Key makro mazita description, zvinhu uye Formula

Economy chinhu sayenzi pamusoro zvinokosha vakarongeka kugadzirwa zvinhu uye mabasa avo kuparadzira zvakakodzera uye kudya. Kudzidza Its rinobvumira kwete chete kunzwisisa zvirinani kwemasayendisiti kuti tinosangana muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, asi kushandura yakapoteredza chokwadi. Huru macroeconomic Kuzivikanwa munguva kiyi pezvakaitwa vari National uye nyika upfumi. Ivo zvakajeka mathematically tsanangura chii isu kare kuona zuva. Pane zvinotevera zvinokosha macroeconomic nokuzivikanwa: kuenzana mari uye mari, mari uye mari, hurumende bhajeti.

Mhinzo Macroeconomics

Ose kambani - chinhu namahwindo hurongwa. Ndizvo chikamu yenyika uye kunyange nyika upfumi. Saka, chero boka ndichishanda kuti ivo pachavo vabatsirwe, asi kunounzawo vabatsirwe yose muvanhu. basa rake kudzidza microeconomics. It inodzidza kugadzirwa, nokuparadzirwa uye kudya basa nomumwe masangano. Microeconomics haripi mashoko pamusoro mukuru hunowanika. Asi kunoita kuti kuongorora pakugona kunoongorora munhu pasi nezvaanogona ayo uye kunzwisisa kushanda.

Economy yose iri kudzidza macroeconomics. Chinangwa charo kuti nechokwadi inogona kuenderera mberi pakati zvebhizimisi hakuchina, uye nyika kana mapoka. Kare, izvozvo zvakatanga gare gare pane microeconomics. inotungamirwa Its hwakada chokuita nezita Dzhona Meynarda Keynes, nemhaka yakaoma matanho izvo United States akakwanisa wokugadzirisa Depression. Mabasa ake akaona ukama pakati padanho basa, kufarira rates mari rive. For macroeconomics kunoratidzwa zvitinakire aggregates. The chinhu kudzidza muchikamu chino hadzisi Vhoriyamu ane basa mumwe, asi zvakakomba mudzimba chigadzirwa, kwete simba pamusoro mitengo mumwe chigadzirwa, uye mwero mitengo. Kokutanga, nzira iyi yakatanga zvinowanzoshandiswa Keynes 1930. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti muvambi macroeconomics vakaramba uchapupu kuti "Classics" vakaberekwa pamisika gadziriro kuzvidzora nemano. Iye waitsigira kunyatsoomerera hurumende mitemo yose kiyi unongotaura zviratidzo.

National upfumi sezvo nehurongwa

Maererano Keynes, urovha kunokosha hunhu pamisika hurongwa. Kuti uderedze ayo padanho Hurumende inofanira kuwedzera uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. kudiwa. Zvisinei, zvakanyatsoenzana zvinokwanisika, uye panguva urovha. Keynes akapa zvikuru uye chimbadzo. Naye mamiriro anogonawo kuchinja mari wechiGeorgian. Keynes vaiona National upfumi sezvo nehurongwa. Uye kuvapo kwayo kwakabatana ne zvimwe zvinangwa. Huru macroeconomic Kuzivikanwa dzinoratidza anokosha munzvimbo dziri amenable mutemo. Pakati zvinangwa National upfumi kushanda sezvinotevera:

• Urongwa GDP kukura mune kwakakwana mashoko uye paavhareji capita.
• Job kusikwa nechitsigiso vagari panguva yekupindurwa nzvimbo.
• Nechokwadi akatsiga mitengo.
• Mwero kugovera mari.
• Kukura kwokunze nemauto munyika, asi kwete kuna pakukuvadza vagari vayo uye kuvandudza kwavo.

Key makro Kuzivikanwa (pfupi)

To yakarurama wokuti hurumende inofanira kuvakirwa zvimwe yokutevedzera. Zvakadai uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. zviratidzi sezvo zvakakomba anopfuyiwa chigadzirwa, kuyerwa kunoitwa mberi, asi kashoma kupa pfungwa chii dzokudzidzisa rinofanira kuiswa kuti kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu. Uye pano kubatsira chikuru macroeconomic mazita. mhando izvi vanobvumira zvakadzama tinyatsonzwisisa zvinhu, ona utera National upfumi. Pakati pavo, zvinotevera equations ndivo chikuru:

• Mari uye mari.
• Mari uye upfumi.
• The State bhajeti.

Kuenzana mari uye mari

Izvi nderei macroeconomic ani. Zvinoratidza itsanangudzo zvinoumba kwakakomba mumhuri chigadzirwa. Kuenzana mari uye havashandisi mari yakawanda hakuiti zvinosanganisira zvisina kunanga mitero, musiyano pakati mhando upfumi, kutamiswa kuti bhizimisi zvekutepfenyura. Huru macroeconomic Kuzivikanwa inopa nzira nokuda kukarukureta kwakakomba wechipfuwo chigadzirwa kubudikidza kukura mari evanhu stakeholder zvakasiyana. Nokuti zvimwe zvakadzama pachisara pane zvimwe parameters, izvo takatsunga pahwaro GDP. Pakati pavo, Somuenzaniso, National mari.

