Masayendisiti dzakakurumbira uye mathematicians. Women mu Mathematics

Chaiwo Sciences yagara chaizvo vanhu. Somuenzaniso, kare yemasvomhu Euclid akaita chipo chinhu chakadai zvakakosha munharaunda iyi kuti vamwe vake vawana ichiripo akadzidza pachikoro. Opening ndezvaMwari vose vakadzi nevarume, vanhu vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana uye vamiririri emakore akasiyana. Chii chimiro zvinokosha? Ngationgororei zvizere.

Ada Lavleys

Not yokupedzisira basa reDare Chirungu. Vakadzi Mathematics ingasaoneka vakawanda, asi avo mupiro kazhinji chinokosha. Izvi chokuita zvakananga basa kukakavara Lavleys. Mwanasikana nyanduri akakurumbira Ishe Byron, iye akaberekwa muna December 1815-ndipo. Kubvira pauduku, iye akaratidza tarenda masvomhu, vakakurumidza kunzwisisa chero itsva musoro. Zvisinei, tsika zvechikadzi matarenda uyewo aibudisa Ada - iri zvakanaka kuridza mumhanzi uye akanga kazhinji mudzimai akanaka kwazvo. Pamwe chete Charles Babbage, aishanda pamusoro pokumuka ane svomhu purogiramu makombiyuta. Pabutiro zvachose mabasa akanga initials yake chete - hadzi masvomhu panguva iyoyo yaiva chinhu chisina kunaka. Nhasi, runoonekwa kuti ayo kuvamba raiva danho rekutanga pakasikwa vanhu vari mapurogiramu ekombiyuta mitauro. Yaiva Ada Lovelace ndezvaJehovha pfungwa ichitanga, nokuparadzira makadhi, yakawanda zvinoshamisa algorithms uye Masvomhu. Kunyange iye zvino, kunoshanda yakasiyana pamwero, akakodzera nenyanzvi kudzidza.

Emmi Neter

Chimwe kukodzera panotaurwa zvedzidzo akaberekwa mhuri yemasvomhu Maksa Netera muna Erlangen. Panguva yacho okutambirwa vasikana vaibvumirwa kupinda yunivhesiti, uye iye akanga pamutemo ndiye ane nhamba yevadzidzi. Vatakadzidzisa Paul Gordan, naiyewo akabatsira Emmy akadzivirira chinyorwa chake dzidziso invariants. Muna 1915 Noether vakabatsira zvinooneka mubasa iri mukuru dzidziso relativity. Masvomhu vake vakafara pamwe pachake Albert Eynshteyn. Nyanzvi yemasvomhu Hilbert aida kuti mutevedzeri wapurofesa wepaYunivhesiti Gottingen, asi mapurofesa unhu havabvumirwi kuwana Emmy nzvimbo. Zvisinei, iye kazhinji zvokuita. Muna 1919, iye achiri kuendesa munhu vakakodzera nzvimbo, uye muna 1922 akava tenured muzvinafundo. It akasika munhu Noether kutungamirirwa husingaoneki nemasvomhu. Emmy vomunguva rangarirai kuti zvinoshamisa akangwara uye fadza mukadzi. Kukurukura naye vakanga kutungamirira nyanzvi, kusanganisira masayendisiti Russian uye mathematicians. basa rake ane kukanganisa sayenzi nhasi.

Nikolay Lobachevsky

Chokutanga, masayendisiti uye mathematicians kazhinji pachimwe zvokuti mutengo wavo zvikuru nesayenzi yemazuva ano. Izvi ndezvechokwadi nokuti Nikolai Lobachevsky. Kubva 1802 kusvika 1807 akadzidza ari jimunasiyamu uye akanyoresa paChikoro Kazan yunivhesiti, paakange rinozivikanwa kunoshamisa ruzivo wefizikisi uye masvomhu, uye muna 1811 akagamuchira pamwero tenzi uye vakatanga kugadzirira kugashira musoro muzvinafundo. Mugore 1826-mamita, akanyora basa yakatsaurirwa kuna nenhungamiro geometry, izvo revolutionized pfungwa nzvimbo. Muna 1827 akava Rector ari kuyunivhesiti. Kwemakore, akasika dzakatevedzana mabasa ari kwemasvomhu kuongorora muna wefizikisi uye hurongwa, osimudza kudzidza nemasvomhu mumwe pamwero. Uyezve, pfungwa dzake kufurirwa kunyange pamusoro Russian uri - zvisaririra Lobachevskian kuonekwa mabasa Malevich uye Khlebnikov.

