Diesel GOST 305-82. Zvinoitwa Diesel huni maererano GOST

The chatingatevedzera injini uye yose mafuta hurongwa hakusi mudukusa zvazvinoita ehupfumi ari mafuta. Nhasi, vagadziri kupa Russian GOST 305-82 uye Diesel mafuta. National mureza yakatanga muna 1982, kare kubva musi, nokuda kwaizvozvo, uye mafuta pacharo, iro pamusoro payo kusvikira ichangobva rakanyorwa.

GOST 305-82

Created muSoviet Union, mureza ichi, izvo anoita kugadzirwa Diesel huni, ndiyo Interstate. Inonzi ari hwokugadzira zvinhu zviri kugadzirwa uye maitiro chinotsva, iyo akaronga kuti motokari, maindasitiri michina uye zvikepe pamwe mukuru-nokukurumidza Diesel injini.

Modern mafuta kwakaitwa mitemo dzakawanda dzeEurope, ari kushanda kwaidarika kubva kumusika Diesel huni pagadzirwe izvo vanoshandisa GOST yekare. Diesel Euro asi ane yekudyidzana yepamusoro kuita, asi zviri nani zvikuru.

Zvisinei, nhasi vaiona (kanenge mu pambiru) kuti chinotsva, iyo inogona kubvumirwa kushandisa yokuvirisa siyana ane zvimwe zvakanakira nokuda kwayo pakawanda uye zvakawanda kushanda tembiricha.

zvoupenyu chikumbiro

Diesel fuel (GOST 305-82) raishandiswa kusvikira ichangopfuura kuti zvechiuto, zvokurima michina, Diesel zvikepe uye zvinhu yekare womuenzaniso motokari.

Izvi mafuta akashandiswa kuti muchidziisa zvivako pasi raiva kure nechepakati kudziyisa. Tikafunga nemitengo yakaderera uye yakakwirira simba zvakakwana anoponesa mutengo nazvo zvivako.

Sei kare? 1982 State Standard kwegore kutsiviwa GOST 305-2013, vakasvika kushanda kubva January 2015. Uye akaratidza zvakajeka kuti Diesel GOST 305-2013 hazvigoni zvakauya gasi chiteshi paruzhinji uye akaronga kuti mukuru-nokukurumidza uye turbine michini , zvose mukati munyika uye nyika yacho Customs Union (Kazakhstan uye Belarus).

Huru zvakwakanakira

Saka, mukuru zvinobatsira - zviri pakawanda uye uchishandisa tembiricha. Mukuwedzera, kubatsira zvakanaka Diesel yekare funga operative rakavimbika, rikaratidzwa kwemakumi emakore; mukana refu okuchengetera pasina kuipa chokupika; kuwedzera injini simba.

Diesel GOST 305-82 nyore yakasvinwa, rine shoma sarufa yeimwe uye hachiparadzi zvikamu injini.

The zvazvisingarambiki kunakisa Diesel chinotsva yakaderera mutengo wayo zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe mhando emura rinochiwedzera.

The huru drawback

The chikuru drawback peturu, nekuda iyo, chokwadi, hakugumiri kushandiswa kwayo vakaderera zvakatipoteredza. Diesel GOST 305-82 (2013) ndezvevanhu boka k2. Uye mundima Russian Federation nhasi hazvibvumidzwe kuti wokufambisa kunyange rinochiwedzera nezvakatipoteredza kirasi K3 uye K4.

muchiso Diesel

Old Standard Inosimbisa matatu mafuta muchiso itsva chete - mana. Uyewo dzakasiyana tembiricha neeSultan mashandisiro uye unongotaura.

Parameters (GOST) zhizha Diesel fuel (A) uchishandisa tembiricha - kubva kubvisa 5 ° C, iyo nokupenya pfungwa Diesel injini kungopa chinangwa - 40 ° C, nokuti gasi turbines, zvomumvura uye Diesel - 62 ° C.

