Kufungidzira uye kufungidzira ndezvinyorwa uye magetsi. Nhetembo-Mafungiro

Imwe yemabhuku ekunyora uye magetsi emakore ekutanga mushure meOctober Revolution ye1917 yakazviparadzanisa pachayo kubva mune ramangwana uye yakatanga kunzi "imajinism" kubva mumutauro wechiFrench chifananidzo, zvinoreva "chifananidzo." Anonyanya kufanirwa Imagists ndi Sergey Yesenin, Anatoly Mariengof, Vadim Shershenevich, Rurik Ivnev.

Kubva

Izwi rinokweretwa kubva kune vanofungidzira - kwaive kune yakadaro avant-garde yechiShona chechikoro chechikoro. Vaverengi veRussia vakatanga kuona izwi iri mune imwe nyaya iyo Z. Vengerova yakabudiswa muna 1915. Munyori akataura pamusoro paEzra Pound uye Wyndem Lewis, munyori wenhete yeLondon imagi, uyo akaedza kuisa pfungwa kune iyo mifananidzo iyo iyo chaiyo yezvinyorwa pachayo yakave. Russia Imagists haana kunyora chero chinhu chakafanana nemanyori eThe Imagist, ivo vakanga vasingafanirwi kuva vatsigiri vavo, chete shoko iri rakakweretwa.

Icho chaiva chechikoro chinyorwa chekupedzisira chevaya vakange vanyengeri muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Pasinei nechokwadi chokuti nhetembo-inofungidzira yakarongeka makore maviri mushure mekuvandudzwa, havana kuuya nechinhu chipi nechipi chekushandura kunhetembo. Kunyange zvazvo vaitenda kuti vaine nzira yavo pachavo. Russia inofungidzira ndeye boka duku revatetemendi vakabva pane ramangwana, uye vamwe vakaramba vachinyora mune imwe yambiro. Vanyori vose vakanga vakanyanyisa kutendeseka, iyo yakarondedzerwa mitemo ye versification hapana mumwe wavo akatevedzera. Mhemberero yekutanga yezvinyorwa zveA imagist yakaitwa musi waJanuary 29, 1919 munzvimbo yeAll-Russian Union yeVanyori.

Declaration nekugadzirwa

Zuva rakatevera, musi waJanuary 30, the Imagists yakabudisa chiziviso chekutanga chekutanga nemashizha ekugadzira, yakasayirwa naJeenin, Ivnev, Marienhoff naShershenevich, pamwe nevanyori Erdman naYakulov. Vatsvakurudzi nevatsoropodzi vezvinyorwa vasati vasarudza kana zvakakosha kuisa kufungidzira mumutsara ne acmeism, chiratidzo uye futurism. Pasina mubvunzo, ichi chinhu chinonakidza mumunda wezvinyorwa zvekunyora, asi inofanira kuonekwa seimwe yezvikamu zvekuvandudzwa kwemashure-chiratidzo, sezvo iye zvino haikwanise kupa mutsara mutsva mutsva padzidziso yemabhuku. Panofungidzira, The Imagists ndiyo epithets ye Futurists, nokuti havana kuwana imwe nzira itsva yekusimudzira nhetembo.

Nyika yacho yakasangana nekugadzirwa kwekusika mukati mekutanga uye shure kwekushandura nguva, kusanganisira iyo inoretical. Kutsvaga kwemazano uye masayenzi kwakaitwa, pamwe nehupenzi uye unyanzvi hwokugadzira nheyo itsva yezvinyorwa. Kufungidzira ndeimwe nzira yakadaro, uye inobatsira, sezvinoitwa chero ipi zvayo inogona kukanganisa kufambiswa kwetauro rwenhetembo. Theorists of Imagism anoshuma figurativeness chinhu chikuru chemashoko. Kwete shoko-chiratidzo chinenge chiverengo chisingagumi chetsanangudzo, saSymbolists, kwete izwi-inzwi sezvakaita Cubo-Futurists, kwete shoko-zita, sezviri kuparidzirwa acmeism, uye izwi-chirevo, neshoko rimwe chete rinoreva. Kufungidzira mumabhuku ndeyechifananidzo uye chifananidzo chete, chiridzwa chete mukugadzirwa kwechokwadi nyanzvi yemaoko.

Chii chinofungidzira kuona mifananidzo

Masayendisiti anonzi imaginist anonzi chifananidzo mothball, achigadzirisa basa, achiiponesa kubva panguva, iyo yavakaona nemoth. Vakatenda kuti mutsara wezvinyorwa, sezvombo, wakafukidzirwa kubva pakuvapo kwechifananidzo, uye sokunge kuti mifananidzo yese yetsani inodzivirirwa seganda. Nokuda kwechiitiko chemufananidzo wevhesi yacho, chifananidzo chacho chakavakirirwa nemapurisa.

