Halogenated Mahydrocarbon: kuwana, makemikari ehupfumi, kushandiswa

Mahydrocarbon - boka guru kwazvo yeimwe chokuita Organic. Vanosanganisira mapoka makuru anoverengeka zvinhu, ramakagadzwa anenge munhu wose anowana paupamhi kushanda mu indasitiri, upenyu, zvisikwa. Zvikuru kukosha ndivo halogenated Mahydrocarbon, iyo ichakurukurwa munyaya. Havana chete kuva mukuru yezvokutengeserana ukoshi, asiwo chinokosha mbishi zvinhu vazhinji namakemikari Syntheses, kugadzirira medicaments nemamwe yeimwe zvinokosha. Tinobhadhara chaiyo pfungwa dzavo samolecular yakarongeka, zvivako, uye zvimwe zvinhu.

Halogenated Mahydrocarbon: mukuru unhu

Mumaonero wekemisitiri kukirasi uku yeimwe zvinosanganisira avo Mahydrocarbon zvose umo mumwe kana kupfuura rehydrogen maatomu inotsiviwa chimwe halogen. Ichi chikamu yakakura kwazvo zvinhu, sezvo vari zvikuru maindasitiri kukosha. Pasina kumbonyanya pfupi nguva vanhu vakadzidza synthesize anenge ose halogenated Mahydrocarbon, kushandiswa iyo kunodikanwa mushonga, kemikari maindasitiri, zvokudya bhizimisi uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Nzira inokosha kugadzirira yeimwe izvi - a chakaita zvokugadzirwa nzira murabhoritari uye indasitiri uyewo zvakasikwa zvinenge hapana zvikasaitika. Nokuda halogen vari zvikuru reactive. It zvikuru anosarudza kushanda kwavo kwemakemikari usage sechinhu zvenguva chigadzirwa.

Sezvo vamiririri halogenated Mahydrocarbon vane zvakawanda, kuti atsaure navo maererano zvakasiyana zvinodiwa. Hwaro nhema zvose nemamiriro uye multiplicity mudunhu kubatana, uye musiyano pakati emaatomu ezvinhu halogen uye nzvimbo nzvimbo yavo.

Halogenated Mahydrocarbon: kupatsanura

A pachake kuparadzana wokutanga kunobva kazhinji akabvuma pfungwa dzinoshanda zvose Organic yeimwe. The kupatsanura inobva musiyano iri mhando carbon cheni, ayo cyclicality. On hwaro ichi emit:

• vakaomerwa halogenated Mahydrocarbon;
• unsaturated;
• anonhuhwirira;
• aliphatic;
• acyclic.

kuparadzana Next chakavakirwa halogen atomu yaro quantitative kugutsikana mune Morekuru. Saka, kusunungurwa:

• monoderivatives;
• diproizvodnye;
• tri-;
• tetra;
• pentaproizvodnye uye zvichingodaro.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro halogen, ipapo zita Sub-boka ine mashoko maviri. Somuenzaniso, monohlorproizvodnoe, triyodproizvodnoe, tetrabromgalogenalken uye zvichingodaro.

Uyewo, pane imwe pachake ari kupatsanura, izvo dzakaparadzaniswa zvinganaka halogenated nomuti Mahydrocarbon. Ndiwo uwandu kabhoni atomu uko halogen wanamatira. Saka, kusunungurwa:

• chikuru nomukaka;
• yechipiri;
• tertiary, uye zvichingodaro.

mumiririri mumwe nomumwe anogona rakava maererano zviratidzo zvose uye kuti uone nzvimbo zvizere munyika ezvinhu Organic yeimwe. Somuenzaniso, remubatanidzwa ane Zvinoumba CH ₃ - CH ₂ -CH = CH-CCL ₃ zvinogona semhosva. Iyi haisi muganhu aliphatic trihlorproizvodnoe pentene.

samolecular mamiriro

Kuvapo halogen maatomu haagoni asi kukanganisa zvose panyama uye zvemakemikari zvivako, uye mukuru nemamiriro Morekuru. The vakawanda payakavakirwa kuti kirasi iyi yeimwe ndiko chimiro R-Hal, apo R - yeHydrocarbon kukuru asingashandisi chivako, uye Hal - a halogen atomu, mumwe kana kupfuura. Kutaurirana pakati kabhoni uye halogen zvakasimba inobudisa, mauri morekuru seboka ruchigona maviri zvinokonzerwa:

• kunaka inductance;
• mesomeric akanaka.

