Kuzanskiy Nikolay: uzivi muchidimbu uye Biography. Pfungwa inokosha uzivi Nikolaya Kuzanskogo zvishoma

Mumwe wevanyori vakuru, scientist uye vezvematongerwe enyika Nikolai Kuzansky akaberekerwa kumaodzanyemba kweGermany, mumusha wekuza, muna 1401. Sekuyaruka, Nikolai akapukunyuka kubva kumba kwevabereki vake, mushure mokunge achinyengera, Count Theodoric von Manderscheid, uyo akanga amutsigira muupenyu hwake hwose, akamudzivirira. Zvichida mutariri akamutumira kudzidza kuHolland. Ikoko, pachikoro che "hama muhupenyu humwe," akadzidza chiGiriki nechiLatini, akanga achiita basa rokupindura uye kunyorazve mabhuku pamusoro pefilosofi nedzidziso yebhaibheri. Mushure mokunge apedza kudzidza, akadzokera kuGermany ndokuenderera mberi zvidzidzo zvake paYunivhesiti yeHeidelberg.

Nikolai Kuzansky filosofi, biography uye maitiro

Asvika muPadua, muna 1417, Nikolai Kuzansky akatanga kudzidza mutemo wechechi. Asi imwe murairo kune wechidiki ane tarenda yakanga isina kukwana, akatanga kutora mishonga uye masvomhu, geography uye nyeredzi, sayenzi chaiyo uye sciences chaiyo. MuPadua, akasangana neshamwari dzake dzeramangwana Paolo Toscanelli naJulian Caesarini, vakaisa muNicholas chido chefilosofi nemabhuku.

Mushure mekunge awana doctorate mumutemo wekanyori , muna 1423 Nikolai Kuzansky akaenda kuItaly, kwaakazoziva neChristian Chancellor Poggio Bracciolini, uyo aifarira nyota yake yechitendero. Pashure pokudzoka kuGermany, akatanga kudzidza zvidzidzo zvezvidzidzo zvebhaibheri muCologne. Muna 1426, achiva mupirisita, akasarudzwa kuti ave munyori wepapa wepapa weKadhimiti Orsini, uye gare gare iye anova mutariri wechechi muKoblenz.

Muchikamu chekutanga chezana remakore rechi15, simba reChechi yeKaturike rakaderedzwa, kukakavadzana kwakawanda pakati pemakomisheni uye papa, madzishe ehurumende uye vafundisi vakatungamirira kuparadzana muchechi. Kuvandudza simba rechechi, kuchinja kwakadikanwa, vazhinji vadhidhiinali vakaronga kukanganisa simba repapa nekusimbisa simba rekuyananisa. Kukereke yakakura muna 1433 yakauya naNikolai Kuzansky, avo vakatsigira kupambwa kwesimba guru repapa.

Kuchinja kwaNicholas weCusa muChechi neHurumende

Zvinyorwa zvekuvandudza zvine chokuita nechechi uye nehurumende pamwe chete. Nikolai Kuzansky, uyo mafilosofi akazviratidza mubasa rake rokutanga Pamusangano weChechi yeRoma, akabvunzurudza gwaro racho, iyo inonzi "Constantine chipo," iyo yakataurwa pamusoro pekutumirwa kereke kwete simba remweya chete asiwo simba reMambo Constantine. Uyewo, Nikolai Kuzansky akazivisa pfungwa yakarongedzwa naOckham kare, pamusoro pekuda kwevanhu, vakaenzana nehurumende nechechi. Uye mutongi upi zvake ndiye mutakuri wekuda kwevanhu. Akasarudzawo kuparadzanisa simba rechechi kubva kumasimba enyika.

Pasi pekutyisidzira kwemauto eTurkey, vaGiriki neByzantine vakataura hurukuro pamusoro pekubatana kwekereke dzeEastern neWestern, uko Nikolai Kuzansky akauya. Ikoko akasangana naVissarion naPlephon, iye zvino akazivikanwa saNeoplatonists, avo vakaita basa guru pakuumbwa kwenyika inofanirwa mune ramangwana.

