Zhostovo painting. Zvinhu zveZhostovo mufananidzo. Zhostovo fekitari yekuveza mifananidzo

Kuita zvakasiyana-siyana uye kusiyana-siyana, kupararira pamatema kana kuti mavara ane ruvara rwetirasi, Zhostovo kuveza mavara mavara akajeka mararamiro, akafukidzwa nemashoko akavanzika. Mhando dzakanaka uye mavara machena, ma daisies ari nyore uye cornflowers anogunzva, mapeoni ane pompous uye asters ane ruzivo anosanganiswa neasingazivikanwi, asi kubva kune ino mavara asina kunaka. Shiri nehoveti, maruva akasiyana siyana nemichero anotarisa sezviri kurarama pane zvinhu zvakajeka uye zvakajairika setirasi. Vangani vasingatarisi, haungawani imwe tsati imwechete - imwe neimwe yakasiyana! Iko hupi huhwu hwakabva kupi, zvinhu zvakanakisa zvakadai sei, uko iwe unogona kutora zvidzidzo kubva pamufananidzo weZhostovo? Ichi chinyorwa uye pamusoro pezvikamu zvekuvezwa kwesimbi, zvakafanana kune vatenzi vemunharaunda yeMoscow Zhostov, vachaudza nyaya ino.

Nhoroondo ye lacquer painting

Iko yekutanga, maererano nenhoroondo yezvakaitika kare uye yekuchera matongo, ruzivo rwekupfeka mucheka rakagadzirwa neChina. Makore zviuru zvemakore apfuura, munguva yeShan Yin, vanhu veChinese vakarongedzwa nemicheka yemapuranga nemidziyo yezuva nezuva, zvombo nemidziyo yemitambo.

Kutevera China, unyanzvi hwekuveza pepa rakakunda nyika dzeIndochina, Persia neIndia, Japan neKorea. Munharaunda imwe neimwe, nzira yekuveza mucheka yakave yakasununguka, zvichibva pamitambo yevanhu, asiwo kukwereta chiitiko chevatenzi vanobva kune dzimwe nyika.

Mufananidzo wacho wakauya sei kuRussia?

Vatengesi vokuEurope mumazana emakore XVI-XVII, avo vaitengeserana nenyika dzeSouth-Asia, vakaunza mienzaniso yakaisvonaka yezvigadzirwa zvakavezwa mairi kunyika dzavo. Akafuridzirwa nekunaka nekutanga kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekumaodzanyemba zvakashongedzwa nemifananidzo yevhinish, masters emarudzi mazhinji eEurope anotanga kugadzira nekugadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mu "Chinese" style.

Kubudirira kwakanyanya kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakashongedzwa nemavhinishini, mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope dzakadai seHolland, England, Germany neFrance, zvakangoitika muzana remakore re XVIII.

Iyo yeUreal industrialist Nikita Akinfievich Demidov akafamba zvikuru muEurope yose, kwaakava nehanya neshoko revhinish painting. Muna 1778 muUrials, muNizhny Tagil, muUrals ruvara rwemavara rwesimbi hwakatanga kuberekwa.

Kubva kweZhostovo varnish kuvezwa kwesimbi

Zvigunwe zvemitambo nematareti, jugs nemabhakiti zvakaitwa muUrials uye zvakashongedzwa nemicheka yemalaki, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvezuva nezuva, zvakatengeswa kwete chete kuIirbit neKrestovsk yeruzhinji, asiwo kune All-Russia Makaryevsky Fair muNizhny Novgorod.

Zvichida, zvaive zvibereko zvevatariri veUral avo vakaona izvo zvakafuridzira hama dzeVishnyakov kuti dzipfeke varnished metal trays. Vishnyakov mhuri yebhizimisi kubva muna 1825 yakagadzirwa sevhinish mufananidzo wemiti yakasiyana-siyana kubva papier-mache - fodya mabhokisi, fodya, album, suharnits uye caskets.

Kubvira muna 1830, mapurisa akawanda ari mumisha nemisha yeTrinth Volost, yakadai seTroitskoe, Khlebnikovo uye Zhostovo, vakamira kuita zvinhu zvepapier-mache, asi vakashandura pakugadzirwa nekupenda kwesimbi yesimbi.