Nokuti kunzwisisa nokuzivikanwa runotaurwa tsamba Y - ukoshi chokukomborerwa zvachose goho. Havashandisi mari yakawanda kuti mutengi, mabhizimisi uye voruzhinji sectors - C, I uye G, ukuwo. Sezvo nyika upfumi hwedu haasi namahwindo hurongwa, zvinokosha kutanga kupinda nzira uye mumwe chakarurama. Izvi mambure kunze kwenyika. Tsamba dzake kureva NX. Zvichava akaenzana musiyano pakati kunze kwenyika uye kupinzwa munyika. Saka macroeconomic Kuzivikanwa mari uye mari zvinogona kuderedzwa kuti mutoo: Y = C + Ini + G + NX.

Nemari uye upfumi

zvikuru macroeconomic mazita zvose zvinoratidza mamiriro ezvinhu chaiye, asi kuti chinokosha anoitwa. Wakaenzana nemari uye mari tikafunga National upfumi kunze kunze nyika. Rinotaurawo inosiya kubva kusango kudzidza paruzhinji zvekutepfenyura. Zvadaro, Y = C + I. payakavakirwa uyu GDP kukarukureta mutengo pasina wehurumende uye kwokunze sectors.

Zvino funga chakakomba mumhuri chigadzirwa kubva pfungwa nemaonero Entrepreneurs. All Ivo watambira inogona kupedzwa kana kuponeswa kuti mari mune ramangwana nguva. Saka, Y = C + S, apo C - zvinodyiwa ichi, uye S - nemari.

Zvinowirirana vose equations. Tichafara: C + Ini = S + C. Kubva dzinokosha macroeconomic ani zvinoreva kuti, nokuderedza chete zviratidzo kumativi ose, tinogona kuona wakaenzana mari uye mari.

Nezvekugadzirwa mamiriro bhajeti

Huru macroeconomic Kuzivikanwa kunoratidza kuti nokufamba kwenguva, chero nyika anoda kuvaka pachake kugadzirwa kwayo uye kuvapo pamisika, kusanganisira kwose. Asi kutanga unofanira kukwanisa yokufudza hurumende bhajeti. Tatoona kuti zvose zveminda zviri pachena nemauto inogona kushandiswa rinodyiwa uye mari. Izvi zvinogona zvainanga bhizimisi iri chaiyo kana mune mari yesangano.

We gadzirisa muenzaniso mberi. Mukutonga mari yesangano isu kureva chete chaiko mari uye hurumende zvisungo. We kuzozivisa notation. Sg - voruzhinji kwemauto nemari, ΔM uye ΔB - kuchinja mari romugove uye kukosha zvisungo wechiGeorgian. Ita imwe nyaya. Regai mari dzavo dzose vaisagona kupedza chero kuwedzera (kuderera) nemari wedzerai uye kuchinja kukosha zvisungo wakabudiswa nayo. Saka, Sg = - (ΔM + ΔB). Ndiwo aiva mamiriro bhajeti. Zvinoratidza kuti dhefisiti inogona nemari chete nokuwedzera mari nerubatsiro, kana hurumende chisungo issuance.

chiNazi Keynesian muenzaniso

National upfumi - ichi chinhu chakaoma kunzwisisa hurongwa. Uye kushanda kwayo kwakabatana chinokosha nechokwadi. Key makro zviratidzi yokuzivikanwa kunoratidzwa Mhedziso mukana. Mukati mezvizvi simba uye kuneta deterministic yokutevedzera. Vamiririri New Keynesian mirayiridzo kutsvaka kuwedzera iine zviratidzo. Zvisinei, mune dzakawanda mienzaniso yavo ndiyo bedzi chinoita kuti kukura upfumi.

neoclassical maonero

Yemashoko vamiririri nzvimbo iyi ndivo zvikuru simba. Vari vakawanda kubvumira hurumende chipingaidzo ari kushanda National upfumi, asi chete munguva dzenhamo. Neoclassicism uye zvinhu zvakadai anoziva mienzaniso avo sei kuchinja zvemichina, kodzero dzevanhu pfuma, kubudirira sangano kugadzirwa kwendangariro.

Shandisa kugadzirisa matambudziko

The yokuita chikuru macroeconomic ani kunoita kuti overenga zvakakomba mumhuri chigadzirwa. It inorangarira zvichidhura sectors siyana hwenyika. Common okutanga nzendo nokudzidza zvoupfumi sezvo kurangwa muchikoro kana kuyunivhesiti ndiko kuenzanisa migumisiro dzemaitirwe zviri GDP nokuda rokutanga uye rechipiri payakavakirwa. Zvakanakisa, chakakomba mumhuri chigadzirwa, imwe mari, vanofanira dzinoenderana indekisi, izvo yaunganidzwa Achipfupikisa kuti mari.