Gene okuti - chii ichocho? The tsananguro

Chii kutaura kwemajini? Chii chinonzi basa raro? kuti mashandiro kuti Gene okuti sei? Ndezvipi tarisiro nayo inotanga pamberi pedu? Sei mutemo Gene okuti mune eukaryotes uye prokaryotes? Heino pfupi mazita mibvunzo chichakurukurwa kugadziriswa munyaya ino.

Vhuṱanzi

Gene Rwekutaura - ndiro muitiro zita kuchinjwa magene mashoko kubva DNA Via RNA kuti mapurotini uye polypeptides. Ngatiitei diki digression kunzwisisa. Ndezvipi majini? Izvi Linear DNA Polymers zvine chokuita ne refu cheni. Kushandisa puroteni vanoumba chromatin chromosome. Kana isu kutaura munhu, tinofanira zvino tine mana nematanhatu. Vari riri pamusoro 50 000-10 000 majini uye mabhiriyoni 3.1 chawo yezvinoita. Sei vanotungamirirwa pano? Kureba zvikamu basa riri kuitwa kuti, unoratidzwa zviuru uye mamiriyoni nucleotides. Mumwe chromosome rine anenge 2000-5000 magene. In neimwewo mashoko - vanenge mamiriyoni 130 nechimwe yezvinoita. Asi ichi ndicho chete ine chaizvo kufungidzira, inova yakawanda kana shoma dzechokwadi kuti hombe sequences. Kana kushanda pamusoro pfupi akareba, nhamba zvichabviswa chibharo. Uyewo ari pauriri ichi kunogona kukanganisa muviri, iro basa rinoitwa zvinhu.

About majini

Vane zvikuru zvakasiyana-siyana kureba. Pano, Somuenzaniso, globin - ndiyo 1500 nucleotides. A dystrophin - nokuti zvakawanda mamiriyoni 2! Dzavo Kishi pamutemo zvinhu vanogona dzadzimwa kubva Gene kuti rebei. Saka, muna globin vari chinhambwe 50 uye 30 nucleotides mu tysyach 5'- uye 3'-gwara, ukuwo. Kuvapo sangano kwakadaro yekudyidzana zvinoomesa tsanangudzo yedu miganhu pakati pavo. Uyewo, kwemajini ane chinokosha yakawanda vysokopovtoryayuschihsya sequences mabasa dzichipfekeka izvo hatina asi kunzwisisa.

Kuti tinzwisise mamiriro avo munhu anogona kufungidzira kuti 46 okutodza zvakaparadzana mavhoriyamu, umo mashoko inochengeterwa. Vari mumapoka 23 nomwe. Mumwe zvinhu zviviri iri nhaka kubva mubereki. "Text," riri "Mavhoriyamu" kakawanda "kuzodzosera verenga" zviuru kumarudzi, unounza mune zvakawanda zvikanganiso uye kuchinja (anonzi kunotouraya). Uye vose vari nhaka ne mwana. Zvino pane zvakakwana mashoko yokungotaura kutanga kubata chokwadi kuti zviratidzo mashoko anoratidza. Izvi chikuru nyaya ino.

Pfungwa operon

Inobva kuvabereki zveBhaibheri, β-galactosidase induction, izvo muchirongwa hydrolytic cleavage kuti lactose. Rakanga akagadzira pedyo Jacques Monod uye Fransua Zhakobom. pfungwa iyi rinotsanangura nomazviri nokudzora kwetunhu mapurotini mu prokaryotes. Uyewo basa rinokosha uye transcription. Fungidziro ndechokuti majini vari mapuroteni kuti vari vakuru chokuita metabolic urongwa, kazhinji dzikarongwa pamwechete. Ivo kusika zvidzidzo STRUCTURAL inonzi operons. kukosha kwavo ndiko kuti zvose kwemajini ari chikamu chayo, akaratidza rakabatana. Nemamwe mashoko, ivo inogona transcribed, kana hapana anogona kuva "verenga". Muzviitiko zvakadaro, mashoko operon rinoshanda kana pusa. Gene okuti pamwero rinogona kushandurwa chete kana paine iine nomumwe zvinhu.