Kuswedera pedyo neguta rakabvumira kubata hove kuparadzanisa nevatauriri uye kuva nemusika usingagumi, uyewo kutenga zvinhu zvakakodzera pamitengo yakakodzera.

Nhoroondo yekusimbiswa kwekubata hove

Kubvira pamakore makumi matatu ezana remakumi mana nezana remakumi mana nezana remakore rechina, zvigadzirwa zvematare zvakagadzirwa uye zvakashongedzwa nekasiki zvinowanikwa mumisha yose yakapoteredza. Panguva iyoyo Zhostovo kupora kwaiva nepamusoro pekuzivikanwa kwayo. Mumakore ekupedzisira-revolutionary, kudiwa kwezvigadzirwa zvevatenzi veZhostovo zvakanyanyisa, izvo zvakatungamirira kubatanidzwa kwevanyori vakapararira kuva zvinyorwa zvezhizha.

Muna 1928, mifananidzo yose duku kubva kuTroitsky, Novosiltsev, Zhostov nedzimwe misha yakapoteredza yakabatana pamwe chete mune imwe nyanzvi yemasangano "Metallopodnos" nekambani yevatungamiri muZhostovo.

Nguva yakaoma zvikuru yekupenda kweZhostovo, pamwe chete nevamwe vakawanda mhizha, yaiva ye 40-50 yemakore ekupedzisira. Yaiva panguva ino iyo kugadzirwa kwetirasi kwakaderera zvikuru, asi kugadzirwa kwekushambadzira kwemazuva edzimba kwezvinhu zvevana kwakaita kuti pave nepakati peta. Zhostovo mufananidzo wevana iduku duku remapuranga nemasimbi, mabhaketani nemapadles, zvakashongedzwa nezvikamu zvakasiyana.

Nhoroondo Yemazuva Ano

Khrushchev's "tambo" yakaunza kuchinja kwakanaka muhupenyu hwekubata hove. Muna 1960, Metalopodnos artel yakarongedzwa zvakare uye yakagamuchira zita rayo razvino - Zhostovo Decorative Painting Factory. Kuchenjerera kubva kuhurumende, basa rakashanda pamwe chete remasters uye masayendisiti, kupinda muzviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvemukati uye kune dzimwe nyika zvakabvumira iyo mhizha kukunda dambudziko rekugara kwenguva refu.

Nhasi firinhi iri kushanda nesimba, mubhuku wevanyori vanoshanda pairi vanoshongedza maratidziro emazhinji emamyuziyamu pasi pose, uyewo misha yevanhu vakakurumbira mutsika, masayenzi uye zvematongerwe enyika.

Zvisikwa zvekuva

Sezvatotaurwa, mufananidzo weZhostovo wakaitwa pasi pesimba reUrals flower penta yesimbi. Asi Zhostovo masters, avo vakatanga kugadzira uye vakashongedza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakagadzirwa nepapier-mache, vakakwanisa kuendesa zvinhu zvavo zvose zvesayenzi kune zvigadzirwa zvesimbi. Nokuda kwavo, ivo vakashandisa zvinyorwa zvavo, uyewo makodishi anokosha.

Izvo zvisingaiti zvishoma pamusoro pekufambiswa kwekubata hove kwakave nekugoverwa nechepakati pepamusoro chechidiki chaLuckutin chacquer. Izvo zvakarongeka kuumbwa kweZhostovo kuvezwa kwakakonzerwa neRostov enamel uye maruva emhando yeIvanov chintzes, uyewo mapuranga emifananidzo yakaitwa kuMoscow factoryories.

Kubva kunei uye sei matarei?

Mazuva ano Zhostovo trays inobudiswa nenzira mbiri: nekuputika nekugadzira.

Kubva kunewo mashizha ematare emagetsi anoshandiswa magetsi anoita mabheji ematayiri emhando yakaenzana uye mashizha. Zvino, pamagetsi emagetsi, kuburikidza nemhando dzakakosha uye kusanganiswa kufa, rutivi rwakatsetseka-rutivi. Uye kuti mativi etiyiti ave akaoma, anodonhedzwa.

