Currency kuchinja muna 1961 muna USSR: zvakanaka uye kunaka mativi

Muna 1960, hurumende yeSoviet kushandisa chirevo pamusoro mari kuchinja. To musi, zvinyorwa zvose chokuita ayo Implementation, dzinoiswa. Taura pamusoro zvikonzero zvakaita kuti izvozvo, unogona, uye kazhinji kacho dzinonzi nhasi vanotsvakurudza chaizvoizvo akatora nzvimbo, asi mufananidzo kukwana hatingavapi. Ndeipi mari kuchinja muna 1961 muna USSR? Vavengi, upfumi voluntarism NS Khrushchev kana nekurovererwa? Reply uyu inonanga pakarepo hazvishandi.

Musimboti mari zvinhu

Kusvikira Currency kuchinja muna 1961 muSoviet Union vakanga wokufambisa Banknotes vakapinda wokufambisa muna 1947. The nadzurudzo yakatanga January 1, 1961, akaramba ari 1st kota, akapfeka kuti sangano uye kuderedza mhando. Kunyange zvazvo hurumende akaita zvose kuratidza kuti yaiva nyore kupanana mari (sangano).

Nokuudza zvose vakagamuchira Banknotes pasina chinotitadzisa. The bepa mari kare zvakachinja nevatsva, vane saizi maduku uye 10: 1 reshiyo.

Uyewo, maererano neDare Vashumiri zvasarudzwa May 4, 1960 № 470, recalculation pasi Wholesale, Retail, kutenga uye kugarwa mitengo nokuda ose nenhumbi, anoshanda uye mabasa, uyewo surcharges, imwe mhosva, discounts, dzakanga yakaiswa muna zvakaoma zvakafanana. Uyewo ose deposits rakaitirwa nemari, mumahofisi, mabhengi, marudzi ose remuneration, kusanganisira mubayiro rates, mari, mari, royalties, bonuses, zvose zvamarudzi mari uye zvichingodaro.

sangano

Sezvo yepamutemo shanduro inoitiswa nokuchinja zvinhu kwakamboitwa neShumiro Finance of USSR, imwe mari zvinhu zvaiitwa shungu kubata mari uye achivapa mukuru richibatsira. The zvinokonzera chiitiko ichi vechokwadi haanzi, kuti akabvumira nyanzvi kuti vafunga zvavo, asi vanhu vakawanda exchange mari uye vakasara kuyeuka nyore sangano.

kuderedza

Kubvira panguva iyoyo, kuparadzirwa dzimwe mari munyika rakarambidzwa, vakawanda vacho vakanga vasina pfungwa pamusoro Gengi, uye pamusoro kukosha goridhe, vanhu vakawanda vari munyika kutongwa pamusoro mutengo zvishongo kuti rwakaonekwa kuchinja zviri Ruble kuzorwa dhora uye goridhe software.

Nemamwe mashoko, mari nharo kuderedza pamusoro Ruble nguva Soviet, izvo zvaita zvikuru akaderedza ayo goridhe kugutsikana uye vakashandura pamusoro dhora. Kana kusvika 1961 dhora akapa 4 rubles, mushure kuchinja ukoshi hwayo haina kushanduka sezvo zvose, 10 nguva, asi nguva 4.44 chete. Zvino dhora ndewe 0.90 masendi. Nokufamba kwenguva yakawanda uye ndarama wamuka mutengo. Kana asati kuchinja mumwe Ruble rine 0,222 g, mushure kuchinja, nhamba iyi yakanga 0,987g.

Zvikonzero kuderedza

Currency kuchinja muna 1961 muSoviet Union yaiva nyaya zveBhaibheri zvakawanda. Ndivo chaizvo dzinopesana. Zvikurukuru, mumwe zvikonzero kuchinja anonzi kuwedzera oiri uye kunze kwenyika maererano Soviet Union. How kururamiswa uyu chikonzero, zvakaoma kutaura, asi chaizvoizvo oiri vakawedzera gore negore.

Anonziwo kwezvikonzero: kuoma kwoupfumi chokuita kunopfuurira shanduko mune basa uye kurima; maoko rudzi - zviri chinhu chinoita chaiyo kuti aigona kukanganisa upfumi USSR, achisimbisa rutapudzo wehondo; munise inosimbisa "noushamwari," nyika.

akaita sei kuchinja

Zvichitevera bhuku iri anodhinda chisarudzo nhamba 470 kakawanda zvakawedzera kutenga kubva kugadzirwa zvinhu, vakawedzera rokutengesa mune zvishongo uye mbava muzvitoro, deposits kubva kuruzhinji akasimuka nemari mabhanga, sezvo ivo vachangoerekana kuti vaipanana uye recalculation.

Muna October 1960, akatanga Central Deposit mabhanga. On mutengo Tags vaiva mitengo maviri muzvitoro: itsva uye tsaru. Izvi zvakaitwa kuitira kuti vanhu ajairire mutengo mutsva. Musi waJanuary 1, 1961 akatanga exchange yekare Banknotes uye mari vatsva. dzakananga exchangers zvakasikwa, apo unogona kuchinjana chero nhamba mari yekare.

