Kana paiva Hondo Wesenberg? Zvinokonzera nemigumisiro

Rakovor hondo Ages kwakaitika muna 1268. hondo iyi ndeimwe Zvikamu zvizhinji Northern nevaIslam uye hondo pakati Teutonic Knights uye ukuru Russian pasimba reBaltic mudunhu.

Nhoroondo ukama izvi zvakaoma yakanakisisa anozivikanwa nokuda kwehondo Aleksandra Nevskogo, Nevsky Battle of Ice. Tikafunga zviitiko izvi Hondo Wesenberg anoramba dzinenge asingaoneki. Kunyange zvakadaro, kwaiva nokurwa inokosha, iyo wakapindwa imwe navaranda hombe.

prehistory

On nyika Latvia ano uye Estonia kwemazana emakore akawanda akararama madzinza yakabatana isiri reBaltic. Muzana XI remakore munzvimbo dzakatanga miganhu kuwedzera Russia, asi zvakanga pamusoro anenge pakarepo nokuda yatanga enyika kusabatana kuMabvazuva necheSalvic mamiriro. Nokukurumidza akazviratidza kuBaltic colonists German. Vaiva Catholic nechitendero, uye Papa akaronga muHondo nechinangwa yokubhabhatidza vahedheni.

Saka, muna XIII remakore uye akazviratidza Teutonic wokuLivonia Orders. vatsigiri vavo vaiva muSweden uye Denmark. In Copenhagen, vakaronga pokurwa akandosungawo Eastland (Estonia ano). The Dzorudzidziso vakanga pamuganhu ukuru Russian (zvikurukuru muPskov uye Novgorod). Muna 1240 Hondo yokutanga yakaitika pakati vavakidzani. Mumakore aya, Russia yakanga pasi kurwisa Mongol vazhinji, vaibva okumabvazuva steppes. Vakaparadza maguta mazhinji, asi haana kuuya Novgorod, yaiva kure kuchamhembe.

Fight Aleksandra Nevskogo pamwe Western kutyisidzira

ezvinhu Izvi zvakabatsira Nevsky kuunganidza simba yakachena uye uyewo dzinga kuti yeSweden uye vairwa muhondo dzemachechi German. Alexander aigara rikadziputsa Hondo Neva (1240) uye Ice Battle (1242). Pashure kubudirira maoko Russian nguva yekumbotaurirana yakanga yakasainwa Zvisinei, vose vamiriri, zvaiva pachena kuti chibvumirano huchapera, uye pashure pemakore mashomanana, vaKaturike vachava konzera mumwe nokurova.

Naizvozvo, Alexander Nevsky akatanga kutsvaka vatsigiri pakurwisa Hondo Tsvene. Akakwanisa kumisa nevanhu Omani Duke Mindaugas, nokuti idzo kuwedzera German aivawo nengozi. madzimambo maviri aiva pedyo kuita chibvumirano. Zvisinei, muna 1263 machinda yechiLatvian Novgorod, akafa anenge panguva imwe chete.

unhu Dovmont

Yakakurumbira Hondo Wesenberg akasiya kuvazukuru mbiri zita Dovmont, uyo akatungamirira muPskov mauto muhondo kuzorwa nevaKaturike. Muchinda uyu aibva Lithuania. Pakafa Mindaugas, akatora chikamu mune hondo munyika yokumusha kwavo. Akakundikana kuchengeta nhaka, uye akanga adzingirwa vomunyika dzavo. Kunyange ipapo Dovmont aizivikanwa ushingi hwake. unhu hwake ndiye vagari vanofarira kuna muPskov, uyo afa Aleksandra Nevskogo vanoda yakazvimirira tsigira vavakidzani. Dovmont zvakabvuma kushumira guta, uye muna 1266 akava muPskov muchinda uye warlord.

Izvi zvakaita kuti nesananguro rezvematongerwo enyika yakasiyana gadziriro richikunda kuchamhembe Russia. MuPskov uye Novgorod vakanga vakasiyana nemamwe maguta East kuti vatongi vavo vakanga vakagadzwa zvasarudzwa akakurumbira sarudzo - the Chamber. Nokuda musiyano ichi, vagari idzi kazhinji mune kunetsana nevamwe political Russian centre - Vladimir-on-Klyazma, vanotongwa nhaka vamiririri Rurik dzinza. Vakabhadhara mutero kuna eMongolia uye nguva nenguva vakatsvaka chete mutero kubva Novgorod uye muPskov. Zvisinei, pasinei kunzwisisa ukama pakati pavo, mukuru kutyisidzira kuti chinoda Russian mumazuva iwayo ichibva kumavirazuva.