Chete mbaravara pfungwa panguva kure-mwaka fuel (E), izvo vanotanga kushanda tembiricha kubvisa 15 ° C.

Kuchengetedza fuel (B) rinoshandiswa pana kutonhora kusvikira kubvisa 35 ° C uye kubvisa 25 ° C. Uye kana ari Specification 1982 goda kushanda tembiricha kunotemwa ne nokudira pfungwa huni, ari gwaro idzva rinoreva filtration tembiricha - -35 ° C uye -25 ° C azvaitwa.

Arctic (A) maererano GOST 305-82 Diesel chinotsva inogona kushandiswa, sezvo tembiricha yakadzikira kusvika pa-50 ° C. Mugwaro iri itsva muganhu akarerwa madhigirii mashanu, unonzi kare varumbidzwa tembiricha kuti 45 ° C uye pamusoro.

mhando Diesel chinotsva

Gasoil GOST 52368-2005 (Euro) yakakamurwa vakawanda sarufa tigutsikane zvitatu mhando:

• I - 350 MG;
• II - 50 MG;
• III - 10 MG por makirogiramu peturu.

In GOST 305-82 Diesel huni, zvichienderana chikamu nesarufa rakakamurwa mifananidzo:

• I - rinochiwedzera pane zvidzidzo zvose, umo nhamba nesarufa haasi kupfuura 0.2%;
• II - Diesel mafuta pamwe sarufa kugutsikana kuti zvidzidzo A & B - 0.5%, uye nokuda muchiso A - 0,4%.

The itsva GOST 305-2013, kusvika zvinodiwa dzakawanda, anokamura chinotsva kupinda zviviri nesarufa kugutsikana, zvisinei muchiso. Ndinoreva muchimiro I mafuta ane sarufa zviri 2.0 g, uye chimiro II - 500 MG chete kilogram peturu.

Kunyange chimiro II ine sarufa nehafu nguva kupfuura mafuta kwemarudzi I, maererano dzakawanda nemitemo.

A yakawanda sarufa - zvinokuvadza choutsi mumhepo, asi wakanaka lubricating ehupfumi zviri huni kwacho.

zviratidzo

In GOST 305-82 mafuta akanzi tsamba guru A, G kana A (zhizha, chando kana kweArctic azvaitwa), vanobudisa chikamu nesarufa, nokupenya pfungwa zhizha nechando mafuta dira pfungwa. Somuenzaniso, Z-0,5 kubvisa 45. soro giredhi, kana asina kutanga zvinoratidza unhu chinotsva vari raanotaura rugwaro kuti bato.

Diesel fuel (GOST P 52368-2005) akacherekedza tsamba DT raanotaura giredhi kana kirasi zvichienderana tembiricha filterability uye maumi, uyewo huni mhando I, II kana III.

Nokuti Customs Union pane gwaro anoita zvinodiwa huni, kusanganisira ayo chiratidzo. Zvinosanganisira lettering DT, mucherechedzo (A, G, E kana A) uye kubva nezvakatipoteredza chinhu k2 kuna K5 achiratidza sarufa kugutsikana.

Sezvo vakawanda zvinyorwa, pfungwa mugiredhi zvakasiyana, uye unhu hwacho muudzame muna Quality Certificate, hazvina kwajairirwa mhando kwepachena "Kutengeswa Diesel huni mutopota giredhi 1 GOST 30582005". Kureva parameters uye huni zvose unhu kusangana mwero ichi, kunze nesarufa kugutsikana.

Unhu Zvikuru Diesel

Chinonyanya kukosha anodawo parameters izvo zvaizobatsira Diesel GOST 305-82 (2013) ndivo: nhamba cetane, fractional akafanana, arambe achirema, viscosity, tembiricha maitiro, vanobudisa zvikamu zviduku nouipi siyana.