Mari muenzaniso itsva

On ukuru mari kuchinja mari muna 1961 vakanga vakasiyana chaizvo vaya vaiva kushandiswa. Vaiva chikamu tsaru manotsi. Mukuwedzera, vakanga multi-mavara - red, mutema, Lilac. In musimboti, muchimiro mari yamunenge iri Masvomhu.

The mari rakabudiswa chechi 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 rubles. Vakanga yakagadzirwa mari uye itsva 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 15 masendi, 1 Ruble. Mari All hwekare mharidzo vakanga wakasuduruka wechiGeorgian. Kunze kwaiva mari yemhangura 1, 2, 3 masendi. Kubvira 1958, vakarega kutevera uye akatanga kugadzirwa Mari itsva yakawanda. Somuenzaniso, 15 masendi mari wakabudiswa akawanda uye vakaramba kudzingirira ane chitambi chero makore 30, wakavaita kukusunungurirai zvechokwadi yakakura.

"Old" uye mari "mutsva" zvakasiyana mupfungwa, sezvo yokupedzisira vaiva duku uye nyore kubata. Panyaya iyi, vanhu vakauya zita itsva Banknotes mushure kuchinja zvinhu 1961 - wrappers. Kuderedza Mari bepa kana kudhinda Banknotes - ichi ndechimwe zvakanaka zvinhu. Design mari, pfungwa, hwaponeswa. Chete panzvimbo mufananidzo Lenin pamusoro Banknotes akaoneka profile.

Migumisiro yacho kuchinja

Asiwo kuchinja anosanganisira kuderedza mari inoshandiswa uye normalization mari vawane chikafu mitengo (chingwa, munyu, shuga, mukaka) uye machisi.

Negative ekushandiswa zvinosanganisira pamusoro zvose kurasikirwa vanotenga simba chavagari, kuwedzera zvokudya uye chinokosha mitengo. In zvinhu pamwe yakaderera kwokutanga mutengo mutengo zvibereko 10%. Somuenzaniso, kana mutengo 1 kg ose madomasi kutengeswa yaiva 15 masendi kuvandudza, uye mushure kuchinja marii kuti "mutsva" 15 kopecks.

State goridhe mureza Ruble, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, akanga akaderedzwa, izvo zvakaita kuti ayo kuderedza. Ini zvakachinja Ruble pamusoro dhora. Kana akanga apfuura mari Soviet ane kuti kuzvitonga, mushure kuchinja kuti achinja, izvo zvakazoita yakakwirira achikanganisa kupinzwa.

Kubata kuchinja akanga akatakurwa achibudiswa kunze, uye akapedza makore anopfuura 30, asi, maererano nedzimwe vatsvakurudzi, nemigumisiro yakaipa dzakachinja makore aya pashure uye vakauya pamwe Gorbachev kwakaita perestroika kune kuparara USSR. Vapone pasina pachena nemigumisiro, kunze Kushatiswa upenyu hwevanhu, iyi nguva akakwanisa nokuda kushaya basa pamusika uye zvose rinotevera zvinhu: chisingakoshi basa pfuma, mukuru ekisipoti profitability. Zvinhu izvi vakarega ehurumende kutanga kwazvo nemashoko zvoupfumi.

Chii chakaita chimbichimbi mari zvinhu?

prerequisites

Muchidimbu, akarirasa kuchinja muna 1961 haana kuitwa pachayo. Akanga, maererano mamwe masayendisiti, ari kuchinja zvakaoma aronga uye kuitwa N. S. Hruschovym. Pane chimwe pfungwa kuti currency kuchinja kwakakonzerwa zvinhu izvi, sezvo vakawanda vavo vanogona kunzi kukundikana uye akatungamirira nyika kuti kusagadzikana kwezvemari.

Kufanana kuchinja vakawanda N. S. Hruschova, USSR mari kuchinja muna 1961 raiva yezvakaita pakarepo mapundu usingabereki kufunga mibairo kuti vatungamirire. Vazhinji vavo vave kuzivikanwa asi pasi Stalin, Masvomhu rwaiitwa, chokufungidzira nemigumisiro. Asi nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana kuti dzika navo zvakanga zvisingaiti.

Akatora mukana N. S. Hruschov, kusarudza kubvisa zvose matambudziko mune imwe zii swoop, vakazochinja akanga inokanganisa upfumi nyika uye ainzi upfumi voluntarism.

pamutemo nadzurudzo

Mumwe zvikonzero kuti kupanana nemari semunhu kukundikana kuchinja yakatanga muna 1957, N. S. Hruschovym. Munguva yake nharaunda yose USSR yakakamurwa dzikava administrative maruwa. Zvakasikwa kutarisira zvoupfumi yevakuru. Ivo, pachinzvimbo shumiro, emo utariri hwenyika rinoitwa.