Idzo pfungwa pamusoro pekuvandudzwa kunorondedzerwa naNikolai Kuzansky, mafirosofi, pfungwa dzepfungwa, dzinotsanangurwa muchidimbu, hongu, dzakaoma zvikuru-izvi zvose zvakafuridzirwa nehuwandu hwemunguva, kupesana kwayo, kurwisana kwemaitiro akasiyana-siyana. Chero bedzi chinonzi anti-feudal mararamiro emamiriro ezvinhu, achiri kunyatsoenderana nemafungiro epakati pekare nemararamiro. Kukwidziridzwa kwekutenda, kukanganisa zvakanyanya, kunoda kuratidzika kwenyama, kwakanga kusingatauri pamwe nekufara kwemazuva iwayo. Chido chakanaka pakunzwisisa mitemo yezvisikwa, kuongorora zvakakosha zvemasvomhu uye mamwe masayenzi chaiwo, simba rekare uye nhoroondo-yakadai ifilosofi yeRenaissance. Nikolay Kuzansky akatora chikamu chekushingaira muchechi nehupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika, asi panguva imwe chete akazvipira nguva yakawanda yekudzidza sainzi.

Philosophy yeRenaissance, kutenderera. Nikolai Kuzansky, Bruno

Kuziva naAmbrogio Traversari, Lorenzo Valla, Sylvia Piccolomini (ramangwana Pope Pius II), vanhu vanozivikanwa zvikuru panguva iyoyo, vakakanganisa mafungiro enyika inoona Nikolai Cusa. Kutendeukira kumabasa ekare efilosofi, akaverenga mumutauro wekutanga waPutlus naPlato.

Akanyatsogadzikana nechekudenga, cosmography, mathematics, nzvimbo yezvido, akabatana nevanhu, saiye shamwari yake Toscanelli. Uzivi hwekusafa kweNicholas weCusa hwakaenderana nenguva iyoyo. Shanduro dzesayenzi dzinoda kuongorora kwemasvomhu, kuverenga, kuyera, kuyera. Nhauriro yake "Pakuziva nekuyera", yakanga iri danho rokutanga kune nguva itsva yekufambira mberi kwesayenzi nekwenyanzvi. Mubasa rake, Nikolai Kuzansky anobata purojekiti yekuongorora, simba, statics, anokwanisa kubatanidza dzidziso uye kuita pamwe chete. Akanga ari wokutanga kugadzira mapeji emunharaunda muEurope, uye akashandurawo kugadzirisa kalendari yeJulian, iyo yakazogadziriswa, asi izana remakore nehafu gare gare.

Ifilosofi yaNicholas weCusa naGiordano Bruno yakafanana. Mazano ane chokuita nekodhimology, ainyanya kukosha maonero aCopernicus uye akagadzirira mhando yezvidzidzo zveBruno. Vakasiya zvakawanda zvesayenzi mabasa pamusoro pechitendero, mafiroso, chechi uye nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika, vakabatana nemumwe pfungwa, pamusoro pezvose zvisingaperi. Kuchinja kubva mumitambo yeMiddle Ages kwakaratidzwa zvakajeka nehuzivi hweRenaissance. Nikolai Kuzansky anovhura pfungwa yekugadziriswa inoshandiswa naiye mukutsanangura Mwari uye zviyero mu geometry.

Mwari rugare, uye nyika ndiMwari. Dzidziso yehukama

Dambudziko guru mukuratidzwa kwaNicholas weCusa kwaiva kuwirirana kwehukama uye mwari, iyo theocentricism yefilosofi yake yakanga isiri yakakwana kune teyology yekare. Unyanzvi hwekudzidziswa naMwari, Cusa akasiyanisa nheyo ye "sayenzi yekusaziva", iyo yakapa zita rekutanga kwefilosofi.

Kuziva kusaziva hakurevi kusiya Mwari uye nokunzwisisa nyika, haisi kurambwa kwekusava nechokwadi, asi mukana wekutaura chizere chakazara chezivo kuburikidza nekubatsirwa kwepfungwa yekudzidza. Uzivi hunofanira kupfuurira mukugadzirisa matambudziko aMwari nenyika, iyo, kubva mukusaziva uye kusanzwisisika kwemashoko uye pfungwa pamusoro pechinhu chacho. Pantheism muhuzivi hweRenaissance Nikolai Kuzansky inotsanangura kwete kubva pane zvechitendero chemaonero, asi kubva pakufunga kwefilosofi. Kuzivikanwa kwaMwari semunhu wose nenyika uye chinangwa chezvose, kwakagadzirisa hwaro hwehuzivi hwake. Izvi zvakatibvumira kuti tibve kubva pakunamata uye kuyananisa kwaMwari, zvinyorwa zvisinganzwisisiki zvehumweya uye zvishoma zvezvinhu zvose.

