Eduard Bernstein: Basic Ideas

Ndiye akabvunza kusimba ari Marxist dzidziso. Sezvo wakajeka mutsigiri evanhu gutsaruzhinji pfungwa, aiva muvambi itsva dzidziso revisionism, izvo vakaumba hwaro kutendeuka kudavira gadziriro, izvo vakanamatira SDs. murume uyu - Eduard Bernstein. "Bichevatel" Marxism uye musoro International Second ainyatsoziva nechokwadi chokuti dzidziso "kuparara capitalism" uye dzidziso yacho "impoverishment pamusoro proletariat" kururama mudzi. Saka ndiani, Eduard Bernstein, uye nei kamwe kamwe akava anokumhan'arira pamusoro Marx? Funga mubvunzo uyu zvizere.

Makore uduku uye kuyaruka

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Eduard Bernstein, ane Biography pfupi inofarirwa dzekare uye masayendisiti enyika, akaberekerwa mumhuri yechiJudha. chiitiko ichi chakaitika January 6, 1850 mu Germany. vabereki Edward vakanga vasiri vapfumi, asi, zvakadaro, vakakwanisa kupa vana vavo dzidzo. Future Social Democrats akapedza chikoro toga vakomana ', ipapo vakatanga kupinda chikoro.

jaya ndokupinda School of Commerce. Kuva vadzidzi ayo, akawana basa roumabharani pane rimwe nyore rwezvemabhengi sangano muridzi nokuda Rothschild guru German.

SDP

Eduard Bernstein, nechekare jaya anotanga kuti zvematongerwo dzidziso gutsaruzhinji. Pandaidzidza pachikoro, unosimbisa boka rinonzi "pakuva", izvo zvinosanganisira vanhu vanotenda maonero ake. Uye muna 1872, vechidiki vanobatana panhengo German Social Democratic Party. In zvakafanana, iye mubasa journalistic mabasa mune zvematongerwe mumunda. Nokukurumidza Eduard Bernstein, ane Biography inozivikanwa kwete vose, ndizvo mutsigiri mugovanisi dzidziso yakatanga Dühring. Mukupera 1870s, zviremera German vakarambidza pepanhau nekanzuru Social Democrats, pashure iro jaya akamanikidzwa kusiya nyika yokumusha kwake.

kuenda kumwe

KuSwitzerland. Kwechinguva jaya ari munyori panguva muzvinabhizimisi Hochberg, iyo mari mabhuku akawanda Social Democrats.

Mukutanga 1880s, Eduard Bernstein, akatanga kushanda mune nguva nenguva "Social Democrat" somunhu mupepeti. Panzvimbo ino, akashanda kweanenge makore 10, kuva zvokutaura nevapanduki vari, ipapo kushivirira Aneta nezviremera Swiss, Social Democrats uye muBenin. Mushure Edward anoenda muUK, apo kurohwa kunounza pachake Shona. Vanova shamwari, uye Bernstein - mutsigiri of Marxist dzidziso.

In Germany

Mukutanga 1890s, Edward pakupedzisira akabvumira kudzokera kunyika yokumusha kwake, kwaakanga rinonyanya kuitwa rake rezvematongerwe. Panguva iyi, iye pakupedzisira akasarudza pamusoro kusarudza dzidziso.

Muna 1902, Social Democrats vakava nhengo muparamende yeGermany. Achaita kushanda yokumbozorora duku vanokwanisa ichi kusvikira 1928.

Pfungwa revisionism

Munhoroondo Bernstein akapinda somunhu antagonist ari Marxist dzidziso, izvo haana kubvumirana kwete zvose zvatinopiwa kwayo, asi chete kune vamwe. Iyewo yakatanga dzidziso revisionism.

The munyori vakasimbirira kuti Marx pfungwa inoda dzokororo, nokuti inopesana itsva nhoroondo ruzivo uye kudzidza gutsaruzhinji sedzidziso enyika uye sei kudzidzisa ndechokungoti zvakakodzera. Asi maonero wakaitwa Eduard Bernstein, uye kuberekwa revisionism vakagamuchirwa pamwe noruvengo kubudikidza mutungamiri Russian Revolution Vladimirom Leninym.

Pamabasa ake "Zvinetso Socialism" uye "Zvinetso Socialism uye munzanga kusununguka" Social Democrats akagadzira inokosha chinyorwa ake: "The kufamba - zvose pamwe mukuru chinangwa - hapana".