Anri Puankare

Mukutanga ramakumi remakore, masayendisiti akawanda uye mathematicians vaishanda dzidziso relativity. Mumwe waivava aiva Anri Puankare. idealism yake haina kwaishorwa munguva Soviet, saka masayendisiti Russian vakashandisa dzidziso yake chete inokosha mabasa - pasina pavo zvaisaita zvakakomba mubasa mukudzidza masvomhu, wefizikisi kana zvenyeredzi. Back mukupera namapfumbamwe remakore, Anri Puankare yakatanga dzidziso System Dynamics uye topology. Nokufamba kwenguva, basa rake rakava hwaro nokudzidza bifurcation pfungwa uye Ngwavaira, wevanotungamirira uye macroeconomic kwendangariro. Zvinofadza Poincare pachake akabvuma zvisingakwaniswi zivo esayenzi algorithm uye kunyange chose bhuku kwouzivi. Uyezve, akabudisa nyaya yakatanga kushandiswa nheyo relativity - makore gumi pamberi Einstein.

Sofia Kovalevskaya

Shoma Russian vakadzi masayendisiti mumunda wemasvomhu dzaitaurwa nyaya. Sofia Kovalevskaya akaberekwa muna January 1850. Akanga asiri chete yemasvomhu asiwo publicist uye wokutanga mudzimai, uyo akazova runoenzanirana nhengo Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Masayendisiti uye mathematicians vakasarudza izvozvo pasina rambo. Kubva 1869 akadzidza Heidelberg uye muna 1874 akatanga fung vezvesayenzi mabasa matatu, izvo zvakaita paYunivhesiti Göttingen paakavapa kwake musoro Dhokotera Philosophy. Zvisinei, muna Russia yakanga kukwanisa nzvimbo panguva yunivhesiti. Muna 1888, akanyora pepa iri yakasimba muviri kutenderera, icho akakunda Swedish Academy of Sciences. Chinonziwo vaiita mabhuku basa - ndiwo munyori yokufungidzira "Nihilist" uye mutambo "Kurwira Mufaro", uyewo mhuri rondedzero "Kuyeuka Childhood", zvakanyorwa pamusoro poupenyu mukupera namapfumbamwe remakore.

Evarist Galua

French masayendisiti uye mathematicians zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokosha mumunda nemasvomhu uye geometry. Mumwe vaitungamirira nyanzvi vakava Evarist Galua, uyo akaberekwa muna October 1811 pedyo Paris. Somugumisiro anoshingaira kugadzirira kupinda Lyceum pamusoro Louis Guru. Nechekare muna 1828, akabudisa basa rake rokutanga, izvo akafukidza nyaya nguva nenguva mberi zvikamu zviduku. Muna 1830 akanga akabvuma kuna Normal School, asi gore papera akadzingwa pokusazvibata. A musayendisiti matarenda akatanga echimurenga mabasa ake uye muna 1832 kwakaguma mazuva ake. Iye akasiya ichange iine zvinokosha nemasvomhu ano uye geometry, uyewo kupatsanura pakati irrationalities - dzidziso iyi ainzi rokukudza Galois.

Per farm

Vamwe kunoshamisa mathematicians akasiya inokosha mucherechedzo, kuti mabasa avo vari kudzidza saka kure. theorem no Fermat wokupedzisira kare akaramba unproven, anonetsa zvikuru kukwira zvakanakisisa pfungwa. Uye ichi pasinei nokuti Pierre aishanda nemanomwe remakore. Akanga akaberekerwa August 1601, mumhuri kutengeserana Mumiriri. Kuwedzera sayenzi chaiwo, Farm aiziva mitauro - Latin, Greek, Spanish, wokuItaly, uye akanga anozivikanwa somunhu wenhoroondo zvikuru kare. A basa zvaakaita uye akasarudza mutemo. In Orleans, akagamuchira tsvimborume kuti dhigirii, achibva atamira muToulouse, kwaakabereka gurukota reParamende. Kwoupenyu hwake, akanyora kwemasvomhu akadhindwa, iyo yakava nemhaka Analytical geometry. Asi zvose mipiro navo akanga kungoonekwa chete pashure porufu rwake - asati chero basa harina rakabudiswa. Rinonyatsooneka mabasa vanozviitira kwemasvomhu pachisara nzira nokuti pakuverenga nzvimbo, chikuru uye yepasisa tsika, makakombama uye parabolas.