Pano, okutanga zviri simba, saka Hal atomu anogara rinoratidza kuti zvivako zviri Erekitironi-dzirege substituent.

Mune zvose zvimwe STRUCTURAL zvaiva mamorekuru havasi vakasiyana nevaya kwakajairika Mahydrocarbon. Properties akatsanangura mamiriro aro cheni branching, nhamba kabhoni maatomu, simba zvinonhuwirira maitiro.

Special ngwariro vanofanira Nomenclature pamusoro halogenated Mahydrocarbon. How kunzi date papi? Kuti aite izvi, unofanira kutevera mitemo mishomanana.

1. cheni vaisvika rinotanga neminondo dzakasvikwa pedyo ari halogen atomu. Kana paine vakawanda chisungo, kuti Countdown inotanga naye, kwete Erekitironi-dzirege substituents.
2. Name Hal zvinoratidzwa chivakashure, anofanirawo anoratidza nhamba kabhoni maatomu kubva pazviri unotsauka.
3. Kwokupedzisira nhano anopiwa zita huru cheni maatomu (kana mhete).

Muenzaniso mazita akadai: CH ₂ = CH-CHCL ₂ - 3-dichloropropene-1.

The zita anogona kupiwa uye ndaisagona Nomenclature. Panyaya iyi, iyo kukuru kureva zita, uye ipapo - pamwe suffix -id halogen. Muenzaniso: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ Br - propyl bromide.

Kufanana nevamwe makirasi Organic yeimwe, halogenated Mahydrocarbon vari zvikuru marongerwo. Izvi zvinobvumira nhengo zhinji kunan'anura mazita munhoroondo. Somuenzaniso, Halothane CF ₃ CBrClH. Kuwanikwa halogens matatu Morekuru zvinopa chaiwo ehupfumi zviri pfuma. Rinoshandiswa mukurapa, saka zvingangoita kuti kushandisa mazita munhoroondo.

chakaita zvokugadzirwa nzira

Nzira dzekufambisa Pakugadzirira halogenated Mahydrocarbon vari zvakasiyana-siyana. Pane zvinhu nzira zvishanu kwetunhu yeimwe izvi murabhoritari uye indasitiri.

1. Halogenation of chakaipa maumbirwo kwakajairika Mahydrocarbon. General maitiro zano: RH + Hal ₂ → R-Hal + HHal. Zvakakurukurwa izvi ndeinotevera: kuiisa chlorine uye bromine nechokwadi UV nemwaranzi, maitiro pamwe ayodhini zvisingaiti kana kunonoka kwazvo. Sezvo fluorine kudyidzana kwazvo kushingaira, saka shandisa kushingaira halogen zvayo yakachena muchimiro asingagoni. Uyezve, muna halogenation Kwezvinonhuhwirira nomukaka vanofanira kushandisa catalysts muitiro - the Lewis acid. Somuenzaniso, simbi chloride kana aruminiyamu.
2. Kugadzirira halogenated Mahydrocarbon uyewo kuitwa gidrogalogenirovaniya. Zvisinei, remubatanidzwa ichi kwokutanga anofanira kuva unsaturated yeHydrocarbon. Muenzaniso: R = RR + HHal → RR-RHal. Kazhinji electrophilic Kuwedzera zvakafanana chinoshandiswa kuwana chloroethene kana raive nebutiro chloride, sezvo remubatanidzwa ichi chinokosha mbishi mashoko maindasitiri Syntheses.
3. Zvinoitika gidrogalogenov alcohols. The vakawanda chimiro kuita: R-OH + HHal → R -Hal + H ₂ O. In chikamu kwairayirwa kuvapo anowedzera. Mienzaniso nedanho accelerators kuti anogona kushandiswa: phosphorus chlorides, sarufa, zingi kana simbi, sulfuric acid, mhinduro ine zingi chloride mu hydrochloric asidhi - Lucas reagent.
4. Decarboxylation kuti asidhi munyu iri oxidizing pomutumwa. Chimwe zita nokuti nzira - maitiro Borodin-Hunsdikkera. The Chaizvoizvo kunoratidzwa cleavage pamusoro morekuru carbon dioxide inobvisa kubva nomukaka sirivha yose carboxylic acids kana pachena kuti oxidizing mumiririri - halogen. Somugumisiro, halogenated Mahydrocarbon aumba. Reactions kazhinji ndeinotevera: R-COOAg + Hal → R -Hal + CO ₂ + AgHal.
5. Reongororo galoformov. Mune mamwe mazwi, panosvikira trigalogenproizvodnyh methane. Nyore nzira kuagadzira - kugara acetone alkaline mhinduro halogens. Somugumisiro, pane inotungamirwa galoformnyh mamorekuru. Synthesized saizvozvo muna indasitiri halogenated zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon.

