Howard Carter: Biography, mapikicha, mipiro kuti kudzidza nhoroondo. Howard Carter uye neguva Tutankhamun

Pasinei chokwadi kuti kubvira pazuva Howard Carter akawana neguva Tutankhamun, yave kusvika zana remakore, kufarira pakuvhurwa British akiyorojisiti harisati rapera. Izvi runoratidzwa kusingaperi pamwe nekurutsa panguva Exhibits kumarinda akakurumbira, nguva nenguva yakaitwa makuru Mumamiziyamu ari pasi pose. Izvi hazvishamisi, sezvo tiri kutaura pamusoro rinonyatsooneka kuwana zvose, ndamboita muIjipiti.

Howard Carter, ari Biography pamusoro musayendisiti ramangwana

Muna 1874, mumhuri yakakura anozivikanwa panguva iyo Chirungu mhuka painter Samuel Carter, aigara Norfolk, mwanakomana, uyo akapiwa zita Howard. Kana mwana akakura, baba vangu vakaita zvose zvavanogona kuti kumupa dzidzo kumba, izvo zvinoita kuti kutora nzvimbo akakodzera munzanga. Kuwana mwanakomana wangu chipo kudhirowa, Samuel akaedza kumudzidzisa unyanzvi mune ichi.

Nokuda kwokubatana ababa vake munyika zvesainzi, gumi Howard Carter wokutanga akatora chikamu iri matongo rwendo kuIjipiti vachitungamirirwa vaitungamirira muongorori wezvaiitika kuIjipiti Flinders Petrie iyoyo. It akapiwa mabasa painter, izvo akabvumira jaya anouya neZvapupu midziyo zvekare vemazera, uye vanonzwa chinofadza pfungwa yakawanikwa. Rwendo urwu yaiva chikoro wakanaka, uye ramangwana akiyorojisiti.

Kutanga basa nesayenzi

Kubvira ipapo, upenyu Carter wakanga akazvipira zvakakwana kuna kudzidza Antiquities, zvakavigwa nacho Valley rwaNire. Makore maviri pashure debut yake yesayenzi rwendo Petri anova ubatanidzwe imwe chirongwa chikuru chinozoiswa ne Foundation vaIjipiti akiyoroji. tsvakurudzo iyi yakaitwa mumakuva yakabatana temberi Queen Hatshepsut, iri kumadokero Thebes. Zvakanga avo vakauya duku mbiri wokutanga musayendisiti.

Mukurumbira, vakawana navo munharaunda zvesainzi, regai Carter muna 1899 kutora zvikuru vanoremekedzwa nzvimbo munharaunda, achiva wemapurisa yomuIjipiti Dhipatimendi Antiquities. Nguva iyi ndiyo nhevedzano Zvakawanikwa naye, ramakagadzwa yakanakisisa kuvazivisa anganzi neguva Saint-Nef muna Qurna.

Akadaro mupristi mumhanyi akabata kusvikira 1905, apo akamanikidzwa kusiya - maererano imwe shanduro somugumisiro rokurwisana nomumwe zvikuru nhengo venhau, Ukuwo, pashure famously akanyaradza boka nezvidhakwa vokuFrance vakanga vakarongwa bope munharaunda imwe nhoroondo zvivako. Kukanganisa administrative mabasa avo, matongo Howard Carter haana kurega kwesainzi uye paaivatambudza kupenda.

Kutanga pamwe Anoremekedzwa Carnarvon vakawana

The itsva, 1906, nezvechiitiko chakaitika achaita zvikuru kuona njodzi Carter uye akafanosarudza chinokosha kuwanikwa hwake. Pamusangano kuBritain muvanhu yesayenzi Howard akapa mudzidzi akiyorojisiti uye Antiquities muteresi Anoremekedzwa Carnarvon vakawana, uyo akava kwemakore akawanda shamwari yake uye mupinduriri.

Official mvumo nokuti kupikidura shamwari itsva akagamuchira chete muna 1919, apo izwi iri kungobvumirawo aimbova Mugadziri kwesainzi munharaunda T. Davis. By nguva ino paMupata wemhandara taifanira kuchera nezvizvarwa zvevazukuru matongo, uye rakanga vaidavira kuti zviwanikwa zvayo vaneta. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi nharo haana vabvume Carter. A kudzidza hwakadzama akaratidza mupata kuti akanga achiri nzvimbo zvakakwana kuzivana nemasayendisiti. Ndivo kunyanya munzvimbo yakafukidzwa marongera zvasara kubva zvapfuura Zvakafukunurwa muturunhuru.