Nezvezvinyorwa zvebasa reunyanzvi, mazana ezana remakore rechi20 menaginist akanganisa zvishoma, mushure mokunge Mariengof akagadzirisa zvakataurwa muChangamidzo neshoko rinopesana zvachose. Uye pakutanga zvakataurwa kuti zvinyorwa hazvina maturo. Vakaona kusimbiswa kwemutauro chete kuburikidza nemifananidzo. Zvechokwadi, mumisangano iyi kwakanga kusina mutsva: mifananidzo yaive yepamusoro yekufananidzira, asi aya mazano neamangwana akashandisa. Kuzviisa kwemafomu uye zvakagadzirirwa kumufananidzo - zvaive zvitsva, asi pane zvinyengeri.

Kukunda Futurism

Kuburikidza kwezvinyorwa zveRussia zvemazana makumi maviri ekutanga ezana remakore rechimakumi zvinogona kuratidzirwa sehondo isingagoneki uye kusagadzikana kusingagumi kwemaitiro ega ega kunyorwa nevamwe. Sezvo ramangwana uye acmeist nemarota akaberekwa kunze kwekufananidzira, saka kufungidzira mumabhuku - kuri kukunda futurism.

Kunyange zvazvo zvisingazivikanwi, izvi zvakafanana nekuuraya hama yepedyo: Futurism inoda kuve nerufu, nekunyora mhirizhonga pamusoro perufu rwemakore gumi ane makore makumi mana (1909-1919) - futurism yafa ... "Zvakanaka" kufungidzira, hanzvadzi yake haina kuzvidemba.

Vadim Shershenevich

The Imagists of Silver Age pamwe chete vakaziva Vadim Shershenevich semutungamiri wenhau uye mukuru mukuru. Akanga ari weanorist of the current current, and his propagandist. Zvaakatanga (uye akaenderera mberi) semangwana haana kumurambidza kuti ave mutsoropodzi ane utsinye uye kupandukira kwezvake zvekunyora kwepuroti.

Zvikonzero zvechokwadi zvakanga zvisiri zvematongerwe enyika zvakadai semunhu oga, nokuti Shershenevich akazviratidza asina chokwadi kuti, kutora futurism, haagamuchiri ramangwana mune chero nzira. Zvisinei, zvaanowedzera zvakare nhetembo uye zvidzidzo zvinodzidzisa hukama hweropa nemafungiro aMarinetti uye nekugadzirwa kweKhlebnikov naMayakovsky. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro zvakaoma kudavira zvirevo zvinoreva kuti Imagist dzakasiyana zvakanyanyisa.

Anatoly Mariengof

Uyewo nhengo inoshanda zvikuru yeBigist group, Mariengof yaive yakanyatsogadziriswa, kunyange zvazvo yaive yakasiyana neruzivo rwechimiro, iyo inowanzopfuura zvose zvakaitika mberi-garde zvekusangana kweShershenevich. Mariengof inoratidziro inofadza. Vatsvakurudzi vekufungidzira vobva vatsanangura muvateveri vaEeenin, vachifunga nezvehukama hwavo hwepedyo hwepedyo, vanopikisa Yesenin, vachibatana naShershenevich.

Kuva iyeye wezvekodzero yekufungidzira saShershenevich, Mariengof haabhadhari zvakanyanya pamufananidzo saizvozvowo, uyezve, inonyanya kugadzirisa zviri mukati. Icho chinoreva chimiro, uye zvakagadzikana - kuzadzwa kwechimiro ichi, uye zvose zvichave zvakanaka pane imwechete: apo imwe neimwe yezvikamu izvi yakanaka.

Rurik Ivnev

Chimwe chinhu chaiwanzobatanidzwa chaiva chokubatana zvakasiyana zvachose uye kusiyana nemanyori. Chakanga chiri - vatsvakurudzi uye havagoni kutsanangura zvakajeka. Ichokwadi ndechokuti nzvimbo dzekunakidza uye basa rose rekugadzira reMunhu weMafungiro aisakosha zvakanyanya kumadzimai-muzvombo, sekubatana kwevamwe, kushamwaridzana kwezuva nezuva uye zvimwe zvinyorwa.

Saka Rurik Ivnev Russia Mafungiro aifunga zvachose awo, kunyange kunyange Bryusov akanyora kuti Ivnev haasi imamist chete, iye kazhinji anowanzobva kune acmeism kuenda kune futurism. Asi izvi zvose hazvirevi kuti rurik Ivnev nhetembo haisi yakanaka. Pane kudaro, ivo vakanaka, uye vakanaka kwazvo.