Karl Gauss

Haasi masayendisiti ose, mathematicians, uye yawanika saka isingakanganwiki munhoroondo yevanhu, kufanana Gauss. Mutungamiriri German akaberekwa muna April 1777. Kunyange pauduku akaratidza tarenda rake kunoshamisa masvomhu, uye yokutanga namapfumbamwe remakore aiva nyanzvi uye runoenzanirana nhengo anoverengeka zvikoro of Sciences. Ini akasika chinokosha basa hwakatsaurirwa dzidziso nhamba uye yakakwirira nemasvomhu. The Mupiro huru - kuti basa rokuvaka heptadecagon, anoritsanangura, Gauss akatanga kuva algorithm nokuda kadambari pasi raitenderera zuva iri nyika anoverengeka zvaanorumbidza. Chinokosha basa "dzidziso rakaramba kwemiviri yokudenga" akava hwaro nezvenyeredzi ano. zita rake akapiwa nzvimbo pamepu Romwedzi.

Karl Weierstrass

Izvi yemasvomhu German akaberekerwa Ostenfeld. Akadzidza ari rorusununguko mutemo, asi makore kurovedza vaifarira kudzidza masvomhu. Muna 1840 akanyora pepa iri rakaita denderedzwa chairo mabasa. Chakasimudzira kurondwa ake echimurenga matongo. Strict dzidziso Weierstrass aiva hwaro kwemasvomhu kuongorora. Sezvo 1842 mudzidzisi wacho basa, uye munguva yake ndisina nguva achiita tsvakurudzo. The 1854th yakabudisa nyaya Abelian mashandiro, uye vakagamuchira zita Doctor of University Kenigsberskogo. Masayendisiti zvakabudisa Madhindindi wongororo nezvazvo. Mugore 1856-mamita, nyika akaona mumwe nyaya penya, ipapo Weierstrass akabvuma kupinda purofesa Berlin University, uye akamuita nhengo Academy of Sciences. Runoshamisa chatingatevedzera hurukuro akamuita rakakurumbira munyika yose. Akatanga dzidziso chaiyo nhamba, zvinetso zvakawanda makanika uye geometry. Muna 1897, akafa kubva matambudziko ose yokuSpain. Zvinonzi mazita womudenga mwena uye ano Berlin kwemasvomhu Institute. Weierstrass achiri kuzivikanwa zvikuru chipo vadzidzisi munhoroondo Germany uye rose.

Zhan Batist Fure

Zita musayendisiti zvinozivikanwa munyika yose. Fourier aiva nyanzvi Paris Ecole Polytechnique. Mumazuva Napoleon aiitawo rutsigiro rwemauto, uye pashure akagadzwa wevarume of Isere, kwaakanga mubasa echimurenga dzidziso wefizikisi - akatanga kudzidza kupisa. Kubva 1816 aiva nhengo Paris Academy of Sciences uye akabudisa basa rake. Zvakanga yakatsaurirwa kuna Analytical dzidziso kupisa. Kusvikira afa muna May 1830 vakanga yakabudiswa pamusoro chafariz conductivity, dzemaitirwe pamusoro midzi algebraic equations uye nzira Isaaka Nyutona. Uyezve, akatanga nzira yokumiririra mashandiro akadai trigonometric dzakatevedzana. Zvino zvinozivikanwa pasi zita Fourier. The musayendisiti akakwanisa kuvandudza chokupika mashandiro achishandisa chinokosha - unyanzvi ichi rinoshandiswawo chaizvo nesayenzi yemazuva ano. Fourier akakwanisa kuti chero zvemasanga mutsetse inogona hunomiririrwa chete analytic mashoko. Muna 1823 iye akawana thermoelectric pamusana superposition pfuma. Name Zhana Batista Fourier Rinobatanidzwa siyana nedzidziso uye zvakawanikwa zvinokosha masvomhu kana wefizikisi ose ano.