Apo Johann Venk akapomera Nicholas weCusa wevanyengeri, mukuzvidzivirira kwake akaratidza kukosha kwekuparadzanisa Mwari - chinangwa chokuremekedza, zvichibva pakuona kwechitendero chekunamatira, kubva kuna Mwari-chinangwa chokudzidza. Nokudaro, Nikolai Kuzansky, akaisa Mwari seanovo mafirosofi, uye kwete sechinetso chebhaibheri. Muchiitiko ichi tinenge tichitaura nezvehukama pakati pezvinhu zvakapedzisira zvezvinhu uye nyika isingagumi, yekutanga.

Kuzarurirwa kwepamusoro-soro, chikamu chekutanga chekutaura

Mwari, waaifunga mukutsauka kwakakwana kwenyika yezvinhu-kutanga kwemunhu mukuru, iyo yakakwana. Ichi ndicho kutanga kwezvinhu zvose uye kamwe chete nezvose, zvakanzi Nikolai Kuzansky. Ufirosofi inobva pakuziva kuti Mwari ane zvimwe zvose. Uye iye anopfuura zvose.

Ndiyo pfungwa isina kunaka yaMwari iyo Nikolai Kuzansky yataurira, uyo mafiroso ake ekugadzirisa anoramba humwe humwe humwe humwe, hunomubatanidza pamwe nenyika. Mwari anoita seanogamuchira nyika, uye nyika iri muna Mwari. Mamiriro akadaro ari pedyo nekupembedza, sezvo Mwari asingatauri nezvisikwa, uye rugare uye zvisikwa zviri mukati maro, sezvazviri mukati memunhu.

Kufananidza nzira yacho, Nikolai Kuzansky, uyo mafilosofi ari muhutano hwekushanduka kubva kuna Mwari kuenda kunyika, anoshandisa izwi rokuti "kutumirwa". Icho chinosanganisira kuzarurirwa kweiyo mhedziso, izvi zvinotungamirira kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwehubatanidzwa hwenyika, kuparadzwa kwemashoko echihedheni.

Sezvakatsanangurwa nemasayendisiti akadaro saNikoi Kuzansky, uzivi, maonero avanoita akafanana nemafungiro ezvinyorwa ari muchidimbu mukati maMwari, kuputika kwekuzorora kunofamba, nguva iyo nguva pfupi, uye mutsara wekuendeswa ichinhu. Mune dzidziso pachedu inoreva nheyoctical hwaro hwezvakaitika zvekupikisana kwepasi uye naMwari. Zvisikwa, zvinotsanangurwa sezviri kuzarurwa, hazvigoni kuva zvenguva pfupi, nokuti zvisikwa ndikovapo kwaMwari, uye ndeyekusingaperi. Nokudaro, zvisikwa pachazvo, kwete zvenguva pfupi, zvinowanikwa nekuratidzwa kwezvinodikanwa, uye kwete nechinangwa chaMwari, sechitendero chinodzidzisa.

Cosmology munyaya dzeCusa. Izwi rekusagona kwepasi rose uye chinangwa chaMwari

Zvinhu zvose zviripo sezvinoramba zvichizarurirwa mwari, sezvo bedzi mairi, kusvika kune zvakakwana zvachose, kuvapo kwezvinhu zvakakwana zvakakwana mumagariro zvinobvira, neshoko, kunze kweMwari Chisikwa chinogona kunge chiri mumhando shoma. Ichi chigadziro ndicho chiratidzo chinonyanya kukosha kwaMwari kubva kune zvose. Sezvo Nikolai Kuzansky akafungidzira, mafirosofi anotsanangura muchidimbu dambudziko iri uye anoda kudzokorora kwakakwana. Mufananidzo wepasi, iyo nyika yakasikwa-nyika inotarisana nekusagona kwezvinhu zvekudenga uye yakatarwa neMuKristu Mwari, hazvienderani nedzidziso iyo Nikolai Kuzansky yatanga. Philosophy, ine pfungwa huru inowanikwa mukumiririrwa kwevanhu vanomirira Mwari uye pasi rose, inotsanangura pfungwa yaMwari uye nyika sechitenderera nechekati mukati, sezvo isina nzvimbo uye panguva imwechete kwese kwese.