Scientific hypotheses Carter

Achifananidza zvakawanwa yapfuura mummies yakawanikwa mupata mhandara, pamwe mashoko zvichibvira yemakuva pano, riri masayendisiti, Howard Carter vakasvika pakugumisa kuti nyika ichiri chimwe Amai, vanzika uye, sokuti, kufarirwa zvikuru masayendisiti. Semunhu muongorori wenyeredzi, pamberi teresikopu kuziva nyeredzi itsva, hunonzi papepa anoratidza kuvapo kwayo, uye Carter, kunobva kare vaunganidza ruzivo yasvika kutenda nezvokuvapo guva zvausingazivi pano. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, asati awana rinda Tutankhamun, Carter anotaurwa izvozvo.

Zvisinei, kuti nharo, kunyange kana unogombedzera, ikava chaiyo zvaioneka zvabuda, vaita basa guru, naro kazhinji vakashumira Carter. shamwari yake aihuitira wemauto kutarisira mberi zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo mari kwavari. Zvakakosha kubhadhara mutero kwaari - pasina mari yake, sezvo pasina simba Carter, nyika nokuti ndakanga ndisina kuona pfuma Tutankhamun nguva refu.

Tanga muitiro

Akawedzera kunzwisisa musayendisiti, uye pasina nguva akatanga Hondo Yenyika Wokutanga. Kucherwa iyi, kunyange pavaiita, asi pano neapo uye panguva refu zvikamu. Sezvo munhu akafanirwa muchiuto, Carter aigona kuzviparadza nguva yake yose chaanodisisa basa. Vazhinji kukanganiswa kuti kungadaro vakawedzera razvo guva makororo mumakore ehondo. Kushandisa chokwadi kuti nemhaka yezviito vechiuto simba neHurumende pamusoro richengetedzwe zvivako yekare, ivo unceremoniously vaipinda kwavari, pangozi upenyu uye kuchengeteka Vatsvakurudzi.

Chete muna 1917 zvakanga akakwanisa kutanga kuchenesa pasi mumupata mhandara akaturikidzana muturunhuru kuti vaunganidza ikoko pamusoro emakore nguva. Nokuti kupikidura nzvimbo rakasarudzwa, shoma makuva zvitatu: dzaRamses II, Ramesses VI uye Mernept. Kwemakore mana akazotevera basa, kunze ane yakawanda mupfungwa uye zvakatora zviuru zvakawanda pounds, havana kubereka chero zvaioneka zvabuda.

The wokupedzisira kuedza

Nokukundikana kuti dogged mumatongo mumakore apfuura, akatungamirirwa Anoremekedzwa Carnarvon vakawana achishungurudzika. Kukoka shamwari muzhizha 1922 mumhuri yake kuchamuka, akazivisa chinangwa chake kupedza basa rake, kwete sulivshie, unogona kuonekwa sechinhu, hapana asi mari. Chete inopisa Chivimbo Carter akakwanisa kuponesa kubva Carnarvon youmbwende chiito uye kuti iye abvume kuwedzera kungobvumirawo mumwe mwaka.

Pakapera October 1922 Govard Karter (nepikicha nguva dzaitaurwa pakutanga nyaya) akatangazve basa. Kuchenesa chose pasi mumupata mhandara, aifanira kubvisa zvasara zvirindo evashandi vaishanda muno vekare yaivakwa guva dzaRamses VI. Nheyo dzavo dzakanga yakavakwa nejecha pamusoro nharaunda yakakura. basa iri mazuva akawanda, asi kamwe apera, nzvimbo imwe zvivako yakawanikwa ibwe matanho kuti aende kwakadzika muvhu, uye zvinoita sokuti, kumbobvira kumutsa Zvakafukunurwa.

shamisa masitepisi

Zvose hwairatidza kuti kutarisana pamukova vamwe wamboonekwa kuvigwa. Vachitarisira rombo akaramba zvakanaka kushanda nesimba rakawedzerwa. Nokukurumidza, kubvisa yose yokumusoro chikamu pezvikwiriso, vanochera matongo akatarisana rakanamwa paguva. Carter akaona kuti dhoo rinooneka unhani zvakajeka chero Mabhuku eBraille anodhinda, unoratidza vamwari kuvigwa muchimiro yamakava, uye akasungwa navatapwa, yaiva chiratidzo mumakuva youmambo.

