InotungamirwaNyaya

Creation uye kuidzwa wokutanga mabhomba bhomba iri USSR

The Soviet Union Kubvira 1918 tsvakurudzo pamusoro zvenyukireya wefizikisi kuti vakagadzirira kuidzwa wokutanga mabhomba bhomba iri USSR. In Leningrad, kuti Radium Institute muna 1937, akanga yakatanga cyclotron, wokutanga muEurope. "Mugore chii kwaiva muedzo maatomu bhomba iri USSR rokutanga?" - You kubvunza. The mhinduro muchaziva nokukurumidza.

Muna 1938, November 25, chisarudzo Academy of Sciences yakavhurwa Commission pamusoro mabhomba musimboti. In kwayo sezvamunoita yaisanganisira Sergei Vavilov, Abramu Alikhanov Abhuramu Joffe, Igor Kurchatov nevamwe. Vakanga akabatana makore maviri gare gare Isai Gurevich uye Vitaly Khlopin. Kutsvakurudza Nuclear kuitwa nenzira iyoyo kare kupfuura 10 tsvakurudzo Kudya. Apo USSR Academy of Sciences mugore iroro rakarongwa nenzira rinorema mvura basa, izvo akazozivikanwa sezvo Commission on Isotopes. Pashure kuverenga nyaya ino, uchadzidza kuti ubvume kumwe kurovedzwa uye kuidzwa wokutanga mabhomba bhomba iri USSR.

Kuvaka cyclotron muna Leningrad, kuwanikwa itsva uranium exchange esimbi

Muna 1939, muna September, zvakatanga kuvakwa imwe cyclotron muna Leningrad. Muna 1940, muna April, kwakasarudzwa kusika mutyairi chirimwa, izvo rwaizobereka pagore 15 makirogiramu inorema mvura. Zvisinei, nemhaka yatanga panguva yehondo, zvirongwa izvi havana rakatangwa. Muna May wegore iroro, Yu Khariton, Ya Zel'dovich, N. Semenov akapa pfungwa yake kukura uranium exchange renyukireya cheni zvakaitwa. Panguva iyoyowo, basa rakatanga musi kuwanikwa itsva uranium exchange ores. Ndivo vokutanga matanho kupa makore anoverengeka, zvakasikwa uye kuidzwa maatomu bhomba kuti Soviet Union.

Mharidzo yefizikisi nezveramangwana mabhomba bhomba

yefizikisi zhinji kubva mukupera 30 kuti mangwanani 40 akanga atove ine pfungwa sei achatarira. Pfungwa yaiva pfungwa nokukurumidza zvakakwana panzvimbo imwe imwe mari (a yakaoma guru) kuti fissile zvinhu pasi pokudzora neutrons. Zvinofanira kutanga pashure imwe aval nokuwedzera kwenhamba maatomu decays. Kureva, ichava cheni maitiro, somugumisiro uko dzinounzwa guru wedzera simba uye kuputika hombe kunoitika.

Matambudziko vasangana pakasikwa maatomu bhomba

Dambudziko rokutanga kwaiva kuwana fissile acho vhoriyamu yakakwana. Zvakasikwa, nenhumbi chete mhando ichi kuti aigona kuwanikwa - ndiye uranium exchange isotope pamwe gobvu nhamba 235 (kureva, uwandu neutrons uye protons ari musimboti), kana - uranium exchange-235. Zviri isotope ichi dzinongoitika uranium exchange - kwete kupfuura 0,71% (uranium exchange-238 - 99,2%). Uyezve, zviri yepanyama esimbi zvinhu yava kupfuura 1%. Naizvozvo, nyore raiva kusarudzwa U-235.

Nokukurumidza zvakava pachena pane uranium exchange ndiyo plutonium-239. Zvaiita hariwanikwi zvakasikwa (zviri asingasviki 100 nguva pane kuti uranium exchange-235). The chinogamuchirika wevasungwa zvinokwanisika kuwana ari reactor kwenyukireya kana irradiated uranium exchange-238 pamwe neutrons. Kuvakwa reactor kuti chinangwa ichi vari uyewo zvikuru kuoma.