By nguva ino kuBaltic States vakaumba conglomerate pamusoro inoti Catholic, izvo kushanda panguva imwecheteyo, vachitsvaka kukunda uye kubhabhatidza vahedheni omunharaunda uye kuhwina Slavs.

Novgorod danidziro muna Lithuania

Muna 1267 Novgorod Vakaronga mushandirapamwe pamusoro zvehondo Lithuanians, uyo havabvumirwi zororo panyika yavo. Zvisinei, mugwagwa kumavirira kunetsana vakatanga pakati zvikwata, uye zano yepakutanga rakachinjwa. Pane kuenda Lithuania, Novgorod akapinda Estland rweberere mambo Danish. Hondo Wesenberg ndopakaperawo hondo. Wevakadzidza chikonzero pamushandirapamwe vakanga dzose nhau kuti vatengesi Russian vakadzvinyirirwa kuti vanotozvifarira kumusika, muridzi nokuda vokuDenmark.

Zvisinei, kana vaida Novgorod zvingava zvakaoma kuramba Catholic Union. Wokutanga danidziro muna 1267 kwakaguma, uye vasati vatanga. Mauto akadzokera kumba, uye vatungamiriri vemauto vakasarudza kutsvaka rubatsiro kubva Grand Duke Vladimir Yaroslav Yaroslavich. Pamahombekombe ari Volkhov gavhuna akanga abvumirana vagari vemo. Vaiva muzukuru Alexander Nevskogo Yuriy Andreevich. Hazvina Muchinda uyu aiva mukuru mukuru muuto Russian, kana paiva Hondo Wesenberg.

The Union wemachinda Russian

navapfuri Russian akatanga kuumba zvombo zvitsva uye nezvombo. Yuri Andreyevich akakoka vamwe machinda necheSalvic kubatana mushandirapamwe ake. Pakutanga, chinoumba hondo yakanga hondo Novgorod, ari Vladimir vaisanganisa mauto, uyo akapiwa gavhuna Yaroslav Yaroslavich. Hondo Wesenberg kwaiva kuedza simba chingashamwaridzana hukama pakati vavakidzani.

Uyezve, vanhu Novgorod Vakabatanidza zvimwe machinda: mwanakomana Aleksandra Nevskogo , Dmitry, aitonga Pereyaslavl; Vana Vladimir Prince Svyatoslav uye Michael, uyo akasvika Tver kukupfura; uyewo Muchinda muPskov Dovmont.

Nepo Russian Knights vakanga vachigadzirira kurwa chinhu nokukurumidza, vamiriri Catholic vakaita zvavaigona kuti vazowana tapedza muvengi. Ari pakati peungano revarwi ari Novgorod vamiriri vachibva Riga, inomiririra zvinodiwa wokuLivonia Order. Raiva minimini. vamiriri Russian akanyengetedza kuita rugare mukutsinhana chinhu kuti Order haana kutsigira vokuDenmark muhondo dzavo. Nepo Novgorod nekambani nevagari Riga, havana atotumira mauto kuchamhembe zvavo, kugadzirira kuronga nomusungo.

Reid ari Baltics

January 23 joini Russian kukupfura vaibva Novgorod. Akamirira Hondo Wesenberg. 1268 vakatanga zvatinosiita yechando inotonhora, saka hondo nokukurumidza akatamira oledenevshuyu Narva, aichimbova muganhu pakati penyika mbiri. Chinangwa chikuru chemusha mushandirapamwe aiva sokuronga kukosha nhare Rakovor. Mauto eRussia zvishoma nezvishoma, kugara achifunga zvaibiwa kwakaenderera kuzvidzivirira Danish ndima.

Hondo Wesenberg kwakaitika pamahombekombe erwizi, nzvimbo iyo ichiri haisiri kusimbiswa. Vezvenhau nharo mumwe nokuda nezvokupindira anopa umo nzvimbo mazita akasiyana zvinoratidzwa. Chero nzira, hondo chakaitika February 18, 1268 iri kuchamhembe kuEstonia, pedyo netaundi Rakovora.