Vhidhiyo Zhostovo paveji inogona kushanda kwete chete nemhando dzakasiyana dzematayiti. Pamusana pokusarudza kwavo pane 26 maitiro akasiyana-siyana, kubva pane iyo yakagadzirwa yakanakisisa yakasarudzwa. Zvadaro, kana yakasiyana, basa rinoitwa nemumiririri (smith), uyo anoita gorosi rakakonzerwa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, bhandi rinocheka kubva pamatareti akawanda ematare nemaoko, izvo zvinobva zvabudiswa kunze uye kugumburwa pasi pesimba renyundo. Apo tarayi iri kuiswa pamiganhu yetiyiti, tambo yakakosha inowanikwa, iyo inogonesa simba rayo, uye ipapo rutivi rwaro pachacho runoputirwa ne nyundo.

Ko matavi aya akagadzirirwa sei kupora?

Mushure mokunge matavi acho akaumbwa uye akaputirwa, anonyorerwa kumativi ose maviri newaini, yakagadzirwa nehoki, yakanatswa mumafuta einseed. Kana imwechete yakagadziriswa terey yakaoma mune imwe khabhiniti chaiyo, tenzi primer inokuya nzvimbo yacho nejecha, uye inoshandisa imwe imwe yakasara. Pakupedzisira, tereyi yakanga yakafukidzwa mumatanda maviri nevhu rakasviba rine kaolin ivhu, parafini, soot Dutch uye mazai ezvinomera. Nheyo imwe neimwe inenge yakaoma uye yakavhurika. Nhasi, tsika yemagariro yekugadzira haisati yashandiswa, panzvimbo yayo, imwe pfumi yemafekitari yakashandiswa yakashandiswa kubva pfuti inopfidza inoshandiswa. Mushure mokupwa, teteyi yakagadzirwa ne shpaklyuyut uye yakasva. Zvadaro, isa chikwata chechikwata nemapurisi.

Izvo chete mushure meizvi, pende yakasvibirira rinoshandiswa kune tray pa turpentine, uye shure kwekumwe kuomeswa kwave kwakafukidzwa mu 2-3 zvidimbu nemafuta mavara mavara. Iyo tsvina yakaomeswa uye yakacheneswa inopiwa kune muiti wependi.

Ko mavara akasiyana sei pamatafura?

Zhostovo factory yekushongedza mifananidzo, kuwedzera kune tereysi ine tsika yakasvibirira yakasvibirira, inobereka michina ine tsvuku, bhuruu, ruvara uye ruvara rwebhuruu. Kuti zvivepo, tsvina yakaoma yevhinishiti yakajeka inoshandiswa kumusoro kwetirayi. Kunyange zvazvo isiri yakaoma, inosasa iyo nemhangura kana aluminium powder. Mushure mokunge mhepo yakasvibiswa yakaoma, yakasvibiswa nekuputika kwepende yemuvara waidiwa, izvo zvinoguma nekukurumidza uye kuzere, asiwo kufambisa, sezvakange zvisingatauriki, ruvara.

Pira pamusana wemarara zvinoda kuchinja zvose mavara nemhando. Saka, iyo mirre inongoratidzwa zvishoma, uye mimvuri inowedzerwa.

Mifananidzo yekuveza yeZhostovo trays

Zhostovo masters vanoita mifananidzo yepurasitiki yakakosha uye mapiritsi emafuta, anoderedzwa ne turpentine uye mafuta. Murairo mumwechete pamwe chete unoshanda pamabasa akawanda. Kuti abvise muchero, pepende yakachena ine varnish (gulfarba), yakasaswa nealuminium powder, kana iyo inonzi inodururwa yegoridhe - yakanatswa mu turpentine kana kuti yakajeka ye-lacquer gold powder inoshandiswa.

Zhostovo mufananidzo unogadzirwa mumatanho maviri: kupora uye kudonhedzera. Pachiteshi chekuveza, munyori wacho anotora ruvara rukuru rwekugadzirwa kwepamusoro kwebasa riri kushanda retiyiti nebhurashi yakazara. Nokuti kushandiswa kwayo kunoshandiswa (dilached) paintini inoshandiswa. Zvadaro tereyiti ine putty yakaomeswa kwemaawa gumi nemaviri mukati mokumisa makabati.