Zvose mukati memunhu, asi murume mukati maMwari

Kuenderera mberi kubva kune imwe pfungwa yekufananidzira kwaMwari kune zvinhu zvakasikwa, nyika haina denderedzwa yayo, asi nzvimbo yayo iri pose pose. Asi zvakadaro nyika haisi isingagumi, zvisinei iyo yaizova mwari akaenzana, uye kana zvakadaro iye aizova nedenderedzwa nekati, iyo ichava mugumo uye, saizvozvo, kutanga, kwaizove nokupedzwa. Nokudaro, ukama huri pakati penyika naMwari huratidzwa, anotsanangura Nikolai Kuzansky. Philosophy, pfungwa huru dzinogona kutsanangurwa muchidimbu nekusakwana, kuvimba kwenyika pamusoro pemitemo yaMwari, chinhu chinoshamisa chekugadzikana mune zvepanyama uye kwepakati. Kuenderera mberi kubva pane izvi, zvinobvira kutora mhedziso pamusoro pe cosmology. Icho chinopera, Nyika haisi iyo nzvimbo yepasi rose, uye rutivi rwayo harungagoni kugadziriswa, "anodaro Nikolai Kuzansky.

Ifilosofi ye cosmology inorambidza ropafadzo yenyika iyo yaimboonekwa sepakati pezvose, uye Mwari anova pakati pezvose, panguva imwechete inotsanangura kufamba kwepasi. Kuramba nzvimbo yakakosha uye kusasununguka kwepasi, hazvina kumiririra hurongwa hwekufamba kwezvisikwa zvose mudenga, kuzunungusa pfungwa yakatangwa yepasi, akaisa nzira yekuvandudzwa kwe cosmology uye yakaderedza geocentrism yezvakarurama.

Kunzwisisa kwechinhu chaMwari, vakadzidza kusaziva

Kuparadza pfungwa yechitendero yezvinhu zvose, iyo inofanirwa neNeoplatonists, Nicholas weCusa akaisa mwari kwete sezvakaderera zvakaderedzwa kusvika panhandare, asi sekuratidzwa kwehuMwari hwepamusoro. Nokudaro, nyika inomiririrwa sechisikwa chakanaka chaMwari, chinokubvumira kuona hukuru uye unyanzvi hwaMwari. Kusviba kwezvinhu zvose hakugone kuvanza hukuru hwehuMwari. Runako hwepasi, rakatsanangurwa naNikolai Kuzansky, uzivi hwehukama hwepasi rose uye kubatana kwezvakasikwa kwakarurama. Mukusikwa kwenyika, Mwari akashandisa geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, mimhanzi uye zvose zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa nemunhu.

Kubatana kwenyika kunoratidzwa zvakajeka mumunhu-kusika kukuru kwaMwari. Izvi zvinotaurwa naNikolai Kuzansky. Philosophy, ine pfungwa huru yekutsanangura zvinhu zvose zvakanaka zvakasikwa naMwari, zvakabatana zvikuru nekudzidza kwe cosmology uye pantheistic ontology. Munhu anoonekwa sechisiki chikuru chaMwari. Kuzviisa pamusoro pezvose, kuisa pane imwe nhanho muhurumende, tinogona kutaura kuti ndizvo, sezvazviri, zvakaitwa. Nokudaro, anozviratidza kuva munhu mukuru, akavhara nyika yose maari.

Chii chinoratidza zvinhu zvose zvinokosha: kukokwe kwekupesana kunoratidzwa pachena mukuvapo kwevanhu. Tsamba yepamusoro yakapetwa muna Mwari uye kuonekwa kwepasi rose kwekunze kunoratidzwa mumamiriro evanhu, izvo zvinonzi pasi rakapera. Uku kukwana kwakakwana ndiko kunamata kwaMwari uko kunhu hwevanhu sevanhu vose, uye kwete yeumwe munhu. Munhu, amuka kusvika pachiyero chepamusoro, kuva nemumwe chete, anogona kuva mwari akadaro, aonekwe saMwari-munhu.

