Italian yehondo "Roma": unhu, musha chengarava, yetsiva basa. regia Marina

Roma - yehondo (chigadzirwe) kutaipa Littorio, uyo aiva chikamu Royal Navy kweItaly. The chikepe ainzi mukukudza guru Italian, uye aiva wechitatu munhevedzano yehondo. Pasinei anobudirira kupera miedzo yose, hazvina kumbobvira akakwanisa kuzviita muhondo. Nhasi tiri kutarisa nhoroondo yokusika, upenyu uye rufu yehondo "Roma", uyewo yaro rwokugadzira maitiro.

pfupiso

Linkor "Roma" ndiro yechitatu mhando mudziyo Littorio. In ichi zvakasiyana nevamwe zvikepe akatevedzana. The yehondo akasagona Zvinoshingaira mune nepagungwa achisangana Hondo Yenyika II, zvisinei, zviri kuonekwa kupati nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinenge zviviri. Chokutanga, Muzhizha 1943, ngarava yacho yakanga pasi kurwisa US ndege. Uye chechipiri, apo chikepe yaizopfuura Anti-Hitler mubatanidzwa vatsigiri, simba mhepo German kuiparadza.

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mashoko chigadzirwe akanzi ari kukudzwa Italian guru - guta reRoma. Kunze kwake, vachikudza Roma akadana mamwe midziyo vaviri warrior frigate muna 1865 uye yehondo muna 1907.

Construction uye vachindiedza

Maererano zano Muushumiri yeGungwa Italy kuti 1935, ari Royal Navy yave hondo, chete mhando mbiri chigadzirwe Littorio mhando wokutanga. Zvisinei, muna wechando 1935 Mukuru Staff of Italian Navy, Admiral Cavagnari akapa Benito Mussolini akarara mamwe midziyo maviri. pakutanga Mussolini vakaramba pfungwa, asi zvakadaro akapa mvumo yake January 1937.

September 18, 1938 panguva shipyard Cantieri Del Ruiniti adrianmeren muna Trieste rakaumbwa yehondo "Roma". June 9, 1940 zvakanzi akatura mumvura, uye June 14, 1942 mudziyo zvakazara rakapera. Tichienzanisa Vittorio vèneto - the nowakautangira womuenzaniso series, kuti chigadzirwe yave akavandudzika zvazviri. Mudziyo yawedzera kukura uye yakawedzera freeboard chombo: 24 pachinzvimbo muenzaniso kwepfuti 32 kunge yakaiswa Breda.

Housing

Italian yehondo akapiwa elongated muviri, kureba (240 m) kupfuura kufara (32.9 m) munenge nomwe nehafu nguva. Noupamhi katatu precipitate (9.7 m), uye chinogumbura coefficient yakanga 0.57. The Hull yakakamurwa kupinda 23 risingapindi mvura nezvikamu 22 huru transverse risingapindi mvura partitions. Dzimba ine peya dzamarudzi shop: okumusoro, uye forecastle uriri uye zvitatu platforms, achitora chete chikamu kureba mudziyo. Mumazana Kureba kweareka vakakakatira miviri pasi. Barbet pakati 1st uye 3rd shongwe zvakanzi vaisanganisa nokuda wechitatu rukoko. Standard misha mudziyo waiva anenge 40, uye nhamba - vanenge zviuru 45 matani. Musha dzakasiyana yokutevedzera mu akatevedzana aigona siyana pakati mamita 500.

Réservation

The chikuru chepfungwa kirasi battleships Littorio aiva pasi pemvura kudzivirira hurongwa Pugliese. Chaiva vaviri concentric sepombi, achipfuura pemvura mugove pakati Barbet 1st uye 3rd chikuru caliber atirari shongwe. Maererano Masvomhu zvemainjiniya, kudzivirirwa kuramba pemvura kuputika yakanga yakaenzana 350 makirogiramu pamusoro TNT. In tsika, kuunza kudzivirirwa zviratidzo zvakadai vakakundikana, kunyanya nemhaka yesimba yakaderera kubva riveted kubatana. Pakukora ari bead kuchengetedza ranged kubva 70 kusvika 280 mm. Individual zvinhu mudziyo yakava nzvimbo ukobvu:

