Kupera mvura mumuviri kuti alcohols

Shoko rokuti "kupera mvura mumuviri" rinoshandiswa mushonga (zvichireva kupera muviri), mu avhiyesheni (ndiko kurasikirwa mvura nendege munguva ndege), mu kemisitiri (maitiro, izvo zvakabva Organic mamorekuru vakarambana kubvisa mvura). Zvinoitwa alcohols kupera mvura mumuviri hunhu yeimwe kare aizivikanwa doro. The muitiro unobuda kubudikidza kudziyisa ari pamberi unoparadza mvura, izvo sulfuric acid, zingi chloride, aruminiyamu oxide kana iine acid phosphoric. Zvichienderana maitiro ezvinhu anogona kuumba unsaturated Mahydrocarbon, kana ethers, rakakamurwa uye, naizvozvovo, kuti intramolecular uye intermolecular kupera mvura mumuviri.

Ethers akaumba kana kuita chiri kuitwa panguva yakaderera tembiricha nekusazvidzora doro. In danho sulfuric iine acid Ester wokutanga inotengwa: C2H5OH + HO-SO2OH ↔ C2H5O-SO2OH + H2O. Kana zvakaitwa musanganiswa wacho ipapo kudziyirwa, ipapo kuumbwa ethylsulfuric asidhi iri vakaita ane nekumwisa doro: C2H5O-SO2OH + C2H5OH → C2H5O-C2H5 + H2SO4. Zvinoguma diethyl (kana nesurferi) Eteri. Maererano zano iri rinobva intermolecular kupera mvura mumuviri kuti alcohols. Somugumisiro, Nokuparadzanisa doro kubva mamorekuru maviri maviri rehydrogen maatomu uye mumwe okisijeni atomu (vanoumba mumwe mvura Morekuru) akaumba ethers. In indasitiri, diethyl Eteri zvinoberekwa kupfuura doro pamusoro peya aruminiyamu oxide ari tembiricha 250 ° C. The kuita zano iri sezvinotevera: 2C2H5-OH → C2H5-O-C2H5 + H2O.

Intramolecular kupera mvura mumuviri kuti alcohols kunogona kuitika chete panguva tembiricha yakakwirira. Saka kubva chete doro Morekuru (pane vaviri sezvo muzvirevo nyaya) Anopatsanura mvura Morekuru maviri kabhoni maatomu inoumbwa nomumwe chisungo kaviri. Shandisa nzira iyi achigadzirira unsaturated Mahydrocarbon. Rakashandiswa chinangwa ichi chete monoalcohols. Somuenzaniso, kuti cleavage mvura panyaya iyi iri kuitwa panguva tembiricha 500 ° C pamusoro dehydrating anowedzera, semuenzaniso, alumina Al2O3 kana zingi chloride ZnCl2.

Kupera mvura mumuviri kuti alcohols - inzira nyore kuti kubudisa gaseous alkenes ari yezvirwere. Rinoshandiswa kuti kugadzirwa ethylene kubva panyaya iyi: CH3-CH2-OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O. Kupera mvura mumuviri anogona kutora nzvimbo pamberi anowedzera inova alumina. Yegwara ethyl doro iri vakayambuka kupopotedzana alumina upfu. mvura zvakaparadzaniswa wefodya sezvo chiutsi, saka inomira yakachena ethylene. In iyi, kunaka nokuva gombedzero zvinogona kushandiswa kuramba acids, semuenzaniso, sulfuric kana phosphoric. Ivo, kufanana aruminiyamu oxide, nhaka dehydrating ehupfumi. Zvisinei, sezvo sulfuric asidhi kuri rakasimba oxidizing mumiririri, inobereka yakawanda ne-zvigadzirwa (semuenzaniso, imwe doro iri oxidized kuti carbon dioxide, uye asidhi wakaderedzwa kusvika nesarufa yakasviba), saka ikabereka gasi kunoda okuwedzera kucheneswa.

Kupera mvura mumuviri kuti alcohols ose cyclic mamiriro, semuenzaniso, kupera muviri kuti cyclohexanol, anogona kutora nzvimbo pamberi phosphoric acid. Chinowanzoonekwa vanosarudza sulfuric acid, sezvazviri, kuva akanaka dehydrating ehupfumi, zvishoma zvinoita kuti paumbwe ne-zvigadzirwa, uyewo akachengeteka zvikuru. Somugumisiro akadaro kuita unobereka cyclohexene. Chokwadi chokuti kabhoni maatomu akabatana mune mhete asingadi kuchinja kemisitiri nemapinduriro: C6H11-OH → C6H10 + H2O. Cyclohexanol iri neshungu ne pfungwa yokushanda phosphoric (V) acid. The zvichiguma cyclic yeHydrocarbon une rimwe chisungo kaviri ari rin'i imvura fuma, zvisinei nokuti kunatswa pakusachena zvinonzi kwakadonhera.

Zvinogonekawo kupera mvura mumuviri kuti alcohols ine mune morekuru vakawanda hydroxyl mapoka. Sezvo muenzaniso polyhydric alcohols vanogona kufunga maitiro kunoguma kuchaitwa mamorekuru maviri mvura kubva mamorekuru maviri ethylene glycol, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe cyclic Eteri, dioxane: 2OH-CH2-CH2-OH → (C2H4O) 2. Kupera mvura mumuviri munguva DISTILLATION kuti ethylene glycol pamberi sulfuric acid. Uyu ndiwo mumwe maindasitiri ruzivo pamusoro negashiro dioxane.

Saka, tinogona kutaura kuti kupera mvura mumuviri kuti alcohols uye ane maindasitiri uye mumarabhoritari zvikumbiro. Somugumisiro, makemikari zviri kuumbwa, dzinoshandiswa yokutsvakurudza, uyewo mbishi zvinhu kana ebetsero reagents makemikari indasitiri.