Uku kubatana kwehupenyu hwevanhu uye huMwari kunobvira chete muMwanakomana waMwari, Kristu. Nokudaro, dzidziso yevanhu inopindirana zvakanyanya naChristology, uye iyo-nedzidziso yekuendesa, izvo Nicholas weCusa akaisa mberi. Philosophy inotsanangura muchidimbu uye zvinonzwisisika kuti kunyatsokwana kwemwanakomana waMwari ndiko kukanganisa kwehupenyu hwevanhu, sekusingaperi mumamiriro ekudarika ari muna Mwari. Icho chimiro chevanhu chinoratidzwa munaKristu chisingagumi, asi chinopera mumunhu akasiyana, chakaguma. Nokudaro, munhu ane unhu husingaperi. Kuzivikanwa kwaKristu nemunhu naNicholas weCusa kwakamubatsira kuchinja pfungwa yezvisikwa zvevanhu zvakagadzirirwa mukudzidzisa kwechechi. Anotarisa munhu kwete sechisikwa, asi semuumbi, uye izvi zvinofananidza chinamwari chake. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nekukwanisa kwekufunga kwevanhu kunzwisisa nyika nokusingaperi, kudzidza zvinhu zvitsva.

Philosophy yekutenderera kwaNikolai Kuzansky nevateveri vake

Ifiyofiyo yekutenderera kwaNicholas weCusa inobatana nepfungwa yekubatana kwezivo nekutenda. Nheyo yekudzidzisa iine pfungwa yezvinhu zvakasikwa semabhuku eMwari akabva, apo Mwari anozarura ruzivo rwevanhu. Nokudaro, kutenda ndiko nzira yekunzwisisa hupenyu hweMwari mune imwe nzira yakakoromoka, iri mumunhu pachake. Asi, kune rumwe rutivi, kuzadzika kwechinhu chinoonekwa, kuzadzika kwaMwari ndechimwe chepfungwa dzevanhu, izvo zvisingagoni kutsiviwa nekutenda kusina maturo. Zivo isina kukwana yaIkolai Kuzansky inopesana nekufungisisa kwepfungwa, iyo inopa pfungwa yekukwezva kwekupesana. Anodana ruzivo rwakadaro chiratidzo chepfungwa kana intuition, kuziva kwekusaziva, kusaziva, mune mamwe mazwi, kusaziva kwesayenzi.

Chido chekunzwisisa zvarinoreva, kusakwanisa kugamuchira hurukuro yekusakwana kwezvinhu. Uye chokwadi chinoratidzwa sechimwe chinhu chinangwa, asi chisingawanikwi, kubva ruzivo, kudzidza hakugoni kumira, uye chokwadi hachiperi. Cusa anofungidzira kuti ruzivo rwevanhu rwakapararira rwakapararira kune ruzivo rwechitendero. Nokudaro, chitendero chero chipi zvacho chinongowanikwa pedyo nechechokwadi, saka zvakakosha kuomerera pakunamatira kwechitendero nekuramba kushushikana kwechitendero.

Imwe nyanzvi yefilosofi, anofungidzira kana anonyengedzera?

Pfungwa huru dzaNikolai Kuzansky dzakave dzakabereka zvikuru mukufambira mberi kwekufambira mberi kwefilosofi. Izvozvo zvinoshandiswa nekugadzirwa kwesayenzi yemasikirwo, kubatana kwevanhu, zvakamuita iye muzivi wepamusoro weKutanga. Dzidziso ye dialectics, kukwezva kwepikisano, yakapa kuenderera mberi mukurudzirwa kwechiGermany mukufunga kwemazana emakore ekuma18 ne19.

Zuva rose, chirevo chezvinhu zvisingaverengeki, kusavapo kwendenderedzwa uye mukati mazvo, zvakakosha zvakasimba pakuona kwenyika. Gare gare yakaenderera mberi mune zvakanyorwa nemuteveri weCusa, Giordano Bruno.

Muchinzwisisa munhu sezvo Mwari, Musiki, akabatsira kurera kukosha kwevanhu wokuCusa. Iye akarumbidza pfungwa nemano munhu risingaperi ruzivo, kunyange, chaizvoizvo, akanga haienderani pamwe ipapo mharidzo kereke munhu uye kuonekwa sezvo eretizm. Pfungwa dzakawanda Nikolaya Kuzanskogo zvinopesana feudal maitiro uye vasanyanya simba Church. Asi ndiye akateya nheyo Renaissance uzivi uye wava mumiririri makuru tsika nguva yake.