1. Main uriri - 90-162 mm.
2. Upper uriri - 45 mm.
3. Neshongwe huru moto - 200-350 mm.
4. Achitema - 280-350 mm.

Power chirimwa

Littorio chikepe kirasi vakapakata mana masere boilers uye turbines, zvachose kukwanisa izvo kwaiva 128 pane chiuru horsepower. Zvakanga zvakakwana kuti propellers mana yokubudisa chikepe kuti aimhanya nokusunungura mapfundo 30. Range chikepe kufamba pa neavhareji kumhanya 14 change yaiva anenge 5,000 mamaira.

Saka, maererano Pataidzokera uhwu, kuti yehondo "Littorio" mhando pakati zvakanakisisa nguva yavo mukirasi. Maererano kufamba nokukurumidza zvikepe aigona kukwikwidzana muAmerican mhando mudziyo Iowa uye ngarava French Richelieu. Zvisinei, maererano Italian battleships cruising Range riri kakawanda muduku wainyatsotaura vakwikwidzi. yehondo "Roma" vaisagona mafuta gadziriro nokuda tinokwanisa duku kuoneka zvakazara.

vashandi

yehondo vashandi zvaisanganisira vakuru 92, 122 NCOs 134 1506 starshina vengarava. Kana akaita kuti flagship mudziyo, vashandi vemo vaisanganisa vatariri (kubvira 11 kusvika 38 vanhu), uyewo vakuru uye vafambisi vechikepe (kubvira vanhu 20 kusvika 30).

nezvombo

The yehondo "Roma" vakapakata zvombo izvi:

1. 65 Breda Mod (20 mm).
2. 54 Breda Mod (37 mm).
3. 50 Mod (90 mm).
4. 55 Mod (152 mm).
5. 50 Ansaldo Mod (381 mm).

Muzvikomberedzo pashure nezita saizi yakaratidza.

hofisi

Benito Mussolini akarayira haana kuita chero wengarava rearmament kusvikira 1933. Muna 1933, akare battleships pamusoro Conte od Cavour akaenda mazuvaano, uye zvinotevera midziyo itsva gore maviri, kuzivikanwa Vittorio vèneto uye Littorio dzakaiswa. Muna May gore rakatevera kuBazi Marine kutanga kugadzirira purogiramu wengarava kuvakwa, zvinosanganisira kuvakwa 4 battleships, 4 sevatsvaki vemapuranga, 3 vatakuri ndege uye 54 Ngarava dzepasi pemvura-gore mashanu.

Panopera 1935, Mussolini vakagamuchirazve Admiral Domenico Cavagnari kupfimbwa kuvaka gadziriro chirongwa ichi, mbiri mamwe marudzi ari chigadzirwe Littorio, kuti kuvandudza mikana dzavo rinopikisa kuti zvinobvira kurwisa Franco-British mubatanidzwa. Raiva pamusoro mudziyo Roma uye Impero. Benito Mussolini haana kutora sarudzo pakarepo nezveremangwana kuvakwa battleships, asi mukuvamba 1937 mushure zvose akabvuma pfungwa Cavagnari. Pakazopera gore rino, ngarava zvirongwa zvave vakatenderwa, uye mari yokuvaka kwavo rakashandurwa basa vanhu.

August 21, 1942 yehondo "Roma" akasvika pachiteshi Toronto uye akabatana murwiyo rechipfumbamwe kupesana. Pasinei nokuti chigadzirwe vaiitawo pachiitwa uye vakanga vashanyira siyana zvigadziko muchiuto, pakanga rwisana pasina mishoni kwaari. Chikonzero chaiva chokuti Italian Navy zvikuru kuchengetedza mafuta. November 12, 1942 chikepe akadai Roma, Littorio uye Vittorio vèneto, vakakurudzirwa kubva Toronto kuna Naples, kupindura omubatanidzwa nechisimba North Africa. En munzira Zvikepe vakarwisa British yepasi pemvura HMS Umbra, izvo, zvisinei, haana nekuvauraya zvakaipa.