Dambudziko rechitatu raiva kuti vanounganidza inodiwa uwandu fissile zvinhu panzvimbo imwe kwaisava nyore. In nedanho rapprochement subcritical dzakabatana, kunyange zvikuru makasimba madziri kutanga usabuda fission kuita. The simba kubudiswa iyi, ingasatibvumira huru mutumbi maatomu muzvirongwa fission kwacho. Vasina nguva vanoita, ivo kuvaparadzira.

Kugadzirwa Maslov uye V. V. Shpinel

Maslov uye V. Spinel kubva Kharkov Zvokunyama-Technical Institute muna 1940 nyaya fomu nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa zvombo, kwakavakirwa kushandisa nengetani maitiro kuti achatanga kwatangwa fission kuti uranium exchange-235, ayo supercritical guru, iro akasika kubva wandei subcritical vakaparadzana putika impermeable nokuti neutrons uye akaparadza pedyo detonation. mubvunzo Large kunokonzera operability kupomera zvakafanana, asi zvisinei chitupa nokuti chipo kuvamba vachiri kuwana. Zvisinei, izvi zvakaitika chete muna 1946.

Gun American vanoronga

Nokuti kutanga mabhomba vokuAmerica vataurira kushandisa kanoni zano umo kushandisa zvechokwadi pfuti dhiramu. With payo, chikamu chimwe fissile zvinhu (subcritical) muchadya mumwe. Asi akazoona kuti zano rakadaro hakusi akakodzera kuti plutonium nokuti kuti mwero convergence kukwana.

Kuvaka cyclotron muMoscow

Muna 1941, April 15, SNK akasarudza kutanga kuvaka imwe cyclotron simba muMoscow. Zvisinei, pashure Mukuru Patriotic War, takamiswa anenge ose basa mune wefizikisi zvenyukireya, zvakagadzirirwa kuunza 1 mabhomba bhomba bvunzo muna USSR. Pamberi rakatarira yefizikisi zhinji yenyukireya. Vamwe vakanga redirected kuti uwane zvenzara, sezvo zvaiita, basa rinosvika.

Collection mashoko pamusoro nyaya yenyukireya

Nekunhonga mashoko nyaya renyukireya kubvira 1939 mubasa 1st Department of NKVD uye Red Army GRU. Muna 1940, muna October, naJ Cairncross vakagamuchira shoko rokutanga, izvo akataura urongwa pave bhomba yenyukireya. Nyaya iyi riri British Committee kuti Science, mu raakashandisa Cairncross. Muna 1941, muzhizha, basa racho aifarirwa bhomba, yainzi "Tube elloyz". England apo hondo imwe nyika Vatungamiriri kukura kwenyukireya. Izvi kunonyanya kukonzerwa kubatsirwa masayendisiti German vakanga vatizira kunyika iyi veMubatanidzwa Hitler kuti simba.

Fuchs, nhengo KPD, aiva mumwe wavo. Akapinda mumatsutso 1941 panguva Soviet Embassy, iro vakati rine mashoko anokosha pamusoro chombo simba akasika muEngland. S. Cramer uye R. Kuchinsky (redhiyo opareta Sonia) vakanga dzinounzwa kutaura naye. The redhiyo mashoko okutanga akatumira Moscow mashoko pamusoro nzira inokosha uranium exchange isotope kuparadzana, gasi diffusion, uyewo kuvakwa kuti chinangwa ichi chirimwa kuWales. Pashure matanhatu rachulis akarasikirwa chokuita hwake Fuchs.

