France muHondo Yenyika II. The capitulation weFrance muHondo Yenyika II

Muzana remakore rechi20 munhoroondo yepasi rakaonekwa nezvakakosha mumunda we teknolojia uye unyanzvi, asi panguva imwechete yaive nguva yeHondo Yenyika mbiri, iyo yakareva upenyu hwemazana makumi emamiriyoni evanhu munyika dzakawanda dzenyika. Basa rakakosha mukukunda rakakundwa nematunhu akadaro seU.SA, USSR, Great Britain neFrance. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, vakunda kukunda nyika fascism. France yakamanikidzwa kutora, asi yakadzokororazve uye yakaramba ichirwisana neGermany nemabatanidzwa ayo.

France mu makore asati apera

Mumakore ekupedzisira asati apera, France yakava nematambudziko makuru emari. Panguva iyoyo, vanhu vePat Front vakanga vari mubatsiri wehurumende. Zvisinei, mushure mokurega basa reBluum, hurumende itsva yakatungamirirwa naShotan. Nhungamiro yake yakatanga kubva purogiramu yeRead Front. Mitero yakamutswa, basa remaawa makumi mana rakabviswa, uye vashandi vekushanda vaiva nemukana wokuwedzera nguva yekupedzisira. Pakarepo munyika, sangano rebazi rakatsvaga, zvisinei, kudzivisa kusagutsikana hurumende yakatumira mapurisa emapurisa. France pamberi peHondo Yenyika II yakatungamirira kusagadzikana kwevanhu uye zuva rega rega raive nerutsigiro ruduku pakati pevanhu.

Panguva ino, mauto ezvematongerwo enyika-Axis Berlin-Rome yakaumbwa. Musi waMarch 11, 1938, Germany yakapinda nyika yeAustria. Mazuva maviri gare gare wake anschluss zvakaitika. Ichi chiitiko chakachinja zvikuru mamiriro ezvinhu muEurope. Pamusoro peNyika Yekare, dambudziko rakarohwa, uye kutanga rokutanga raitaura neBritain neFrance. Vagari vomuFrance vaida hurumende kutora matanho makuru pamusoro peGermany, kunyanya kubvira apo USSR yakaratidzawo pfungwa dzakadaro, ichikurudzira kubatanidza masimba uye kukanganisa kufashamira kukura pamuzambiringa. Zvisinei, hurumende yakaramba ichienderera mberi neyakadanwa. "Kuonekwa," achitenda kuti kana Germany ichipiwa zvose zvaakakumbira, hondo dzaigona kudziviswa.

Simba reWater Front rakanyangarika pamberi pedu. Asingagoni kurarama nematambudziko emari, Shotan akarega. Mushure mezvo, hurumende yechipiri yeBluum yakasimbiswa, iyo yakanga iripo kudarika mwedzi isati yasara.

Hurumende yeDaladier

France munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri inogona kuonekwa mune imwe chiedza, yakajeka zvikuru, kana zvisingaiti pane zvimwe zviito zveSachigaro mutsva weChristian Daladier.

Hurumende itsva yakagadzirirwa chete kubva pakurongeka kwemauto ehurumende uye ehurumende yakarurama, pasina Communist uye Socialists, zvisinei, mumasarudzo Daladier aida kutsigirwa kwemashure maviri aya. Nokudaro, akasarudza mabasa ake sezvikamu zvezviito zveRwanda Front, somugumisiro, akagamuchira kutsigirwa kwevaKomonisiti uye Socialists. Zvisinei, pakarepo mushure mekuuya kumasimba, zvinhu zvose zvakachinja zvikuru.

Matanho ekutanga aive nechinangwa che "kuvandudza hupfumi." Mitero yakasimudzwa uye imwe kuderedzwa kwakaitwa, iyo pakupedzisira yakapa migumisiro yakaipa. Asi iyi haisi chinhu chakakosha mumabasa eDaladier panguva iyoyo. Mutemo wekunze kune dzimwe nyika muEurope waiva panguva iyoyo pamuganhu - imwe nzvimbo, uye hondo yaizotanga. France muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri haina kuda kusarudza rutivi rwevakakundwa. Paiva nemafungiro akawanda mukati memunyika: vamwe vaida kushamwaridzana neBritain neUnited States; Vamwe havana kubvisa mukana wokubatana neU.SR; Vamwe vaipikisa zvakasimba pamusoro peRwanda Front, vachizivisa shanduro "Better Hitler kupfuura Popular Front". Kunze kweavo vakanyorwa, pakange kune pro-German midzungu ye bourgeoisie avo vaidavira kuti kunyange dai vakakwanisa kukunda Germany, kupandukira kwaizouya neU.SR kuWest Europe hakuzoregi munhu. Vakazvipira kuti vadzikamise Germany muzvinhu zvose zvinogona kuitika, vachizvipa rusununguko rwekuita munharaunda yekumabvazuva.