Induction mapuroteni usage

Ngatitaurei kufungidzira kuti tine sero umo kukura kwayo seinokonzera kabhoni kushandiswa shuga. Kana zvachinja nokuda disaccharide lactose, mumaminitsi mashoma unogona kuva wakachengeteka kuti yakatanga dzakashandisa zvinhu zvachinja. Kuti pane tsananguro: sero rinogona kushandisa zvose zvinokonzera kukura, asi mumwe wavo ari nani. Naizvozvo, pane "kuona" kune makemikari akakura fabricable. Asi kana vakarasika uye yatsiviwa rinooneka lactose, vakuru RNA polymerase iri kusashanda uye anotanga kushanda kwayo rokuchinja kweShanduro achida mapuroteni. Zviri kupfuura dzidziso, asi ikozvino ngatimbotaura nezvekuti chaiko Gene mashoko kunoitika. Izvi zvinonakidza chaizvo.

Sangano chromatin

Material ndima ino ndiyo muenzaniso kusiyaniswa mumasero zvipuka zvine masero akawanda. The nuclei chromatin zvinobva zvarongwa kuti chete chiduku transcription pamusoro genome inowanika (anenge 1%). Asi pasinei neizvi, tichionga Cell kusiyana uye kunzwisisa kwemasayendisiti kuitika kwavari isu anogona kuvabatsira. Panguva iyoyo, nokuti munhu richiwanikwa zvakadaro nezvainoita sangano chromatin:

1. Changing uwandu STRUCTURAL majini.
2. Zvakanyanya transcribe akasiyana zvikamu bumbiro.
3. Kuvakazve majini ari okutodza.
4. Ita okunatsiridza uye synthesized polypeptide ngetani.

Zvisinei, zvakanaka kutaura kubaya Gene kunokwanisika kuburikidza kunyatsotevedza michina. Pasinei basa riri kuitwa, kunyange kana ari kuedza anoenderera mberi zvishoma utachiwana. Chinhu chikuru - ndiko kuramba zano wakavhomorwa naMweya kupindira.

Changing uwandu majini

Izvi zvingaitwa chinozoiswa? Ngatifungidzirei kuti tiri kufarira sei Gene okuti. Somunhu kumumvuri takazvitora zvinhu eukaryote. Iye mukuru plasticity, tinogona saka kuita zvinotevera kuchinja:

1. Kuwedzera uwandu majini. Rinoshandiswa muzviitiko apo zvakakodzera kuti muviri yakawedzera kuti kwetunhu kuchiitirwa chigadzirwa. Mumugariro vari yakakura zvakawanda zvinobatsira zvinhu kwevanhu genome (semuenzaniso, rRNA, tRNA, histones, uye zvichingodaro). dzakadaro kunogona kuva tandem mukati okutodza, uye kunyange kupfuura kwavari uwandu 100 zviuru vakaisvoipa mbiri mamiriyoni 1. Ngatimboonai kushanda. Kufarira kwatiri metallothionein Gene. Its mapuroteni chigadzirwa anogona kusunga nesimbi inorema kufanana zingi, cadmium, nemekiyuri uye mhangura uye ukuwo, kudzivirira muviri muchetura navo. activation Its zvinogona kubatsira vanhu vanoshanda mune kuchengeteka ezvinhu. Kana munhu pane zvakawanda wevasungwa inorema nesimbi yambotaurwa, majini activation kunoitika zvishoma nezvishoma kwaita.
2. Kuderedza uwandu majini. Zvinonzi kashoma kushandiswa nzira murau. Asi pano zvakare pane mienzaniso. Chimwe chezvinhu wakakurumbira - ndicho masero matsvuku eropa. Vakati vachiyaruka, chinoumba collapses uye mutakuri anorasikirwa genome kwayo. mutoo kwakadaro kubva kuibvisa uye vaedzwa lymphocytes uye plasma masero, miitiro inoburitsa zvinhu zvakanyatsofanana siyana dzakanga synthesized secreted mhando immunoglobulins.

Gene rearrangement

Uyewo chinokosha mukana uchifamba uye kubatanidza zvinhu izvo zviri anokwanisa transcription uye kuberekana. Izvi anonzi magene recombination. By chii zvigadziriswe zvinokwanisika? Ngationei mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu pamusoro antibody muenzaniso. Zvasikwa ne B-lymphocytes, izvo nhengo zvimwe clone zvimwe mhando. Zvino kana kunyorerana muviri antigen dzakasvikwa antibody riri nopindirana pamwe yezviri nzvimbo kuda zvinoitika pamwe unozotevera kuwanda nemasero. Nei womunhu muviri anokwanisa kuumba-siyana mapuroteni? Izvi zvinogoneka kuburikidza recombination uye somatic kunotouraya. Asi aigona kuva nemhaka kuchinja murume-ravakwa DNA mamiriro.

changed RNA

Gene Rwekutaura - ndiwo mutoo uyo anotamba basa rinokosha ribonucleic acid. Kana tikafunga mRNA zvakafanira kuona kuti pashure transcription chepuraimari mamiriro dzingasiyana. The kutevedzana kwezviitiko nucleotides vari majini akafanana. Asi nyama akasiyana mRNA kuonekwe vokutsiva, insertions, kana kungoti kurasikirwa kuchaitika vakaroorana. Sezvo muenzaniso kubva hunhu kungaita apoprotein B, zvakapararira munzvimbo mumasero ura diki uye chiropa. Chii chiri Editing musiyano? Shanduro zvinoberekwa ura, ane 2152 amino acids. Asi chiropa kugutsikana shanduro Anozvirumbidza 4563 pachiyero! Uye pasinei musiyano ichi, tine chaizvo apoprotein B.