The muedzo maatomu bhomba iri USSR, musi iyo yava kuzivikanwa nevakawanda, vakagadzirira uye nezvimwe vasori. Saka, musori Soviet muUnited States Semenov (Twain) rakashuma mukupera 1943 kuti Enrico Fermi muna Chicago akakwanisa kuita wokutanga cheni zvakaitwa. The mashoko aya aiva yefizikisi Pontecorvo. Maererano Foreign Intelligence mutsetse panguva imwecheteyo zvakaitika kubva kuEngland akavhara mabasa masayendisiti kuWest panyaya renyukireya, chaiko makore 1940-1942. Mashoko mavari, akasimbisa kuti zvaikosha mberi kwaitwa mukusika munhu mabhomba bhambu.

Konenkov mudzimai (yaifananidzira pazasi), yakakurumbira muvezi, vakashanda nevamwe kuongorora. Akatamira pedyo Einstein uye Oppenheimer, masayendisiti kunoshamisa, uye akapa nguva refu kwechirwere pavari. L. Zarubin, mumwe mugari wenyika USA, aiva chikamu denderedzwa vanhu Oppenheimer, uye L. Szilard. Achibatsirwa vakadzi ava, USSR akakwanisa dzika nevasori muLos Alamos, Oak Ridge, uyewo Chicago yezvirwere - chikuru pakutsvakurudza renyukireya nzvimbo mu America. Nokuti mashoko ari mabhomba bhomba muUnited States vakapfuura ungwaru Soviet muna 1944 Rosenbergs, D. Greenglass, Pontecorvo, C. Nokuda T. Hall, Fuchs.

Muna 1944, pakutanga February, Beria, vanhu commissar of NKVD, sachigaro musangano njere madzishe. Kwakasarudzwa kuti dzinotarisira muunganidzwa mashoko pamusoro matambudziko zvenyukireya, izvo zvinouya kuburikidza Red Army GRU uye NKVD. "C" Division vakasikirwa ichi. Muna 1945, 27 September, yakanga yakarongwa. P. Sudoplatov Commissioner GB, ndokunanga dhipatimendi ichi.

Fuchs mumaoko muna January 1945, nokurondedzerwa kunoitwa mabhomba bhomba magadzirirwo. Intelligence Inter Alia zvakagadzirwa sezvo zvokuvakisa kuparadzana uranium exchange isotopes nokuda remagetsi nzira, ari mashoko pazuva rokutanga reactors, mirayiridzo kugadzirwa plutonium uye uranium exchange mabhomba, mashoko ari kukura yakaoma guru plutonium uye uranium exchange ari kugadzirwa bhomba lenses kuti plutonium-240, kutevedzana uye nguva remapazi kuungano uye anogadzira zvinhu mabhomba. Information uyewo chokuita nzira yokuunza bhomba initiator Chaizvoizvo, kuvakwa anokosha miti nekuti akazvitsaurira isotopes. uye dhayari Entries vave nokugamuchira, yaiva mashoko pamusoro wokutanga bvunzo kuputika nebhomba muUnited States muna July 1945.

Kuuya mashoko migero izvi kuti mhanyisa uye aivabatsira basa pamberi masayendisiti Soviet. Nyanzvi Western vanodavira kuti vari USSR bhomba inogona chete yakatanga pamakore 1954-1955. Asi vakanga kururama. The muedzo maatomu bhomba iri USSR wokutanga zvakaitika muna 1949, muna August.

nzendo New kwezvisikwa maatomu bhomba

Muna 1942, muna April, M. Pervukhin, vanhu commissar of makemikari indasitiri, akanga briefed musi Stalin kuti kurayira chete zvinhu chokuita basa maatomu bhambu, akatakurwa kunze. Kuongorora mubumbiro mushumo Pervukhin mashoko aida kuti pave neboka nyanzvi. Chinosanganisira, pamusoro dzinoenda kuna Joffe, vaduku masayendisiti Kikoin, Kurchatov uye Alikhanov.