Nzvimbo yakasviba munhoroondo yeFrance yekukurukurirana

Mushure mokunge zviri nyore kuendeswa kweAustria, Germany inowedzera kuda kwayo. Iye zvino akazununguka kuSudetenland yeCzechoslovakia. Hitler akaita zvekuti vagari vemo vanogara zvikurukuru nemaJermany vakatanga kurwisana nekuzvimirira uye kuparadzaniswa kweCzechoslovakia. Apo hurumende yakapa chirevo chakasimba kune fascist antics, Hitler akatanga kuita semuponesi we "kuputsa" maGermany. Akatyisidzira hurumende yeBenes kuti aigona kupinda mauto ake ndokutora nzvimbo yacho nesimba. Izvowo, France neUnited Kingdom zvakatsigira Czechoslovakia mumashoko, Soviet Union yakabatsira rubatsiro rwechokwadi kana Benes akakumbira ku League of Nations uye akakumbira kubatsirwa kuU.SR. Benes aisagona kuita danho risina kureva vaFrance neBritain, avo vaisada kupopotedzana naHitler. Zvimwe zviitiko zvezvepasi pose zvinotevera zvinogona kuderedza zvikuru kurasikirwa kweFrance muHondo Yenyika II, iyo yakanga yava kutosvika, asi nhoroondo uye zvematongerwe enyika zvakarongedza zvakasiyana, kusimbisa musimboti mukuru nguva zhinji pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvemauto zveCzechoslovakia.

Musi waSeptember 28, 1938 muMunich wakabata musangano weFrance, England, Italy neGermany. Pano kuguma kweCzechoslovakia kwakasarudzwa, uye kunyange Czechoslovakia kana Soviet Union, kuratidza chido chekubatsira, vakakokwa. Somugumisiro, zuva rakatevera, Mussolini, Hitler, Chamberlain naDaladier vakasayina zvirongwa zveMunich zvibvumirano, maererano neSouthetenland yakanga yava nharaunda yeGermany, uye nzvimbo dzine hukuru hweHungarians nePoles dzinofanirawo kuparadzaniswa kubva kuCzechoslovakia uye dzichava nyika dzezita renyika.

Daladier naClainlain vakavimbisa kusava nehanya kwemiganhu mitsva uye rugare muEurope nokuda kwe "chizvarwa chose" chemasimba evanhu vakadzokera kunyika yavo.

Mukutaura, zvaive, zvekutaura, kugovera kokutanga kweFrance muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri kusvika kumhirizhonga huru munhoroondo yevanhu.

Kuka kweHondo Yenyika II uye kupinda kwairi kweFrance

Maererano nesarudzo yekunyadzisa Poland, mangwanani-ngwanani eSeptember 1, 1939 , Germany yakayambuka muganhu. Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakatanga! Hondo yeGermany, ichitsigirwa nechiteshi chayo uye ine nhamba yepamusoro, yakatora chiito mumaoko ake uye yakakurumidza kubata nzvimbo yePolish.

France muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, sezvakangoitwa neEngland hondo yeGermany kwemazuva maviri chete mushure mehutsinye hwakasimba -September 3, vachiri kurota kufadza kana "kufadza" Hitler. Mukutaura, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vane chikonzero chekutenda kuti dai pakanga pasina chibvumirano maererano neFrance chii chaiva mubatsiri mukuru wePoland mushure meHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese, yakasungirwa mukana wekushatirwa kwevanhu vePoles kuti vapinde mauto avo uye kupa rubatsiro rwemasoja, zvichida hapana chiziviso chehondo Haana kutevera mazuva maviri gare gare.