Aichinja mRNA nokugadzikana

Tauya zvinenge vakasvika pakugumisa kuti zvaigoneka kuitei mapurotini uye polypeptides. Asi regai pachena asi kutarisa sei zvinogona wakaiswa mRNA hachichinji. Kuti aite izvi, pakutanga chinofanira kusiya neerekitironi budai pakati cytoplasm. Izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza aivapo pores. A dzakawanda mRNA iri wakanamatira ne nucleases. Navakapukunyuka mugumo ichi, ronga zvivako pamwe mapurotini. Oupenyu eukaryotic mRNA kunosiyana-siyana pamusoro zvakawanda (kusvika mazuva akawanda). Kana dzikamisa mRNA, ipapo panguva yakatarwa mwero inogona kuchengetwa kuti nhamba yakawedzera kubva richangobva kuumbwa mapuroteni chigadzirwa. Gene okuti dhigiri iyi haachinji, asi, zvakakosha, mutumbi achava kushanda pamwe zvikuru kunyatsoshanda. Kushandisa ezvinhu zvipenyu unyanzvi, chokupedzisira chigadzirwa inogona coded, izvo zvichaita kuchikosha muupenyu. Saka, Somuenzaniso, zvinoita kuti pave β-globin kushanda maawa anenge gumi (izvi zvikuru nokuti).

gadzira havukavu

Zvokuti vakawanda Gene okuti hurongwa. Zvino inoramba chete kutsivira iripo mashoko, zivo sei zvakasimba urongwa, uyewo refu refu mapurotini. Toti kuti kudzora Gene mashoko inotakura. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti sei mwero hakunganzi nzira huru murau siyana uye uwandu mapuroteni chigadzirwa. Kunyange zvazvo kuchinja yayo kuitira kuti vawane chinangwa ichi richiri kushandiswa. Somuenzaniso kwetunhu ane puroteni chigadzirwa mu reticulocytes. Hematopoietic Sero Kusiyanisa nenhanho kunyimwa neerekitironi (uye nokudaro DNA). The kwevari Gene okuti murau vakawanda dzinovakwa zvichienderana nezvezvakanga mikana vamwe mutsa vanoshingaira kufurira kuramba kwemasayendisiti.

Ya

Kana puroteni iri synthesized, nguva apo iye achararama kunobva runovharidzira mamwe. Hapana haagoni kunzi chaizvo napo, nokuti iyi anoda kubva maawa mashomanana vaviri makore. proteolysis Kasira dzinosiyana, zvichienderana chii sero zviri. Makemikari anogona catalyze pezvakaitwa vanowanzotevedzera nokukurumidza "kushandiswa." Nokuda kwaizvozvi, izvo akasika nomuviri akawanda. Uyewo ari puroteni yakararama angatema vasiri mamiriro muviri. Uyewo, kana chakaremara chigadzirwa wakasikwa, chichagamuchirwa nokukurumidza zvachose unodzivirira hurongwa. Saka, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti chete chinhu Tingaziva - ndiwo mutemo hwose yakawanikwa murabhoritari.

mhedziso

Nzvimbo Iri vaizotibata chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, mashoko okuti majini yokumwe kunogona kubatsira kurapa nhaka zvirwere, uye kubvisa kunaka mutation. Pasinei kuvapo ruzivo rwakakura panhau, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti vanhu achiri chete pakutanga chaipo. Genetic ouinjiniya achangobva vakadzidza govera zvinodiwa kumativi nucleotides. Makore 20 apfuura paiva mumwe zvikuru zviitiko nesayenzi ichi - akasikwa Dolly makwai. Zvino, kutsvakurudza chichiitirwa pamusoro tuvana dzevanhu. Tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti tiri pedyo ramangwana, apo pasina zvirwere uye vasiri nenhamo. Asi tisati tava ikoko, unofanira kuva zvakanaka chaizvo kushandira vabatsirwe kubudirira.