Muna 1942, musi November 27 chirevo "On uranium exchange mugodhi" T-zvikwereti. It akagovera pakagadzwa chevanorwara chaiyo, uyewo pakutanga basa iri kubudiswa uye dzokubudisa pamusoro pakugadzira zvinhu, Geological prospecting. izvi zvose zvinofanirwa kushandisa murayiro nekukurumidza kwaiva muedzo wokutanga mabhomba bhomba iri USSR. 1943rd gore kwakaratidzwa chokuti NKTSM Akagadzirawo dzokubudisa uye kubudiswa kubva uranium exchange esimbi muna Tajikistan musi Tabarshskom wangu. Chirongwa chaiva matani 4 pagore kuti uranium exchange munyu.

Vanounganidzwa masayendisiti vamba panguva iyoyo vakanga wakasuduruka mberi. In chete 1943, 11 February, yakanga yakarongwa maererano Laboratory nhamba 2 Academy of Sciences. mukuru wayo akagadzwa Kurchatov. Iye aifanira kutungamirira basa iri pakusika maatomu bhomba.

uchenjeri Soviet muna 1944 kwaiva kuwana Directory, yaiva mashoko anokosha pamusoro kuvapo uranium exchange-graphite reactors uye kuziva parameters ari reactor. Zvisinei, kodzero kukopa kunyange chiduku experimental renyukireya reactor uranium exchange haana asi kurarama munyika yedu. Muna 1944, 28 September, hurumende yeSoviet akaita fanira kuti NKTSM tora uranium exchange uye uranium exchange munyu vachingotya mari. Murabhoritari № 2 okuchengetera basa ravo akanzi.

Basa kuitwa muBulgaria

A guru boka nyanzvi, moderated ne V. Kravchenko, mukuru 4th Special Department of NKVD, muna 1944, muna November, akaenda kudzidza ubanguranyika kunoguma kusunungurwa kuBulgaria. Zvegore, musi December 8 GKO akasarudza kureva kubudiswa uye dzokubudisa kuti uranium exchange esimbi kubva SCMC 9th Office weHurumende GMP NKVD. Muna 1945, muna March, musoro mugodhi uye metallurgia dhipatimendi wa9 Department akagadzwa Egorov. Zvadaro, muna January, vakarongwa maererano NII-9 nokuti kudzidza uranium exchange deposits, kugadzirisa zvinetso plutonium uye uranium exchange simbi, kubudiswa mbishi zvinhu. Bulgaria nokuda nguva yakashuma pamusoro vhiki uye matani nehafu uranium exchange esimbi.

Construction diffusion chirimwa

Kubvira muna 1945, kubva March, pashure risiti US migero NKGB schema mashoko bhambu, yakavakirwa panheyo implosion (kureva compression pamusoro fissile zvinhu kubudikidza nokuputika kwakajairika zvinoputika), basa riri zano kwakatangwa aiva chinokosha paanopfuura pfuti. Muna April 1945, B. Mahaney akanyora katsamba Beria. Rakati kuti muna 1947 iri kutarisirwa kutanga kuti vabereke uranium exchange-235 diffusion chirimwa, riri pana nhamba 2. Performance Laboratory hwomuti aifanira anenge 25 makirogiramu kuti uranium exchange pagore. Kuti vanofanira kunge zvakakwana kuti mabhomba maviri. Nokuti US chaizvoizvo zvakatora 65 makirogiramu kuti uranium exchange-235.

Kuita tsvakurudzo German masayendisiti

May 5, 1945 muhondo kuti Berlin yakawanikwa pfuma kungova Physics Institute of Company pakati Kaiser Wilhelm. A basa rinokosha, inotungamirwa A. Zavenyagin akatumwa Germany musi May 9th. Basa racho rakanga kuwana masayendisiti vaishanda ipapo maatomu bhambu, kuunganidza zvinhu pamusoro dambudziko uranium exchange. Pamwe chete nemhuri dzavo vari USSR yakaendeswa chinokosha boka remasayendisiti German. Vaisanganisira Nobel laureates N. Riehl uye H. Hertz, purofesa Gaibu, M. of Ardenne, P. Thiessen, G. Makogon, M. Vollmer, R. Deppel nevamwe.