Cherechedzai inofanira kubhadharwa kuti kwetunhu unsaturated dzinomiririra mukirasi iyi. Nzira inokosha - ndiyo kubatsira alkynes nemekiyuri munyu uye mhangura pamberi halogens, chinoguma chigadzirwa ine mbiri chisungo chuma.

Halogenated zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon yaunganidzwa halogenation siyana arenes kana alkylarene divi cheni. Izvi zvinokosha maindasitiri zvigadzirwa, sezvo vari kushandiswa sezvo zvipembenene mune zvokurima.

mumuviri ehupfumi

The ehupfumi muviri halogenated Mahydrocarbon vari zvakananga novimba nemamiriro Morekuru. At kubika tembiricha uye kunyunguduka ezvinhu aggregation zvazvinoita uwandu kabhoni maatomu chuma uye zvingangoitika mapazi parutivi mugove. The zvakawanda, nenhamba sezvarakakwirira. Vakawanda tinogona munguva zvinooneka parameters pakawanda.

1. Chitarisiko: kutanga dzakaderera vamiririri - magasi, tevera kuti C ₁₂ - mvura pamusoro - muviri hwakasimba.
2. Iva unopinza richifadza chaizvo kunhuwa, vamiririri vanenge zvose.
3. Very havaratidzi soluble nemvura asi pachako - kwazvo zvokufembedzwa. The Organic yeimwe vari yakanyauka kwazvo.
4. Achibika uye kubvunda tembiricha kuwedzera pamwe ichiwedzera kabhoni maatomu ari mukuru cheni.
5. kwokubatana All, kunze fluorine nomukaka, zvairema kupfuura mvura.
6. The zvakawanda mapazi huru cheni, rezasi kubika pfungwa yacho fuma.

Nyore kuziva zvakawanda zvakafanana nyaya zvakafanana, nokuti vamiririri siyana zvikuru sezvamunoita uye mamiriro. Naizvozvo, iri nani mugumisiro netsika nechimwe zvikuru remubatanidzwa wenyika dzino Mahydrocarbon.

mushonga ehupfumi

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha parameters zvinofanira kufunga makemikari bhizimisi uye kwetunhu akadaro makemikari ehupfumi kuti halogenated Mahydrocarbon. Havasi saizvozvo nhengo dzose, sezvo pane zvikonzero kuti musiyano.

1. The nemamiriro kabhoni cheni. Nyore nzira kuzvitsinhanisa kuita (nucleophilic mhando) dzinobva yechipiri uye tertiary alkyl halides.
2. Halogen mhando kunokoshawo. Kutaurirana pakati kabhoni uye Hal ari inobudisa zvakasimba, uye kuti chinopa nyore atsamwira kusunungura vakasununguka radicals. Zvisinei, nyore nzira yokutaura ukabva pakati ayodhini uye kabhoni nokuda dzinongoitika nokuchinja (rutapudzo) mu tichisunga simba mune dzakatevedzana: F-Cl-Br-I.
3. Kuvapo anonhuhwirira kukuru kana vakawanda kusungwa.
4. Marongerwo uye branching pamusoro kukuru.

Kazhinji, zvakanaka kuti alkyl halides sei chaizvo nucleophilic kuzvitsinhanisa. Pashure kabhoni atomu pashure atsamwira nokuda halogen dzichiitika mutariri aoma akanaka. Izvi zvinoita kukuru yose kuva acceptor eletronootritsatelnyh inoramba. Somuenzaniso:

• OH ^-;
• SO ₄ ^2-;
• NO ₂ ^-;
• CN ^- nevamwe.

Izvi inotsanangura kuti kubva halogenated yeHydrocarbon anogona kuenda chero kirasi Organic yeimwe chete vanofanira kusarudza zvakakodzera reagent iyo ichapa achida functionality.

Vakawanda zvinganzi kuti makemikari ehupfumi ari halogenated yeHydrocarbon vari kukwanisa kuita zvinotevera mukukurukurirana.