The Kurwisa vokuAmerica

December 4, apo America vakatanga renguva pamwero kurwisa Naples, mutariro kuzoparadza Italian Navy, mumwe ngarawa rakaparadzwa zvachose uye vaviri vakanga zvakakomba. Mazuva maviri gare gare, zvikepe Roma, Littorio uye Vittorio vèneto zvakare akaenda kunotsvaka nzvimbo kupfuura runyararo. Panguva ino, nzvimbo iyi yakanga chengarava La Spezia (Italy). It akagamuchira mamiriro ngarava flagships of Royal Navy. Kusvikira April 1943 chengarava La Spezia (Italy) vakapfuura parutivi zvechiuto chiito. Asi kuterama yakatyoka musi April 14, uye ngarava "Roma" kokutanga akauya pasi simba mhepo kurwisa vokuAmerica. April 19 airstrike wakadzokororwa. The chikepe akapona uye havana kugamuchira chero kukuvara zvakakura.

June 5, 1943 chigadzirwe haana kudzivisa mhepo kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu vatsigiri. Pamusoro payo, B-17 vakanga kwakadonha maviri dzokurwa kuboora goko yairema 908 makirogiramu neimwe. Mumwe mabhomba wakabaya forecastle uriri uye mugungwa anenge 222-fung puranga. Kuwira mumvura, zviri raputika pedo kurudyi, 32 ^m2 kukanganisa kwaro pasi pemvura chikamu. Water rakapinda kudunhu kubva 221 fung kusvika 226 fung puranga. The goko wechipiri raputika mumvura kubva kurutivi rworuboshwe, pamusoro-fung 200 pepuranga uye zvakakanganisa ² 30 mamita pasi pemvura bead. Mvura yakafashamira nharaunda pamwe 198 fung kusvika 207 fung mapuranga. Somugumisiro, muna 2350 chikepe mune tani kuti mvura yomugungwa. Haana kunyura chete nokuti mabhomba havana putika uye dzokurwa kuboora.

Usiku, June 23, ari chigadzirwe yakarohwa mamwe maviri zvemuchadenga mabhomba. Wokutanga kutongwa cabins uye Mapaipi kuti kwakatungamirira nokukurumidza mafashamo kuti pedyo nzvimbo. The goko wechipiri yarova endplate wechitatu 381 mm turret, izvo zvakaita kuti zvishoma kukuvadza pedyo hurongwa. Sezvo mabhomba yakarohwa akakwirira zvakanaka warrior, zvakakomba kuvadza chigadzirwe haagamuchirwi. Zvisinei, pachiteshi chezvikepe yokunyoresa reareka akanga achinja kamwe zvakare, sezvo zvakaita kugadziriswa. June 1 chikepe paakasvika kuGenoa, uye musi 13 Nyamavhuvhu, yakadzoka zvakare kuna La Spezia.

Rufu yehondo

September 9, 1943 pasi flag Admiral Bergamini yehondo "Roma" akasunungurwa mugungwa pa musoro Italian rengarava, ostensibly vaienda Salerno kurwisa omubatanidzwa Dzinogara pose mumvura nepanyika mauto. VokuItaly achinja nokukurumidza kosi ndokunanga kuna Marita. masikautsi German vakakurumidza akazivisa zvinangwa zvavo vaimbova vatsigiri, uye nokukurumidza, kana rokuItari rengarava akaswedera Gulf Sardinian, ndege German Dornier Do 217, vakanga vakabata inorema redhiyo raitungamirirwa papfungwa mabhomba "Fritz-X", vakanga vakagadzirira kurwisa battleships. The vokuItaly haana kutora basa chiito nokuda kwezvikonzero zviviri. Chokutanga, ndege akanga akakwirira zvakakwana, uye kuti vaone insignia yavo zvakanga zvisingaiti. Uye, wechipiri, - Bergamini mawana nayo vatsigiri ndege kuti akasvika kufukidza kubva mhepo dzechikwata.

urongwa German havana sungano, uye nenguva 15:37 vakatanga kurwisa battleships Littorio uye Roma. Nokuti kuti zvikepe ndangotanga kufambisa kuti kuvhiringidza vezvikepe, vakakwanisa kuvhiringidza kurwiswa yokutanga. Zvisinei, maminitsi 15 gare gare bhomba yakarova mungarava Littorio, pedyo atirari hurongwa, uye imwe - chaipo muchikepe "Roma".