Hondo inoshamisa, kana kuti France yakarwa sei pasina kurwisana

Kubatana kweFrance muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri kunogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Yokutanga inonzi "Strange War". Yakapedza anenge mwedzi 9 - kubva munaSeptember 1939 kusvika muna May 1940. Inonzi zita rakadaro nokuti mumamiriro ezvinhu ehondo France neEngland vachirwisana neGermany havana kuita chero mauto ehondo. Ndiko kuti, hondo yakaziviswa, asi hapana akarwiswa. Chibvumirano, icho pasi peFrance chakanga chakasungirwa kuita sarudzo muGermany mukati memazuva gumi nemashanu, haina kuitwa. Iuto reGermany rakanyarara "rakaita" nePoland risina kutarisa kumashure kumadokero ayo ari kumadokero, uko mapoka makumi maviri nemaviri akaiswa pamusoro pezvikamu 110 zveFrance neBritain, izvo zvingashandura zvakadzama nguva yezvakaitika pakutanga kwehondo ndokuisa Germany mucheche kana isina kutungamira kwairi zvachose Smashing. Munguva iyo, kumabvazuva, kumashure kwePoland, Germany yakanga isina mupikisi, pakanga pane mubatanidzwa - USSR. Stalin, asina kumirira kubatana neBritain neFrance, akaipedzisa neGermany, achichengetedza nyika yake kwechinguva kubva pakutanga kweva fascists, iyo inonzwisisika. Asi England neFrance muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri uye kunyanya mukutanga kwayo yakaita zvisinganzwisisiki.

ISoviet Union panguva iyoyo yakatora chikamu chekumabvazuva kwePoland neBaltic states, yakaisa chirevo chekuFinland pakuchinjana kwenzvimbo dze Karelian peninsula. VeFinnns vakatsoropodza izvi, mushure mezvo Soviet Union yakabudisa hondo. France neEngland vakaita zvakananga kune izvi, kusina USSR kubva ku League of Nations uye kugadzirira hondo pamwe nayo.

Mamiriro acho anoshamisa: pakati peEurope, pamucheto chaiwo weFrance, kune nyika ine mhirizhonga inotyisidzira yose yeEurope uye, kunyanya zvose, France pachayo, uye inotaura hondo kune USSR, iyo inongoda kuvhara miganhu yayo, uye inopa kugoverana kwenzvimbo, uye kwete Kunyengera kunonyengera. Iyi mamiriro ezvinhu akaenderera kusvikira nyika dzeBenelux neFrance dzichitambudzwa neGermany. Nguva yeHondo Yenyika II, yakaratidzwa nehupenzi, yakaguma, uye hondo chaiyo yakatanga.

Panguva ino munyika ...

Pakarepo mushure mokutanga kwehondo, mamiriro ekukombwa akaiswa muFrance. Zvose zvinoratidzwa uye zviratidzo zvakarambidzwa, vhidhiyo yakagadziriswa zvakanyanya kuongorora nguva yehondo. Nezvehukama hwehutano, mibairo yakanga yakanyanyiswa muhondo yepamberi yehondo, mhirizhonga yakarambidzwa, hapana mazororo akapiwa, mutemo wevhiki yekushanda kwemaawa makumi mana wakabviswa.

France panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakaita sarudzo yakaoma mukati memo, kunyanya maererano neCFF (French Communist Party). VaKomonisiti vakanzi vainge vasisina kubvumirana. Kusungwa kwavo kwakawanda kwakatanga. VaMateu vakadzingwa zvekuzvidzivirira uye vakaunzwa kutongwa. Asi munyori we "kurwisana nevanomanikidzwa" yaiva gwaro raNovember 18, 1939 - "Chirevo pamusoro pevatongi." Maererano nehuwandu urwu, hurumende inogona kupedzisa chero munhu upi noupi mumusasa wevasungwa, ichiona ichifungira uye inotyisa kune nyika uye munzanga. Mumwedzi isingapfuuri maviri yemurairo, makomunisti anopfuura 15 000 aiva mumisasa yevasungwa. Uye munaEpril wegore rakatevera imwe murairo yakagamuchirwa, iyo yakaenzana nebasa reCommunist nehutsinye, uye vagari vakaregerwa mhosva iyi vakarangwa nechirwere chekufa.