Mushure meizvi, tenzi anowedzera kugadzirisa uye anokonzera nzvimbo dzakachena, anogadzira mifananidzo ine mavara uye anorongedzera mavara anopa simba rekuumbwa. Nhengo dzemaruva nemashuini emashizha anoonekwa mumitsara midonda. Zvikamu zvakakura zvemufananidzo weZhostovo, zvakadai semaruva makuru, zvinosanganiswa nemashizha maduku, uswa hwemasango uye zvimwe zvikamu zvehutano. Izvo zvakanyanya ndezvokugadzirisa kune rumwe rutivi.

Basa rakapedzerwa rinoputiwa katatu nemavara asina kuchena uye akaomeswa muvheni, mushure mekunge yakarongedzwa kusvika pagirazi.

Icho chinonyanya kushandiswa pamusvingo

Kazhinji kacho, vhidhiyo Zhostovo vanoita maruva akazvigadziriswa semhando yemasquets, mune rimwe rhythmically rimwe munda guru uye maruva maduku. Sezvo mutemo, nheyo yehuwandu huri maruva mashomanana makuru, akadai se rose, aster, peony, dahlia kana tulip, rakakomberedza nekupararira kwemaruva maduku uye mapfundo uye kunobatanidza pamwe nesimbi dzakasvibirira, mashizha uye mashizha. Mukuwedzera kune guru remaruva maruva, vamwe vanyori vanounza kumanyoropodhi epamusoro ezvinyoro zvinyararire, maruva emupata, convolvulus kana pasies.

Michero yemaruva ose ejindu nemumunda inogona kubhadharwa nemifananidzo yezvibereko, majeki, shiri uye mapuruguru. Dzimwe nguva vanyori vanoratidzira pamatafura chete achiri mupenyu kubva kune michero kana musango wejikiji, zvakadai semakomo ash.

Mukuwedzera kune zvinyorwa zvemaruva, nheyo-yakagadzirwa Zhostovo mifananidzo yakasikwawo, mufananidzo waunogona kuona pasi apa. Sezvo mutemo, inoratidzira zvivara kubva muupenyu hwevanhuwo zvavo, nzvimbo, mahara, uyewo maawa matatu. Kakawanda, Zhostovo kuveza (mifananidzo inowanikwa munyaya yacho) ichokwadi unyanzvi hwechokwadi.

Kunotsanangura zvinoreva Zhostovo akashandisa magetsi

Pakutanga maumbirwo emateresi akakweretwa kubva kune zvinyorwa zvinonakidza, asi kududzirwa kwevhidhiyo imwe neimwe yaiva neyoyo. Nhasi vatenzi vanoziva zvikamu izvo zvatova zvekare, asi vanoedzawo kuwana zvitsva.

Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti mumabasa ose eZhostovo kupora zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa mundiza uye zvinosanganiswa nechimiro chetiyiti, kudzika kwechimiro uye huwandu hwezvinhu zvakavezwa zvakanyatsoratidzwa mazviri. Imwe nzira inokosha yekujekesa yeZhostovo unyanzvi ndiyo rhythmic uye ruvara rwemavara rwekudhirowa.

Ndinogona kudzidza here?

Dzidza kuti Zhostovo mufananidzo wei, yekukwevera mune iyi nzira, unogona kuZhostovo. Pafekitari, maitiro ayo anozivikanwa munyika yose, kutungamira kunotungamira musamuziyamu trays uye makirasi echikoro pane peki yekacquer. Munenge mutaundi rimwe nerimwe rine sangano rekufambisa rinopa mafambisirwo kufekitari, kwaunogona kuona kuti mufananidzo weZhostovo waitwa sei. Tenzi kirasi inowanikwawo mune purogiramu. Rwendo rwendo rwokuenda kuZhostovo runogona kurongeka rusununguko, mushure mekusangana nemu museum nekutsanangura maawa ekushanda kwayo.