Bhomba "Fritz-X" yarova zvakanaka forecastle uriri, ari penguva pakati 100 uye 108 pemapuranga. Iye dzakapasanura napakati bays pamusoro pemvura kudzivirirwa uye raputika mumvura, kurudyi pasi Hull. Kuputika mukuparadza zvakakomba pamusoro pemvura muchikepe, iye yaikurumidza akazara mvura yomugungwa. Panyaya maminitsi zvakanzi nemafashamo: wakaoma injini mukamuri, wechitatu simba chirimwa, uyewo rechinomwe uye wechisere bhaira makamuri. Nokuda kukuvadzwa magetsi netambo shure redunhu chakatanga kuitika, uye pashure pavo - magetsi moto.

16:02 regia Marina pakupedzisira arasa yehondo "Roma": The nebhomba wechipiri yarova rworudyi forecastle pakati 123 126 mapuranga, dzakapasanura napakati uriri uye raputika ari mberi injini mukamuri. Zvakatanga moto guru kuti akakonzera detonation kuti atirari nasal wedzimba. Flame kuparuka kubva Barbet shongwe rechipiri 381 mm kusvikira zvakawanda makumi ezviuru metres, uye neshongwe kwakaputsa uye vakawa mugungwa. Pashure akatevedzana hombe kuputika Hull akaputsa pamusoro uta superstructure. List kuti starboard, izvozvo rakapidiguka uye rikanyura.

Kubva 1849 vafambisi vengarava, ari zuva muchikepe "Roma", rakapona 596. chete Maererano nedzimwe mishumo, vakuru vakawanda vakagara muchikepe pamwe nemhuri dzavo. Ship Littorio akanga luckier - iye, zvinenge, haana kunyura. Apo kurwisa magwa, ari kuItaly pakarepo akabvunza Marita kuti mhepo pakavha, kuti zvakanga vakaramba: omubatanidzwa ndege munyaya mhepo pakavha Dzinogara pose mumvura nepanyika dzepabonde mu von Salerno.

Pashure pokufa yehondo "Roma" murayiro pamusoro dzechikwata akatora pamusoro Admiral Hongu Zara. Akanga akatsunga pasinei yemasikati paMarita. Pakupedzisira, kunhonga vakapona Roma vezvikepe kubva muchikepe, ngarawa Attilio Regolo, 3 vaparadzi uye dzibudise chikepe akaenda Port of Mahon.

Results dzebasa

Yehondo ine tarisiro yakanaka, asi aitofanira kushanda Italian Navy vanosvika mwedzi 15. Panguva ino akaita maviri dhazeni nehoro mugungwa, asi haana chikamu chipi kurwa kushanda. In yose, ngarava akapfuura 2492 mamaira. Mugungwa chakanga inoitwa maawa 133 kubva kumhanya. Panguva ino akanga apedza matani 3320 peturu. Mazuva 63 chikepe chehondo.

Muna June 2012, imwe pemvura robhoti Pluto Palla akawana aparara. It riri kudzika 1000 metres, makiromita anenge 30 kubva kuchamhembe kwemhenderekedzo Sardinia. September 10, 2012 panzvimbo Roma akanyura, chirangaridzo mhemberero rakarongwa nenzira Italian frigate.

mhedziso

Italian yehondo (chigadzirwe) "Roma" rine kukuru kwaniso uye aigona kuva mudziyo kunoshamisa, asi zvinosuwisa, nyaya yake apedza zvinenge vasati vatanga. Zvichida njodzi chikepe rakange rakanamwa kunyange panguva Benito Mussolini akaramba izvozvo. Zvisinei, nhoroondo rakazara zviitiko apo kunoshamisa zvabuda akaratidza chaizvo magadzirirwo kuti aisada kutora mundege.