Vachigadzirira kurwa

Pausiku ari kudhumhana akatuma murayiro vasori Russian kuti kudzidza nani pamusoro muvengi simba. Achidzokera trackers akashuma kuti mumusasa womuvengi varwi vakawanda mumwe chete Danish Army. Zvisingafadzi kufembera vakanga yasimbiswa apo Russian Knights vakaona pamberi pavo Knights ari wokuLivonia Order. Iri raiva rakananga kutyora runyararo Kunoenderana, izvo vokuGermany akabvumirana Novgorod pamusoro avaida mushandirapamwe.

Pasinei nokuti hondo muvengi yakanga nemhosva mbiri akasimba kupfuura kutarisirwa vatungamiri vehondo wokuRussia, kuti Slavs havana kumbovhunduka. Maererano yaMakoronike siyana, muhondo yaiva parity - kurutivi rumwe norumwe, kwaiva nevanhu vanenge 25 zviuru.

The nzira pakati vokuGermany

The hurongwa yehondo wehondo Catholic rakaumbwa maererano chaanofarira Teutonic mazano. Chaiva chokwadi kuti pakati Knights akapakatira zvombo akamira muchimiro achikanganisa rinotungamirirwa kurutivi muvengi.

Dzavo rworudyi vaiva vokuDenmark. Kuruboshwe ndiye Riga varwi. Pachiuno vaifanira kufukidza kurwisa Knights. Hondo Wesenberg haana muna 1268 yeRoma kuedza mureza kuzodzosera kufunga nzira dzavo kuti vakavarega pasi muhondo pamwe Aleksandrom Nevskim.

Construction wamapoka Russian

hondo Russian wo rave akakamurwa kuva muzvizhinji regiments, chimwe nechimwe chinotarisirwa nomumwe Nemachinda. Kurudyi akamira Pereyaslavets uye muPskov. Pakati rakanga Novgorod, idzo Hondo Wesenberg muna 1268 raiva mutsindo yechiitiko iri hondo vokuGermany. Kuruboshwe kwavo riri Tverskaya kukupfura atumwa muchinda Vladimir.

In sechivako mauto Russian yayo huru drawback waradzikwa. Ushingi uye uto unyanzvi vakanga simba pamberi uncoordinated zviito vemauto. machinda Russian vakanga nharo nokuti, uyo kubudikidza nemurairo kwakava musoro yose pokurwa. Maererano dynastic nzvimbo, akati Dmitry Alexandrovich, asi akanga muduku, haina kumupa kutendeseka mumaziso mukuru navo. The zvemberi urongwa kuna Lithuanian Dovmont, asi akanga chete muPskov voivod uye haana ndezvomunhu genus Rurik.

Saka, kusvikira hondo mauto eRussia akaita pachavo, nokuvaita nyore Dzorudzidziso. Hondo Wesenberg, zvinokonzera zvakanga akapedzisa muhondo Novgorod yeRoma, chete yakadzamisa yairwisana machinda necheSalvic.

Kutanga hondo

With kurwisa Knights German Hondo Wesenberg akatanga. February rechi18 rakanga kusarudza vemapato kuti mukakavadzane huchakunda muhondo. Nepo vanhu vokuGermany vakapinda mberi pakati Tver uye Pereyaslavl varindi pamusoro muvengi pachiuno dzavo. MuPskov hondo uyewo haana akaramba simbe. Knights ake aipesana veuto kuna Bhishopi Dorpat.

The zvakakura ichivhuvhuta yakawira Novgorod. Vaifanira kunangana kurwisa yakakurumbira "nguruve" German apo Knights akapfeka yunifomu yokufamba kusimukira panguva mhanya nokukurumidza, uye akaparadza muvengi dzeminda. Zhivago mauto akanga agadzirira kuti chijana ichi zvinhu yabuda kuzvidzivirira echelons. Zvisinei, kunyange tactical mazano havana kubatsira Novgorod kukurira matambudziko vamabhiza. Kekutanga kumbovhunduka, uye nzvimbo mauto eRussia zvinooneka sagged uye akawira pasi. Vakatanga kutya, zvinoita sokuti yava kuguma Hondo Wesenberg. Kukanganwa kukunda kwezvombo Russian zvakagadzirwa nemhaka ushingi uye kusimba kuti Dmitry Alexandrovich.

hondo yake vakakwanisa kukunda Riga varwi. Kana muchinda akaona kuti shure nyaya kutora kuipa, akakurumidza akatendeukira hondo yake shure uye akarova vokuGermany neshure. Avo vakanga vasina kutarisira ushingiwo kurwisa kwakadaro.