1. With nucleophilic tudonhwe yakasiyana zvemarudzi - the kuzvitsinhanisa zvakaitwa. Mugumisiro angava: alcohols, ethers, esters, nitro yeimwe, amines, nitriles, carboxylic acids.
2. Kubviswa zvakaitwa kana dehydrohalogenation. Somugumisiro chidhakwa mhinduro kubva alkali halide Morekuru iri akatsemura kure. Saka kuumbwa alkene, pasi samolecular uremu ne-zvigadzirwa - uye munyu mvura. Muenzaniso nemapinduriro: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ Br + NaOH _(doro) → CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂ + NaBr + H _{2 O.} azvaiitwa - mumwe mukuru nzira nokuda kwetunhu alkenes zvinokosha. The kwacho anogara pamwe kumusoro tembiricha.
3. Kugadzirira alkanes zvinoitika maumbirwo Wurtz kwetunhu nzira. Musimboti nemapinduriro kunoratidzwa achifumura denderedzwa rechiedza-kuchiiswa yeHydrocarbon (mamorekuru maviri) yavaibvisa simbi. Ion sei zvakasimba electropositive, yavaibvisa anogamuchira halogen maatomu kubva mukomboni. Somugumisiro, mashoko akabudiswa yeHydrocarbon radicals dzakavharika pakati kuzvisunga, alkane zvichiumba mamiriro matsva. Muenzaniso: CH ₃ -CH ₂ Cl + CH ₃ -CH ₂ Cl + 2Na → CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₃ + 2NaCl.
   
4. Reongororo homologues Kwezvinonhuhwirira Mahydrocarbon kubudikidza Friedel-Crafts kuita. Musimboti muitiro - kuti yacho haloalkyl benzene pamberi aruminiyamu chloride. Somugumisiro ari kuzvitsinhanisa zvinoitwa toluene uye paumbwe rehydrogen chloride. Panyaya iyi pamberi anowedzera kunokosha. Kunze benzene saizvozvi rinogona oxidized uye ayo homologs.
5. Preparation Grenyara mvura. reagent uyu denderedzwa rechiedza-kuchiiswa yeHydrocarbon vane magnesium Ion ari murwiyo. Pakutanga yakatakura kunze kwechirwere magnesium simbi iri mumhepo iri rinobva haloalkyl. Zvinoguma kunzwisisa remubatanidzwa wenyika vakawanda payakavakirwa RMgHal, akataura Grenyara reagent.
6. rutapudzo kuti alkane (alkene, arene). Anoitwa pasi zvinoitwa rehydrogen. Zvinoguma yeHydrocarbon uye-chigadzirwa - rehydrogen halide. Muenzaniso wemauto chimiro: R-Hal + H ₂ → RH + HHal.

Izvi nderei kukurukurirana, izvo zvinogona kupinda halogenated Mahydrocarbon dzakasiyana maumbirwo nyore. Chokwadi, panewo dzakananga siyana, izvo zvinofanira kukurukurwa mumwe mumiririri.

isomer mamorekuru

Isomerism halogenated Mahydrocarbon - a zvachose dzinongoitika chinoshamisa. Zvinozivikanwa kuti zvakawanda kabhoni maatomu ari cheni, dzakanga uwandu isomeric siyana. Uyewo, unsaturated vamiririri vane akawanda zvisungo, izvo anova chikonzero isomers.

Maviri akasiyana mikuru Fani iyi mukirasi iyi yeimwe vangazivikanwa.

1. Isomerism kukuru uye kabhoni marangwanda huru cheni. Izvi zvinogona kunzi nzvimbo vakawanda chisungo, kana aripo ari Morekuru. Sezvo nyore Mahydrocarbon, kubva yechitatu mumiririri payakavakirwa anogona kunyora yeimwe kuva akafanana samolecular asi zvakasiyana STRUCTURAL formular okuti. Uyezve, uwandu isomeric siyana ane hurongwa unokosha kupfuura runoenzanirana alkanes (alkenes, alkynes, arenes zvichingodaro) kuti halogen Mahydrocarbon.
2. Nzvimbo halogen iri Morekuru. nhamba yaro chigaro zvinoratidzwa rokuti, kunyange kana ari kuchinja mumwe chete, ivo ehupfumi pamusoro isomers izvi zvichava zvakasiyana.

Spatial isomerism pano hatisi kutaura, sezvo halogen maatomu kuti ichi hazvibviri. Sezvo vose nemamwe makemikari yeimwe mu haloalkyls isomers akasiyana kwete chete nemamiriro asiwo mumuviri makemikari maitiro.