Vakawanda Union uye Republican shumiro pakubata bhizimisi uye kuvaka, chabviswa. Omurume emakambani vave kune omunharaunda zveupfumi yevakuru. Chinangwa kuchinja kwaiva nzira yacho bhizimisi kana basa rokuvaka kune dzakaderera nhanho uye kuderera kwemitambo administrative utariri uye vashandi.

Economic matare - a collegial miviri, izvo pakutanga yaisanganisira vanhu vakawanda, asi nokufamba kwenguva, kugadzirisa nyaya zvinodiwa zvikamu zvitsva uye madhipatimendi akatanga kusikwa. Kana makore rutapudzo ari administrative midziyo mangwanani chakaratidzwa uye vakauya kutsvakwa mugumisiro, ipapo pamusoro nguva yava kumbenge zvose ukatambararira.

hwokurima

Khrushchev kuedza akanga pasi kurima. By pakuguma 50s remakore rechimakumi maviri, maindasitiri kugadzirwa kure akapindira mberi kubva kurima. Asunga vagere mumisha nemisha kune imwe nzvimbo dzokugara, anokonzerwa kudzivisa nzara, yakanga raparurwa iri 30s uye akaramba pashure peHondo Yenyika II kusvikira kudzorerwa nechepakati kwenyika, uyo akashanyira inogarwa. Cities, mumisha, mumisha vakanga ungwanjangwanja. Mafekitari zvakaparadzwa kana anobviswa kure negungwa. Reform panguva ino kwaizounza nezvimwewo nemigumisiro, saka nyaya yakanga kumbosiyiwa kwekanguva.

hurumende Stalin vake vakakwanisa umutse mafekitari, kusimbisa upenyu muruwa, asi rwemari yakaiswa vasina kureva basa seboka varimi. Mumaguta akawanda, vanhu vanorarama nani. Awedzere uye Chokwadi, shandisa. kusaenzanirana kwakadaro pakati kumaruwa uye dzomumaguta vagari Chokwadi, hwakonzera akanaka kutsoropodza.

The nadzurudzo mibvunzo iyi, Chokwadi, yaifanira kugadziriswa. Asi pamwe navo vanobviswa, kuti akariisa zvinyoronyoro, sarudzo kururama. Zvikurukuru, izvozvo chokuita kuvhara pamusoro MTS, izvo zvakaita kuti rutapudzo Michini uye nematarakita anofamba, kuti muchina-unyanzvi. danho iri ndokukuvadza irreparable kukuvara zvokurima, kumanikidza hurumende kuzotenga zviyo kunze. Musoro urongwa pamusoro kugadzirira nyama kwakatungamirira chinokosha kuderera nhamba mombe.

Kudiwa zvinhu yakanga kudiwa, asi Hurumende N. S. Hruschova aita zvikanganiso.

rutapudzo weuto

Rakanga rwaiitwa pasi Khrushchev rutapudzo hondo, izvo vanhu asingasviki mamiriyoni 1,3 uye, maererano vamwe vatsvakurudzi, izvo zvakakonzera kuti Soviet muchiuto rebei kukuvara. Chokwadi chokuti rutapudzo weuto rikagadzirwa kunyange pasi Stalin. Izvi kwaiva kuva hurongwa. Zvose kwazvo akanga ngaaverenge nguva kuchinja kwaiva kuumba-gore 3, mukuwedzera, kufungawo chimbi zvinodiwa zvose pamudyandigere (pekugara, pensions).

Wakabata kuchinja zvinhu Khrushchev hondo yakanga zvimwe nezvimwewo uye pejorative atinoitwa magamba, vanhu vane kupiwa Army makore akanakisisa hwake, wokupedzisira hondo kubva pakutanga kusvika pakupedzisira miniti. Pasina pensions zvechiuto vakasiyiwa kwete avo chete vakanga namapfuudzirwo yakafanira makore 1-2, asi 1-2 mwedzi.

rutapudzo ichi, Chokwadi, anoponesa mari kuti hurumende iri muchimiro nenachislennyh pensions, achidzikisa kwerunyararo mutengo vanhu miriyoni pamusoro. Asi airwadza wanunurwa kuhondo. Vakakandwa mamiriyoni servicemen uye nemhuri dzavo, ivo vakanga vasara vasina mabasa, pokugara uye zvokurarama nazvo.

mhedziso

The mubvunzo anochinja N. S. Hruschovym, kusanganisira mari isati akanga uye anoramba ane dzinonakidza uye anozivikanwa zvishoma. havazokwanisi kupindura nayo zvinonyatsoteerera. Anoona pano utsinye kwaiitika West haisi chaizvo kukodzera, asi pasina iye, zvichida aigona kuita.

Space ubanguranyika, zvoupfumi USSR jerk - ndiwo mugumisiro refu nemauto (kuchengetedzwa uye kuchinjwa ruzhinji emakambani kunyika) uye post-hondo anoona zvakanaka kwoupfumi mutemo uye rudzi rwacho rwose, pane basa Khrushchev somunhu muvandudzi "guru". Asi kuramba zvakanaka kuita ayo havasi zviripo.