Chokuendesa mukwende

Panguva ino Novgorod gavhuna NAYURII kare vakatiza hondo. The shoma mweya vakashinga veuto rake, yakanga akaramba ari nemapoka vakabatana nguva ngaachimbidzike kubatsira Dmitry Alexandrovich. Kune dzimwe parutivi vokuDenmark pakupedzisira mapfumo zvinzvimbo zvavo uye vakatiza mushure anopamba wemufi bhishopu. Tverskaya kukupfura haana kuuya kubatsira Novgorod pakati uye vakatanga kutevera kuenda muvengi. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, hondo Russian kukwanisa kuronga yekutenga kurwisa kune German "nguruve."

Vakananga manheru iri Knights unonyangadzwa kurwisa Pereyaslavets uye akatanga zvakare kugara muna Novgorod. Pakupedzisira, mumadekwana, vakabata Russian mudungwe wemabhazi. Zvinonzi zvakare riri, uye kukombwa michina, vakange vakagadzirirwa kukombwa uye storming pamusoro Rakovora. Vose vakanga nokukurumidza vaparadzwa. Zvisinei, zvakanga neapo chete kubudirira vokuGermany. Hondo Wesenberg, vachitaura zvishoma, chete akamira nekuti aichengeta nechiedza maawa. vorongerwa Army vakaisa pasi maoko avo usiku uye vakaedza kuzorora, kusvikira pakupedzisira kufunga ukama hwavo mambakwedza.

Night kanzuru uto

Usiku panguva nzvimbo akadzoka Tver chemazana chehondo, vaidzingirira vokuDenmark. Akanga akabatana nemasoja kupukunyuka kubva dzimwe dzakabatana. Pakati chitunha yakawanikwa Novgorod meya Mikhail Fedorovich. A shoma gare gare vehondo kanzuru vakakurukura pfungwa wokurwisa vokuGermany murima nokuda dzinga kushamisika chitima. Zvisinei, pfungwa iyi yakanga yakanyanya zvarisingazivi, nekuti varwi vakanga vaneta uye vakagogodza panze simba. Kwakasarudzwa kumirira kusvikira mangwanani.

Panguva iyoyowo, vasara hondo German, bedzi vasara yepakutanga paumbwe ngwizhingwi Catholic conglomerate vakaziva nhamo avo ezvinhu. Ake vatungamiri vakasarudza shure. Under chifukidziro usiku vokuGermany akasiya Russian mudungwe wemabhazi yacho, uye kwete kutora naye pasina kugadzirwa.

migumisiro

On mangwanani kweuto Russian takaziva kuti vokuGermany vakanga vatiza. Izvi zvaireva kuti pamusoro Hondo Wesenberg. Apo uraya kwakaitika, mazana zvitunha avete. Machinda mazuva matatu aiva mumunda, kunoviga vakafa, uye musakanganwa kuunganidza mikombe. Kukunda chaiva uto Russian, asi nekuda chokwadi kuti vanhu vokuGermany vakaparadza kukombwa michini, refu kufora rakananga nhare Rakovor anova maturo. Pasina chaiwo nematurusi kubatwa inosimbisa zvakanga zvisingaiti. Aigona kuita refu uye kunetesa kukombwa, asi kuti kubva pakutanga zvakange asiri urongwa Novgorod.

Naizvozvo, mauto eRussia vakadzokera kunyika yavo, kuti maguta avo. With ichi mhinduro, kwete chete akabvuma kuti muPskov Prince Dovmont, uyo pamwe chete boka racho yake akaenda kuzopamba pamusoro kusachengeteka townships Pomerania. Hondo Wesenberg, dzikavauraya vanenge 15 zviuru vanhu, rinoramba chiitiko chinokosha pavanotaurirana pakati muchiuto uye Catholic mirairo echitendero zvemisoro Russian.