Dérivés ose unsaturated yeHydrocarbon

Kwakadaro yeimwe Chokwadi, zvakawanda. Zvisinei, tiri kuziva halogenated unsaturated Mahydrocarbon. Vanogonawo kukamurwa kuva mapoka makuru matatu.

1. Vinyl - kana Hal atomu iri zvakananga panguva kabhoni atomu vakawanda chisungo. MUENZANISO Morekuru: CH ₂ = CCL _2.
2. With voga chinzvimbo. The halogen atomu uye vakawanda chisungo iri munzvimbo pakatarisana zvikamu Morekuru. Muenzaniso: CH ₂ = CH-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -Cl.
3. Allyl nomukaka - a halogen atomu miviri chisungo riri kuburikidza imwe kabhoni atomu, kuti anochengeterwa Arifa chinzvimbo. Muenzaniso: CH ₂ = CH-CH ₂ -CL.

Of kunyanya kukosha ndechokuti remubatanidzwa akadai raive nebutiro chloride, CH ₂ = CHCL. It anokwanisa polymerization Zvinoitwa kuumba inokosha zvigadzirwa, akadai kuputira, isapinda jira uye zvichingodaro.

Chimwe mumiririri unsaturated halogenated nomukaka - chloroprene. Formula ake - SN₂ = CCL-CH = SN₂. remubatanidzwa uyu kutanga zvinhu nokuda kwetunhu rubbers izvo zvakasiyana moto nemishonga, refu mupenyu, yakaderera permeability kune magasi.

Tetrafluoroethylene (kana Teflon), - a polymer ine unhu nokurondedzerwa. It rakashandiswa kugadzirwa zvinokosha butiro zvekushandisa mashoko, nezvirongo, akasiyana-siyana namano. Formula - CF ₂ = CF _2.

Zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon vavo nomukaka

Zvinonhuwirira yeimwe vaya, izvo zvinosanganisira benzene mhete. Pakati pavo vane wose boka halogen. nezvemarudzi maviri chikuru kwavo mamiriro vangazivikanwa.

1. Kana Hal atomu iri waakaita zvakananga chinoumba, i.e. ari anonhuhwirira mhete, ipapo mukomboni anonzi haloarenes.
2. The halogen atomu haisi vakasungwa mhete uye divi cheni maatomu, i.e. yakakura effluent kupinda divi bazi. yeimwe yakadaro inonzi aryl alkyl halides.

Pakati zvinhu zviri mubvunzo anganzi nhengo dzakawanda vane mukuru hunobatsira kukosha.

1. Hexachlorobenzene - C ₆ Cl _6. Sezvo pakutanga XX remakore raishandiswa sezvo fungicide ane simba uye zvipembenene. It ane chakanaka disinfecting Chaizvoizvo saka rinoshandiswa kuti mbeu kurapwa pamberi screenings. Ane chisingafadzi kunhuwa, zvakakwana emura caustic, akajeka, zvinogona kukonzera kubvambura.
2. Benzyl bromide C ₆ H ₅ CH ₂ Br. Rinoshandiswa sechinhu reactant anokosha kwetunhu organometallic yeimwe.
3. Chlorobenzene C ₆ H ₅ CL. Hauoneki mvura fuma rine zvakananga kwakanaka. Rinoshandiswa zvaAtemisi madhayi, kwemishonga yezvipembenene. Zviri imwe yakanakisisa zvinoita zvokufembedzwa.

Kushandisa indasitiri

Halogenated Mahydrocarbon vanoshandisa indasitiri ake uye kwemakemikari usage zviri pahupamhi chaizvo. About unsaturated uye zvinonhuwirira vamiririri isu akati. Zvino kureva Kazhinji kushandiswa yeimwe dzino.

1. In kuvakwa.
2. Sezvo zvokufembedzwa.
3. In pagadzirwe Textiles, rabha, rabha, colorants, polymeric zvinhu.
4. Nokuti kwetunhu zhinji Organic yeimwe.
5. Fluorine nomukaka (CFCs) - iri refrigerants mu Refrigeration enyika.
6. Kushandiswa sezvo mishonga yezvipembenene, zvipembenene, fungicides, anonhuwirira, varnishes, Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, lubricants.
7. Enda kugadzira insulating zvokuvakisa, uye zvichingodaro.