Kusikwa maatomu bhomba iri kunonoka

zvakanga zvakafanira kuvaka reactor kwenyukireya hwokubereka plutonium-239. Kunyange mutyairi wendege akatora vanenge 36 matani uranium exchange simbi, graphite uye 500 T 9 T kuti uranium exchange dioxide. By August 1943 dambudziko racho ragadziriswa graphite. kusunungurwa Its hunogadzwa May 1944 panguva Moscow Electrode Plant. Zvisinei, zvakanaka kuwanda uranium exchange munyika yakanga kuguma 1945.

Stalin aida nekukurumidza aiva muedzo wokutanga mabhomba bhomba iri USSR. Gore iro rave richiitwa, zvakanga aimbova 1948-ndipo (kusvikira chitubu). Zvisinei, panguva ino kwakanga kunyange zvinhu ayo kugadzirwa. The wava mutsva akagadzwa February 8, 1945 nehurumende chirevo. The mabhomba bhomba akakurudzirwa March 1, 1949.

The mukunopera, akagadzirira muedzo wokutanga mabhomba bhomba iri USSR

The chiitiko izvo vakatsvaka refu kudaro, yakazonzi kuzodzosera dzakarongwa. The muedzo maatomu bhomba muSoviet Union wokutanga kwakaitika mugore 1949, sezvo aronga, asi kwete March uye muna August.

Muna 1948, musi June 19, wokutanga maindasitiri reactor ( "A") kwakatangwa. "B" chirimwa yakavakwa kuti voga pakati renyukireya mafuta plutonium akabudiswa. Uranium exchange kutigumbura irradiated, ichiputswa uye vakaparadzana nemakemikari zvinoreva uranium exchange kubva plutonium. The inotoda ipapo mberi anatswa fission zvigadzirwa kuitira kuderedza ayo nemwaranzi basa. Panguva "B" muna April 1949, takatanga kubudisa zvikamu plutonium bhomba-sosaiti, uchishandisa NII-9 rwokugadzira. Wokutanga tsvakurudzo reactor uchishandisa mvura rinorema, kwakatangwa panguva imwecheteyo. With tsaona dzakawanda akaenda kugadzirwa kukura. Kana kubviswa nemigumisiro dzavo yakaonekwa zviitiko overexposure mudonzvo. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo hatina kuteerera pezvisingakoshi dzakadaro. The chinonyanya kukosha kuita bvunzo wokutanga ane mabhomba bhomba iri USSR (musi waro - 1949, August 29).

Muna July, nokuchengeta akanga akagadzirira Kit zvinoriumba. Kuti chirimwa yokuita zvenyama kuyerwa, akasiya boka yefizikisi, izvo zvakaita Fleury. boka dzidziso akatungamirira Zeldovich, akatumirwa kuti processing kuyerwa zvabuda, uyewo pakuverenga kuti ndingangokuvara kukwana atsamwira uye kunyatsoshanda tsika.

Saka, muedzo ane mabhomba bhomba iri USSR Wokutanga akaberekwa mugore 1949. 5 Commission wokurera muna August akapomerwa plutonium uye akatumira KB-11, chaiwo chitima. Paiva panguva ino opera anodiwa basa. Control paungano mhosva yakaitirwa KB-11 pausiku 10 August 11. The mudziyo akabva namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara uye nhengo dzayo yakazara kuti akatumira landfill. Sezvambotaurwa, muedzo ane mabhomba bhomba muSoviet Union wokutanga akatora nzvimbo musi 29 Nyamavhuvhu. Saka bhomba Soviet rakavambwa kwemakore 2 years uye 8 months.