Kukoka kweGermany kuFrance

Mushure mokukundwa kwePoland neScandinavia, Germany yakatanga kuendesa mauto makuru kuWest Front. Pakazosvika May 1940, kwakanga kusati kwava nemukana wakanga uine nyika dzakadaro seEngland neFrance. Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakagadzirirwa kutamira kunyika ye "varindi vorugare" avo vaida kuvimbisa Hitler, vachimupa zvose zvaakakumbira.

Musi waMay 10, 1940, Germany yakatanga kupinda kwayo kweWest. Pasina mwedzi, Wehrmacht yakakwanisa kuputsa Belgium, Holland, kupwanya British Expeditionary Corps, uyewo mauto eFrance anoshanda. Zvose zvekuchamhembe kweFrance neFlandland zvakange zvichishandiswa. Mhepo yekurwa yemasoja eFrance yaiva yakaderera, asi maGermany ainyanya kutenda mukutadza kwavo. Yakaramba iri chinhu chiduku. Muchikwata chekutonga, sezvakaitwa muuto, kuvhuta kwakatanga. Musi waJune 14, Paris yakapiwa kuvascist, uye hurumende yakatizira kuguta reBordeaux.

Mussolini zvakare haana kuda kupotsa kuparadzaniswa kwepambano. Uye musi waJune 10, achitenda kuti France haichazovhundutsi, yakagadziriswa nharaunda yehurumende. Zvisinei, mauto eItaly, ayo akanga ari kaviri akaenzana nehuwandu, haana kubudirira mukurwa neFrance. France muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakanga ine nguva yekuratidza kuti inogona sei. Uye kunyange musi waJune 21, manheru ekudhindwa kwechibvumirano, 32 miganhu yeItaly yakamiswa neFrance. Icho chakanga chiri kukundikana kwakakwana kweItaly.

Kuzvipira kweFrance muHondo Yenyika II

Pashure peEngland, achitya kuendeswa kwezvikepe zveFrance mumaoko evaJalimane, yakazara yakawanda, France yakabvisa ukama hwose hwezvematongerwo enyika neUnited Kingdom. Gumiguru 17, 1940, hurumende yake yakaramba shanduro yeChirungu yekushamwaridzana kwechibvumirano uye chikonzero chekuenderera mberi kurwisana kusvika kunekupedzisira.

Musi waJune 22 muCompiegne Forest, mumotokari yaMarshal Foch, chibvumirano chakasayirwa pakati peFrance neGermany. France yakavimbisa migumisiro yakaipa, zvikurukuru mune zvehupfumi. Zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvenyika yakava nharaunda yeGermany, chikamu chekumaodzanyemba chakaziviswa chega, asi chakamanikidzwa kubhadhara mazana emamiriyoni mazana mana pazuva! Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvakagadzirwa uye zvakagadzirwa zvakagadzirwa zvakatsigira hupfumi hweGermany, uye kutanga kwehondo yose. Vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1 vagari vomuFrance vakatumwa nenzira yebasa kuGermany. Upfumi uye hupfumi hwenyika zvakarasikirwa nekurasikirwa kukuru, izvo zvichabva zvichikonzera kukura kwemaindasitiri nekurima kweFrance mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri.

Vichy Mode

Mushure mokunge vatorwa neNorthern France munzvimbo yevashanyi yeVichy, zvakagadziriswa kutumira hurumende yepamusoro yehurumende kumaodzanyemba "kuzvimirira" kuFrance kune maoko aFilipi Petain. Izvi zvakaratidza kuguma kwekuvapo kweTatu Republic uye nekugadzwa kwehurumende yaVichy (kubva panzvimbo). France muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakaratidzwa kwete kubva kune yakanakisisa, kunyanya mumakore ehurumende yaVichy.

Pakutanga hurumende yakawana rubatsiro pakati pevanhu. Zvisinei, iyi yaiva hurumende yefascist. Maonero echiKomonisiti akarambidzwa, vaJudha, sezvakaitwa munharaunda dzose dzakagarwa nevafascists, vakaendeswa kumisasa yekufa. Kune mumwe musoja weGermany wakafa, rufu rwakakundwa neva 50-100 vagari venyika. Iyo Vichy hurumende pachayo yakanga isina yehondo nguva dzose. Pakanga pane mauto mashomanana akadzivirirwa anodiwa kuchengetedza kurongeka nekuteerera, asi mauto akanga asina zvombo zvehondo zvakakomba.