Zvinofadza kuona kuti mumakore apfuura, Carter akanga kaviri pedyo kuti musuo husinganzwisisiki, asi nemukutambudzika kurashikirwa mukana wake. Nokuti nguva yokutanga zvakaitika paakanyora kuti rwendo T. Davis vakapfuudzira Zvakafukunurwa pano, uye haana kuda kukanganisa pamwe zvisaririra amabwe mumatumba, akarayira kuti uchatamisa basa kune imwe nzvimbo. Nguva inotevera zvakaitika, kana makore mashanu adarika Carter hadzina kuda kuzvitakura, sezvaringaita tirasikirwe kupfuura unotorwa mifananidzo nzvimbo mikana wakajeka matongo izvi.

Mufaro Kuwanika rokutanga

Rakabatwa inoshamisa musuo pamwe sanganisika zvisimbiso, Carter vakaputsa duku buri uye akaisa furashiraiti yake mukati, chokwadi kuti ndima rikazadza emakore rukoko muturunhuru nemarara. Izvi zvakaratidza kuti pane zvave zvisingakwanisi kunoshanyira makororo, uye zvichida guva pamberi pavo yadzo yepakutanga chimiro.

Pasinei ose ine mafungu manzwiro - mufaro zvakawanikwa, asingashiviriri kuti mukati, uye pfungwa yakawanikwa hwepedyo - Carter vakaita akabvunza kubva kwaari dzidzo wechokwadi ane Chirungu jendurumani. Sezvo shamwari yake, Anoremekedzwa Carnarvon vakawana panguva iyoyo muEngland, Howard Carter haana kuda kupinda muguva pasina uyo inotsigirwa kwemakore ose aya basa. Akarayira apiwa vazadze pasuo reguva, uye England akatuma kukurumidza teregiramu, izvo akaudza shamwari yake pamusoro akamirirwa kwenguva refu kuziva.

Kumirira Anoremekedzwa Carnarvon vakawana

The runyerekupe pamusoro kuvhurika munhu wamboonekwa kuvigwa nokukurumidza ikavhuvhuta kumativi uye chamuita kuti dambudziko kuti vasati vasvika Ishe akanga asiya kutarisana pachake Govard Karter. Guva - nzvimbo hapana chete Amai, asi anokoshesa akavigwa naye. Sezvingatarisirwa, tsika idzi kuva chiteyeso kuti makororo, vaikwanisa ive kuita chero mhosva. Saka, vakawanda acutely mubvunzo akasimuka sei kudzivirira zvinokosha uye pachavo kubva muenzi pasingadiwi. Kuti izvi zviitike, pamasitepisi inotisvitsa musuo, kwete chete yazara, asi kwakazadziswa pamusoro rinorema marara, tevere akaisa wachi kuchengeteka.

Pakupedzisira musi November 23 akasvika, Anoremekedzwa Carnarvon vakawana, uye pamberi pake, kuti manera akanga zvakare asunungurwa kubva marara. Mazuva maviri gare gare, apo vose kugadzirira apera, uye mapepanhau, vaiva pamusuwo, sketched uye mifananidzo, vakatanga dismantling chisimbiso paguva. Panguva iyi, zvakava pachena kuti chimwe chinhu chakaitika; chii kwemakore vaifungidzira Howard Carter - neguva Tutankhamun waiva pamberi pake. Izvi rwakazoburitswa nemashoko rimwe inoratidza.

Suo yechipiri kuti Howard Carter yakawanikwa

Tutankhamun zviroto zvakazonyatsoitika. Pamberi pake, pakanga pane nhanho mashoma. Kana chipingamupinyi munzira dzavo chabviswa, muchiedza nemwenje, vanotsvakurudza vakaona raiiswa, yakatetepa mukoridho, uyewo ungwandangwanda hwezvinhu pamwe marara uye zvichiita zvakananga peguva. MaArab nevarikichi kuita Zvakafukunurwa, akamusunungura, kuunza ivhu iri nembariro tswanda. Pakupedzisira kwakasvika pfungwa huru. Mangwanani November 26, vanochera matongo vakamira padhoo wechipiri, kuponesa pamusoro pachavo yekare kudhinda Tutankhamun.