Cetane nhamba nezveunyanzvi ignitability mafuta. The kumusoro ari mamakisi, shoma nguva inopfuura kubva mafuta jekiseni muimba kushanda humburumbira asati ayo combustion, uye saka mapfupi ya injini warmup.

It kunobva fractional Kuronga combustion kunyatsoshanda uye toxicity yacho chiutsi magasi. Mune DISTILLATION pamusoro Diesel chinotsva ndee Nguva pamota-kure zvachose imwe mari peturu (kana 95% kusvika 50%). The kuoma iri kukweshera murwiyo mune rakatetepa tembiricha siyana uye pamusoro rapazasi dzokubikira nezvikumbaridzo, uye naizvozvo autoignition kunoitika pashure kupfuura mafuta ari combustion mukamuri.

Density uye viscosity sei mafuta mutsigiro nomudonzvo, jekiseni pezvakaitwa, uye ayo filtration kunyatsoshanda.

Tsvina zvazvinoita injini vapfeke, ngura kuramba ari mafuta ino, panowanikwa uchipfuta mairi Dombo.

Reserve filterability tembiricha - iri pasi tembiricha yakadaro uko mafuta thickened kwamira ruchiyerera napakati Sefa pamwe masero imwe saizi. Chimwe tembiricha parameter - gore pfungwa tembiricha panguva iyo wakisi anotanga crystallize, i.e. Diesel chinotsva anova Cloudy.

Magadzirirwo GOST 305-2013 anogadza nokuda pezvitsiga vose zvakafanana zvinoti: cetane nhamba, vanobudisa chikamu nesarufa, acidity, ayodhini nhamba, dota, coking, kusvibiswa, mvura tigutsikane. Kusiyana chokuita tembiricha unhu, kuti viscosity uye arambe achirema mafuta. In GOST 305-82 vakanga vachiri kusawirirana uye coking.

Technical zvinodiwa Diesel huni

Saka cetane nhamba kuti zvidzidzo zvose huni akaenzana 45, nesarufa tigutsikane - kana 2.0 d kana 500 MG pa makirogiramu. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha zviratidzo zvinoratidza mafuta.

The arambe achirema pamusoro Diesel huni maererano GOST zvichisiyana 863,4 makirogiramu / bv. M huni zvidzidzo A uye E kuti 833,5 makirogiramu / bv. M kuti giredhi A, ari kinematic viscosity - kubva 3.0-6.0 ba. mm / s kune 1.5-4.0 ba. mm / s, ukuwo.

Fractional sezvamunoita kunoratidzwa zvakawanda tembiricha 280 ° C kusvika 360 ° C kuti zvidzidzo zvose huni, kunze kweArctic, ane tembiricha achibika vari kuwanda kubva 255 ° C kusvika 360 ° C.

Characteristics (itsva GOST) zhizha Diesel regai zvichisiyana zvechadenga mafuta kure-mwaka, kunze filterability muganhu tembiricha.

Low mbaravara yechando huni Diesel michini, mukuru chinangwa - 30 ° C, nokuti gasi turbines, zvomumvura uye Diesel - 40 ° C, kweArctic - 30 ° C uye 35 ° C azvaitwa.

Kusiyana Diesel GOST 305-82 (2013) uye Euro

Kare muna 1993, European unhu zvinodiwa akaisa cetane nhamba haasi kuvatumwa 49. Makore manomwe gare gare, mwero kuti inorondedzera hwokugadzira zvechadenga mafuta Euro 3, kuisa tighter parameters. Cetane nhamba kunofanira kupfuura 51, vanobudisa chikamu sarufa - asingasviki 0,035%, uye arambe achirema - asingasviki 845 makirogiramu / bv. m. The mitemo kunge akasungirirwa muna 2005, uye nhasi pane dzakawanda, yakatangwa 2009.