Hurumende iyi yakatora nguva refu-kubva munaJuly 1940 kusvikira pakupera kwaApril 1945.

Kusunungurwa kweFrance

Musi waJune 6, 1944 yakatanga imwe yemabasa makuru ehondo-magadziriro - kuvhura kweChipiri Front, iyo yakatanga nekuuya kweAnglo-American Allied mauto muNormandy. Hondo dzinotyisa dzakatanga muFrance nokuda kwerusununguko rwayo, pamwe nevakabatana, vaFrance vakazvisunungura pachavo sechikamu cheboka reRusistance.

UFrance muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakanyadziswa nepfungwa mbiri: kutanga, ichitambudzwa, uye yechipiri, inobatana neve fascists kwemakore anenge mana. Kunyange zvazvo Generali de Gaulle akaita zvose zvaaigona kuti atange nhema yokuti vanhu vose veFrance vose vakarwa hondo yehurumende, vasingabatsiri Germany muzvinhu chero chipi zvacho, asi bedzi kuideredza nekunaka kwakasiyana-siyana uye kuparadza. "Paris inosunungurwa nemaoko eFrance," de Gaulle nechivimbo uye akadzokorora zvakare.

Kubviswa kwemauto akagara kwakaitwa muParis musi waAugust 25, 1944. Iyo Vichy hurumende ikange iripo mukutapwa kusvikira pakupera kwaApril 1945.

Mushure mezvo, chimwe chinhu chisingafungidziki chakatanga munyika. Kutarisana nechiso kwakasangana nevaya vakanga vamboti mhombwe pasi pefascists, kureva, vatsigiri, uye avo, pasi pevascists, vaigara mu clover. Kazhinji pakanga paine lynching yavose vevanhu vaHitler nevaPetain. Vafambidzani veAngland neAmerica, avo vakaona izvi nemaziso avo, havana kunzwisisa zvaiitika, uye vakadana vaParisisans kuti vaite, asi vakange vachitsamwa, vachifunga kuti nguva yavo yakanga yasvika. Nhamba huru yevakadzi vechiFrance, yakashumirwa fascist sluts, inonyadziswa pachena. Vakadzingwa kunze kwedzimba, vachikwevera kumucheto, ikoko vakaveura ndebvu uye vakaperekedzwa kuburikidza nemugwagwa wepakati kuti vaone munhu wese, kazhinji panguva imwe chete vakabvarura nguo dzavo dzose. Makore okutanga mushure meHondo Yenyika II, France, muchidimbu, vakaona zvipfeko zveizvi kwete-zvakanyanya asi zvakasuruvarisa zvakapfuura apo kushungurudzika kwevanhu uye panguva imwe chete kumutswa kwemweya wenyika, kwakagadzikana mamiriro asina chokwadi.

Mugumo hondo. The zvawanikwa France

France muchinangwa Second World War haana kusarudza kuti yose zvayo Chokwadi, zvisinei mupiro asi kwakange, panguva imwecheteyo waivawo migumisiro yakaipa pamusoro wake.

Upfumi French yave rakapotsa kuparadzwa. Industry Somuenzaniso, zvichipa dzinokwana 38% of kweShanduro prewar chechetere. About 100 zviuru vokuFrance havana kudzoka kubva Battlefields, vanenge mamiriyoni maviri vari nhapwa kusvikira pakuguma hondo. Military midziyo aiwanzogara kuparadzwa, zvikepe yakanyura.

Gwaro French pashure Second World War, Rinobatanidzwa ne zita reuto uye enyika mutungamiri Charles de Gaulle. makore okutanga pashure pehondo akanga zvainanga kudzorera upfumi uye munzanga zvinakire French vanhu. French Hondo Yenyika II vanotambura aigona kudzikisa zvikuru, uye zvichida havana, uye zvaizova, kana pamusoro avaida hondo, hurumende Britain uye France haana kuedza "kufadza" Hitler uye kodzero rimwe zvakaoma akarova zvavakatsiva kuti ichangotangwa German- chikara Nazi oda kumedza yose nyika.