Kana wokupedzisira mudengu muturunhuru wakabudiswa, Carter akaita chokumusoro chikamu pamukova yokutanga, iyo akamutendera kusunda ari vachiongorora. The odhita akaratidza kuti seri musuo akasununguka zvachose. Achishandisa anotsva sechitsa, Carter akatarira mukati. Chii vakariona kumbenge zvose. Zvisati akazarura mumba, sezvinoita miziyamu horo. Akanga akazadzwa zvikuru zvinoshamisa zvinhu, mazhinji masayendisiti akaona kokutanga.

chefuma Tutankhamun

Chokutanga, muziso magogorosi akiyorojisiti akamhanyira matatu muhombe goridhe mubhedha, achipenya dully ari muchiedza Lantern. Shure kwavari kuoneka dema, akaita venguva yakareba chirungamutauro Farao, yakashongedzwa nendarama Trim. Vose mukamuri nzvimbo yakazadzwa ose zvipfuva azere sezvishongo, wakanakisisa basa chinu tumabhodhoro netumidziyo uye zvishongo siyana nendarama nemabwe anokosha. In yepfuma ichi yaishayiwa chinhu chimwe chete - chaisava sarcophagus kana Amai uyo vaiva nepfuma zvose izvi.

Zuva rakatevera guva raiva magetsi, uye akazarura musuo yechipiri chiedza chake. Zvino masayendisiti akatarisana chakakomba uye okunyatsoshanda - zvose zviri shure payo, zvaifanira mifananidzo, sketched uye nzvimbo dzavo zvakarurama akaratidza pamusoro zano mukamuri. Pasina nguva akava pachena kuti pasi mumwe mabhokisi maviri yakavigwa zvakavanzika pamukova mumwe duku divi kamuri, uyewo akazara anokosha zvinhu.

Kushanda zvinhu zvinowanikwa muguva

All kuti Howard Carter yakawanikwa, vachikumbira kubudiswa zvesayenzi uye systematization. Naizvozvo, pashure November 29, 1922 pamberi vakuru vakaita rinoyera hwomukova guva, kushanda pamwe yakawanikwa nayo Exhibits vakakokwa vanachiremba kutungamirira kubva kwesayenzi nzvimbo munyika dzakawanda. Pamupata mhandara vakaungana anozivikanwa mumatongo, epigraphists, mishonga, conservators, vemifananidzo uye Photographers.

Pangopera mwedzi mitatu chete, kana zvose zvinhu zvakawanikwa yakakodzera zvokungwarira akatorwa kubva paguva, takatanga kuvhura wechitatu yakawanikwa nedanho pamukova. Kana iye zvakakwidzwa shure kwake ndechokuti nezvacho Howard Carter - rinda Tutankhamun, uye zvakawanda zvakananga, zororo rake pamariro.

Amai, apo makore zviuru zvitatu

Zvinenge vhoriyamu yose nzvimbo inogarwa gilded areka pakureba 5,08 metres, makubhiti 3,3 metres uye kukwirira 2.75 mamita. Inside sezvizvi nezvidhori, mumwe mukati mumwe zvimwe areka maduku matatu. Kana vaongorori nokungwarira kuongorora navo, uye akaita, meso avo aiva quartzite sarcophagus. Mushure muvharo yave kutarira mukati anthropoid dzawaona (mu chimiro yevanhu mufananidzo) bhokisi akafukidzwa nendarama. pabutiro rayo akaratidza Tutankhamen chaizvo nekurara vayambuka maoko.

Inside zvaiva zvakawanda maviri chete uchanja chaizvo vachiwirirana vakataurirana, saka kuti kuvaparadzanisa vari kunzwisisa kukuru. Apo vose zvokungwarira vakanga zvikaramba, pakupedzisira pavo, uyo akafa makore anopfuura zviuru zvitatu akapfuura, akawana akaputirwa nemicheka yerineni Amai waFarao. chiso chake chakanga chakafukidzwa negoridhe chifukidzo, akaita zvinoshamisa kukwana uye vesivshaya pfumbamwe makirogiramu.

Chii Howard Carter anobvuma zvakawanikwa mukuru munhoroondo mumatongo. The mutongi weIjipiti, uyo akafa muduku uye yokuzorora pachena nyanzvi guva pakarepo akava chinhu pfungwa dzemamiriyoni evanhu. Kuzivikanwa munyika mukurumbira uye Howard Carter pachake. Mupiro kuti kudzidza kare muEgipita chakaunzwa nazvo zvokuti mukuru kuti kubvumira yose nzira itsva kuti mufananidzo pamariro Rites nguva Middle Kingdom.