Nhasi, RF anogadzirwa Diesel GOST 52368-2005 ane cetane nhamba kupfuura 51, mumwe sarufa zviri asingasviki 10 MG / makirogiramu, mumwe flashpoint vana 55 ° C, mumwe arambe achirema iri kuwanda kg 820 kusvika 845 / bv. M uye filterability netembiricha kubva kubvisa 5 ndinoiitawo 20 ° C.

Kunyange kuenzanisa matanho okutanga maviri, zvinokwanisika kugumisa kuti asiri zvaidiwa GOST 305-2013 Diesel ano dzezvakatipoteredza zvinodiwa.

chengetedzo zvinodiwa

Nekuti Diesel chinotsva - zvinobata moto mvura, kuti kuchengeteka matanho hanya, pakutanga, kuti adzivirire pamusoro moto. Zvinotora 3 chete% of zvachose mhute mumhepo mukamuri kuti kumutsa kuputika. Naizvozvo, mukuru zvinodiwa kuti Simbiso zvishandiswa uye midziyo. Kudzivirirwa run wiring uye chiedza Fixtures, maturusi dzinoshandiswa chete nevaya vasina richivezwa kunyange netsaona mba.

Zvinokosha kuti zvaidiwa kuchengeteka nemirau mamiriro ezvinhu kuchengetera Diesel huni maererano GOST 305-82 (2013) ndivo tembiricha kuverengwa iri kukwanisa achipisa.

Mark chinotsva	Autoignition Temperature, ° C	Tembiricha muganhu kuvesa, ° C
		pamusoro	dzikisa
Summer, kure-mwaka	300	119	69
chando	310	105	62
Arctic	330	100	57

Zvinokosha zvikuru vakachengeteka matanho uye kupisa zvinhu munzvimbo refu kuchengetera zviuru ematani Diesel huni, somuenzaniso musimba miti.

Magadzirirwo nokuti Diesel simba zvinomera

Diesel nhasi simba miti kushandiswa huni maererano GOST 305-82. Equipment ava yakatarwa zvose mumhuri kugadzirwa uye vatorwa.

Foreign vagadziri regai kuvakurudzira, asi regai kurambidza kushandiswa Diesel huni GOST 305-82 (2013) rurefu sarufa zviri 0.5% uye 0,4%.

Somuenzaniso, kambani FGWilson rakarumbidza kushandisa giredhi yakakwirira uye kutanga zvidzidzo zvose mafuta ane cetane nhamba 45, mumwe sarufa zviri asina kupfuura 0.2%, mvura uye chirungiso - 0,05%, munhu arambe achirema ose 0,835 - 0,855 makirogiramu / cubic mita. dm they. maitiro aya anoenderana mafuta mhando I GOST 305-82 (2013).

The nechibvumirano nerubatsiro Diesel parafini simba chirimwa kunodiwa tsanangurai ayo physico-kwemakemikari ehupfumi: cetane nhamba, arambe achirema, viscosity, nokupenya pfungwa, sarufa kugutsikana, dota tigutsikane. Mechanical tsvina uye mvura havabvumirwi zvachose.

Kutarisa chatingatevedzera akaponesa mafuta uye tsamba hwounhu ayo akaisa mamiriro mureza mwero kuona zviri zvisingadiwi marara uye flashpoint. Kana midziyo malfunctions kuitika uye zvinoriumba dzavo kuzviita kumbopfeka, vakatsunga uye nezvimwe parameters.

GOST 305-82 usashanda uye akatsiviwa, asi gwaro idzva, vakasvika simba kubva pakutanga 2015, haana kuchinja zvikuru zvinodiwa kuti mukuru-nokukurumidza Diesel injini. Pamwe rimwe zuva mumwe huni rakarambidzwa zvokushandisa zvavo, asi nhasi rinoshandiswawo sezvo simba zvinomera uye Diesel locomotives, inorema motokari zvechiuto uye zvokutengeserana motokari, iyo paki hwaponeswa kubva mumazuva Soviet Union.