Sergey Yesenin is Imagist

Simba rakasimba kwazvo padzidziso yekufungidzira yakapiwa nekutsvakurudza kwezvinyorwa uye zvese zvinyorwa zveEesenin, iyo ndiyo yaiva nheyo yeiyi sangano revanyori. Kunyangwe isati yasikwa boka racho, akanyora mutsara unoti "Mavambo aMariya" nekufungisisa pamusoro pezvakakosha zvekugadzira uye unyanzvi hwekutaura. Organic figurativeness yerurimi - sezvaakadana mifananidzo - inofanira kuvimba nemitambo uye yenyika yose, Yesenin anofungidzira. Nhema dzevanhu uye zvakaenzana pamusoro pezvisikwa nemunhu zvakagara dziri nheyo yezvinyorwa zvenhetembo zvenyika yevheti.

Izvi hazvifananidzi nemitemo yekufungidzira, asi Esenin akabatana nemapoka uye akaiswa pasi peChishopiti, kureva, pasi penyika inotarisa zvinyorwa zveMarienhof naShershenevich. Yeuka kuti yekutanga pakunamata yakagadzirirwa kusvika ku Futurism, uye wechipiri yakanga yakaberekerwa mune ramangwana. Zvechokwadi vakatsamwisa "Yesanism" rwe "kusarura," asi vakashandisa nouchenjeri zita guru remuimbi weRussia chaiye uye vakatakura bhaniro rake pamberi pekufamba kwekuwedzera. Tinofanira kubvuma kuti havana kukwanisa kuita izvi kwenguva yakareba. Yesenin - inofanirwa chete nemazita - akabva kune boka, achidana basa ravo rudzi rwekushungurudzika, uye kukonzera - kusava nepfungwa yenyika.

Mabasa

Ndima dzeMafungiro akabudiswa zvizhinji uye zvinenge zvichingoenderera mberi. Izvi zvakarongedzwa nekuti ivo vaiva nevaparidzi vanoverengeka, zita rakakurumbira rokuti Stoilo Pegasus nemagazini aro. Kushandisa zvipikisa se nzira yekubudirira, sezvakaitwa ne Futurists, havana kubudirira mune izvi zvakare. Kupopotedzana kwakapfuura, apo Imagistes akaedza kuputsa, asi zvose izvi zvose zvakaitwa uye zvechipiri. Kwete tarenda yakakwana. Kunyange zvazvo paive nezviito kana zvisingafadzi, zvekuita mhosva: ipapo masvingo eMassion Monastery achange akafananidzwa nemashoko ekunyomba, ipapo Tverskaya Street ichazotumidzwa zvakare ku Yeseninskaya Street, kuchinja mahwendefa, zvino hurumende ichaparadzaniswa nemifananidzo ...

Asi bhizinesi rekudhinda rakaenda rakakura. Vakawanda vaparidzi venguva refu, mabhuku maviri ezvitoro, uye mafirimu aive epamusoro peVimagists. Vakabudisa mabhuku akawanda zvokuti vanhu vemazuva ose vakashamisika, kubva kune iyo Imagists inotora mapepa akawanda. Kunyange kusanzwisisana kwakaitika. Shershenevich muna 1920 akabudisa bhuku remitembo "Bhiza sebhiza." Zita racho rakapfupisa zvakare: iyo yose yakapararira yakaenda kugaraji rePublic's Commissariat nokuda kwekugoverwa kwebhuku pamusoro pemabhiza pakati pevarimi vemunyika. Icho chokwadi chakanga chakashata zvikuru zvokuti kunyange Lenin akaudzwa.

Kusagadzikana uye kuparadzaniswa

Mune kambani zvakasiyana-siyana mumafomu, mairi uye unhu hwevanyori, kusagadzikana kwekugadzirisa kunogona kuitika. Kutanga, boka racho rakakamurwa kuva mapapiro maviri - kuruboshwe rwaiva Marienhof, Shershenevich naErdman, uye mune zvakanaka - Yesenin, Kusikov, Ivnev, Roizman, Gruzinov. Maonero pane zvinyorwa uye maitiro ezvinyorwa, uyewo pamabasa ayo - uye mabasa echifananidzo ichibatanidza - akave akaenzana zvakasiyana. Uye muna 1924 Yesenin akazarura tsamba yakazaruka mupepanhau ndokuzivisa boka revanhu vanofungidzira avo vasisipo.

Vamwe vose veMimagist vakanga vasina kutarisira danho rakadaro, vakaedza kuramba mazwi emuoni weoni, asi zvose zvakaitika sezvaakanga aporofita. Magazini yakanga yakavharwa, zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kuparidzira neGlavlit yekugadzwa, uye Pegasus Stall yaisagona kumutswa zvakare. Pasina Yesenin, kufungidzira kwakanyarara kurega kuvapo. "Mole wenguva" yakaramba ichisimbura zvese izvo zvakafungidzirwa neIndist, pamwechete ne "mothball yemifananidzo." Pasina chikoro chepurasitiki chinogona kupona - hapana miidzi pasi payo. Iyo "nyika" Yesenin akanzwisisa izvi zvakanaka.