Mupfungwa dzavo, kusaruramisira weboka kwenzanga kupinda makirasi uye kirasi kunokutadzisa kubatana kwevanhu uye kunzwisisa zvakasimba kuti munhu kodzero. Saka vaiti kuMadokero zvavo utopian hurongwa Owen, Fourier, Marx uye Shona. democrats Russian, vamiririri zvakanga Chernyshevsky, Belinsky uye Dobrolyubov chete vakatsigira pfungwa iyi.

mutsetse Single zvapararira yokungotaura zvose zvaizoitika zvavo. Maererano navo, zvisinei ndivo pfuma mamiriro, ruzivo uye inorumbidza mubishi evanhu kugadzirwa. Vose vanhu mupfungwa iyi vakaenzana.

Pfungwa American muzivi Dewey

Pfungwa Muzivi ichi American zvishoma ndiremudzwe vehurumende kuzivikanwa pfungwa. Ndiro ichangobva kuitika mumunda dzidzo. In basa rake, tinogona kugumisa kuti huru pfungwa iri paumbwe imwe hweruzhinji muvanhu. Munhu haafaniri kumanikidzwa pamusoro maonero kubva kurutivi.

Dewey akatsigira pfungwa pachako kukura. Akataura kuti urongwa mukana yokuzviratidza ane zvakawanda zvinobudirira nzira kupfuura kumanikidzwa panze. Kureva, simuka pamusoro pacharo zvaidikwa kwete kuvimba zvakataurwa uye magwaro, kunyange vakachenjera, asi vamwe vanhu, asi chete zvakaitika yavo. Saka, zvinokwanisika kutsanangura maonero ayo chete kutongwa uye kukanganisa.

Dewey akati kuti vana vanofanira kuva pane munhu unyanzvi uye kuvatendera kusvika zvidiki, asi zvinokosha kuti zvinangwa izvi. Wechikoro anofanira kugadzirira mwana upenyu mukuru, kwete chete azvakaita, asiwo mutsika. Zvinofanira munyoro, kuumbwa uye akazvimirira. Kureva, unofanira kudzidzisa vechiduku kunofambira mberi zvinhu zvakanyorwa mumabhuku, uye edza kuti ndiwedzere nokuda kuitika nguva nguva uye kuti varambe vachifambirana nokusingaperi-dzichiri nyika.

Soviet dzidziso

Modern Russian vehurumende nokuzivikanwa kunonyanya kukonzerwa kunyatsoreva nguva Soviet Union. mubvunzo uyu akabhadhara chaiyo kuteerera mitemo kudzidzisa sainzi, akadai Sukhomlinsky, Makarenko, Blonsky, uye Pinkevich Shatsky. mabasa avo ose tsanangura nzira dzidzo, sangano seboka chiito. Asi vanhu ava, kufanana basa ravo, vakabatana kuti vaumbe zvakasikwa nevanhu vana pfungwa rudo uye kuremekedza nyika, mhuri, nhoroondo yemadzitateguru avo vose vanhu.

Kuburikidza siyana uri mwana anofanira kunyora zvinokosha vanhu uye budiriro. Moral uye tsika, maererano vadzidzisi izvi yakakurumbira kuipa vanhu zvakanaka mudiki. Yose upenyu hwomunhu uye ukama hwake munyika uye vamwe kuvimba sei somwana akadzidza pfungwa dzakadai zvakanaka uye zvakaipa.

chiono ano

Panguva iyoyo, zvinetso ehurumende nokuzivikanwa nyaya ndiyo nyaya mabasa akawanda vazivi, vanachiremba uye vadzidzisi, akadai Sokolov uye Yamburg. Vazhinji nyanzvi kuri pfungwa kuti gadziriro dzidzo pfungwa iyi vana ano haazoiti. Mwana haafaniri kuva "mudziyo usina chinhu" kuti izere panguva kungwara kwayo vakuru. Anofanira kutora Zvinoshingaira ari hwekudzidza. Nokudaro yakabereka chiratidzo ake uye kunzwisisa zviri kuitika.

The ukama pakati mudzidzi uye mudzidzisi vanofanira kuda, vanofanira kunzwa iri akamira zvakaenzana. Chete kana mwana pachake achava kufarira zvachose uye kufarira kwavo kukura uye kuzvipira ruzivo pachavo, zvinoreva uchava dzidzo. Kana vana kushandisa dzidziso kubva munzvimbo dzavo, ichava hwaro tsika inotungamirwa. Mumwe zvinobatanidzwa dzidzo ano iri kutarisira uye basa mugari kubva achiri muduku.