The muedzo wokutanga mabhomba bhomba

Mune USSR muna 1949, August 29, kwave yenyukireya warhead nemiedzo panguva Semipalatinsk bvunzo yacho. On the rig vaiva midziyo. Simba kuputika rakanga 22 kilotons. Magadzirirwo akashandisa kupomera akadzokorora "Fat Man" kubva US, uye yemagetsi zvekupfakira yakazokudziridzwa nemasayendisiti eSoviet. The multilayer Murongerwo chinhu mabhomba mutariri. It kuburikidza compressing idenderedzwa convergent detonation chinozunguzirwa akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze plutonium kuchinjirwa kune yakaoma ezvinhu.

Zvimwe zvaiitwa wokutanga mabhomba bhomba

5 kg ye plutonium yakaiswa mukati memhosva. Izvo zvinhu zvakaiswa mumhando yeviri hemispheres, yakakombwa nehombe ye uranium-238. Yakashanda kudzivisa nucleus kuvhara mukati mekuita kweketani kuitira kuti zviite zvakawanda se plutonium sezvazvinogona. Mukuwedzera, yakashandiswa seiri kuratidza, pamwe chete neutron moderator. Tamper yakanga yakapoteredzwa nehomwe yakaitwa yealuminium. Yakashanda kufanana nekukanganisa kutyisidzira kwemauto enyukireya.

Kuiswa kwekodhi yaiva nemafuta ekuchengetedza kwakagadzirirwa pakarepo kusati kwatongwa. Nokuda kwechinangwa ichi, pakanga pane chimwe chinhu chakakosha kuburikidza nehuni, iyo yakange yakavharwa nekumisa kubva pane kuputika. Uye mukati memukati nekunze kwakange kune mashumo, ayo akanga akavharwa nemabviki. Kuparadzaniswa kwechikamu che-1 kg ye plutonium kwakakonzera simba rokuputika. Vakasara 4 kg vakanga vasina nguva yekuita uye zvakanga zvisina zvazvinobatsira kupararira apo kuedzwa kwekutanga kwebhomu reatomu kuU.SR kwakaitwa, zuva rauri kuziva iye zvino. Mamwe mazano matsva ekuvandudza zvikwereti zvakabuda panguva yekushandiswa kwepurogiramu iyi. Kunyanya, vakabata pamusoro pekuwedzera kwekushandisa kwekushandisa kwezvinhu, pamwe nekuderedza kuyerwa uye kuyerwa. Kuenzaniswa nekutanga, shanduro itsva dzave dzakawanda, dzakasimba uye dzakanaka.

Saka, muedzo wokutanga we bhomba reatomu kuUSSR yakaitika muna 1949, musi waAugust 29. Yakashanda sekutanga kwekuwedzera kwezvinhu mumunda uno, izvo zviri kuenderera mberi kusvikira nhasi. Muedzo webhomba reatomu kuU.SR (1949) yaiva chiitiko chinokosha munhau yenyika yedu, kuisa danho rehutano hwayo se simba renyukireya.

Muna 1953, pane imwechete yeSimipalatinsk test site, yekutanga munhoroondo yeRussia, kuongororwa kwebhojeni ye- hydrogen kwakaitwa. Simba rayo rakanga ratova 400 kt. Enzanisa miedzo yokutanga muUSSR yebhobho reatomu uye hydrogen bhomba: simba re 22 kt uye 400 kt. Zvisinei, izvi zvaingova kutanga.

Musi waSeptember 14, 1954, maitiro ekutanga echiuto akaitwa panzvimbo yekudzidzira yaTotsky , panguva iyo bhomba reatomu rakashandiswa. Vakatumidzwa kuti "Operation Snowball." Muedzo webhomba reatomu mu 1954 muU.SR, maererano nehuwandu hwakasarudzwa muna 1993, hwakaitwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuti uone kuti kupisa kwezuva kunobata sei munhu. Vagari vemunharaunda iyi vakapa kubhadhara kuti havazorevi ruzivo pamusoro pekutsvaga kwemakore 25.

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