Musimboti uchitsoropodzwa of Marxist dzidziso

Ari, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, akaita nechokwadi yakarurama vamwe zvokudya Marxism maererano ukoshi nesayenzi. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya, kuti dzidziso kuti kukura capitalism kuchaita kutsamwisa impoverishment yacho proletariat. Chii asati kubvumirana, Eduard Bernstein? Pfungwa inokosha Marxism inobva pakuti Bourgeois hurongwa kunosanganisira fanira Kuwanda guta iri sectors dzose upfumi, uyewo wakavaramba. Maererano Social Democrats, zvikuru akakurukura capitalist hurongwa, kashoma kuoneka pekirasi kupokanidzana, uye upenyu vashandi zvavo munyaya iyi, inofanira nani tichiregeredza ehurumende transformations.

Uye kuvaka pasocial mamiriro Bourgeois mhando rinokosha zvikuru - mumwe Paramende, umo "vakasara" zvinofanira anomirirwa mune ruzhinji.

Zvisinei, Bernstein ari mutsigiri nezvishoma zvinhu enyika uye zvoupfumi masangano. Uye nenheyo yokubatana uye kusununguka kuzvitonga anofanirawo "nyoro" uye "yokuedzwa" rakatangwa. Zvisinei esdekov rinoshora kumanikidza (mechanically) kupfurikidza kukanganisa kutevedzana, zvimwe vanhu vanogona kutarisana dambudziko.

Gangaidzo chokwadi kuti tsika haana yakasimbisa Dzidziso Marx uye Shona, maererano izvo chete nezvombo nepfari nesimba pamwechete proletariat anogona kutungamirira "socialization" hwenyika.

"Zvinobvira here gutsaruzhinji nesayenzi?"

Ndizvo basa Eduarda Bernshteyna, akanyorwa muna 1901. Mairi, iye akarongwa chikuru munzvimbo anochinja chokuita Marxist womuenzaniso okukura. Pfungwa gutsaruzhinji Social Democrats funga nhatu dzinokosha maonero. Wokutanga chinoreva gutsaruzhinji somunhu tsanangudzo, hwaro vari kuzvipokanidza kirasi.

Chechipiri maonero ari Positioning chinhu sezvo sangano nokuda Kushandurwa capitalist ezvinhu ari mupurazi rehurumende pamwe chidhiraivho. Wechitatu rinoratidza kuti gutsaruzhinji - dzidziso chinoratidza nzira kukura kwenzanga.

Eduard Bernstein mubasa iri akasimbisa kuti riziviswe chinangwa mukirasi kurwisana sezvo yakanaka zvinangwa okukura nzanga - ndiko kukanganisa chaiwo.

"Zvose uchapupu dzidziso gutsaruzhinji, yakavakwa mamiriro nesayenzi, anofanira papi somunhu utongi invariable chuma waro musoro uchapupu. A nyaya pedyo pamwe netsika, izvo gutsaruzhinji anokanda, chokwadi ichi mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinogona kuderedzwa kuti hapana kufamba anoshanda, "- anonyora" bichevatel "pamusoro Marxism.

Bernstein anokwirira yokuti gutsaruzhinji sezvo nenzvimbo tsika uye pfungwa asingarevi mhindu pacharo kuti substantiation nesayenzi, kunyange zvazvo asina kubatsirwa. Chokwadi chokuti dzidziso gutsaruzhinji ndiyo zvimwe chete pamusoro ezvinhu kuti akapa vamwe tsika uye zviri pamutemo dzidziso.

Zvisinei revisionist esdekov vomunguva zvichishandurwa chaicho kurambwa nzira uye Marxism dzidziso.

Personal nemafungiro Marxism Social Democrats

Eduard Bernstein sezvo ideologue evanhu gutsaruzhinji dzidziso Karla Marksa mafungiro chinoreva zvakawanda. Vakariona sezvo pfungwa mukirasi kurwisana pfungwa, nhoroondo, uzivi, enyika upfumi capitalism, pamwe ichi symbiosis yoku- nokuveza-kumucheto tsvakurudzo mamiriro veruzhinji.

Eduard Bernstein akakwanisa aoma neutralize ari inviolability anokosha zvinodavirwa muchitendero Marxism, asi iye nevamwe mune zvakanaka divi. Kunyanya, Social Democrats vakatenda kushandisa chokwadi kuti dzidziso Karla Marksa vakakwanisa kusimbisa uye co-zviripo mhirikiro mbiri gutsaruzhinji: neboka tichirwisa pakunamata uye yokungotaura mabasa.

Vezvenhau vari pfungwa kuti chikuru chezvinonhuwira Bernstein mafungiro aiva akatendeseka njere. Iye ndiye wokutanga vateveri dzidziso Marx uye Shona akataura ayo chinzvimbo uye kubudirira munyika itsva ezvinhu munhoroondo.