Number dzidziso: Dzidziso uye tsika

Pane tsanangudzo dzakawanda rokuti "dzidziso nhamba." Mumwe wavo anoti rinokosha bazi wemasvomhu (svomhu kana yakakwirira), iyo inoongorora muudzame yose nhamba uye anoramba zvakafanana kwavari.

Imwe tsanangudzo kutaura kuti bazi iri masvomhu kudzidza zvivako nenhamba dzavo maitiro mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana.

Mamwe masayendisiti anodavira kuti dzidziso huru kuti kupa chaiwo tsanangudzo hazvibviri, uye iwe chete kugovera kumusoro zvishoma vhoriyamu zvokufungidzira.

Set yakavimbika apo yakatanga dzidziso nhamba, hazvibviri. Zvisinei, kungoti ndakagadza: nhasi mukuru, asi kwete chete gwaro inoratidza kufarira rekare dzidziso nhamba, iri duku chaenga hwendefa 1800s BC. It - vakawanda vainzi Pythagorean hwemwana hunokura kakapetwa katatu (dzinongoitika nhamba), mazhinji acho ane mavanga shanu. A kuwanda hwemwana hunokura kakapetwa katatu inosiya zvavo zvokuimba vakasarudzwa. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kufarira sokuti dzidziso nhamba vakasimuka kwokutanga zvikuru kupfuura masayendisiti pakutanga akafunga.

Vatambi vakakurumbira zvikuru kukura dzidziso iri Pythagoreans vaiona Euclid uye Diophantus, vaigara muMiddle Ages maIndia Aryabhata, Brahmagupta uye Bhaskara, uye kunyange paya - Fermat, Euler, Lagrange.

Mukutanga ramakumi remakore nhamba yokuti akaita Akakwezva zvakadai kwemasvomhu geniuses sezvo A. N. Korkin, E. I. Zolotarov, A. A. Markov, B. N. Delone, DK Faddeev, I. M. Vinogradov, G .Veyl Selberg.

Kukudziridza uye kudzamisa Masvomhu uye zvidzidzo pamusoro mathematicians yekare, vakauya dzidzisowo itsva, yakakwirira zvikuru sandara, kufukidza nzvimbo dzakawanda. Zvakadzama tsvakurudzo uye kutsvaka uchapupu hutsva uye kwakaita kuti kuwanikwa matambudziko matsva, vamwe achigere kudzidza kusvikira ikozvino. Ramba akazaruka Artin pfungwa pamusoro of times zvikuru zvizhinji, mubvunzo ane nhamba of times, vazhinji nedzimwe pfungwa.

Parizvino huru zvinoriumba, izvo rakakamurwa nhamba yokuti, dzidziso vari: zvokutanga, nhamba huru anongoitika nhamba, Analytical, algebraic.

Elementary nhamba yokuti anobata pakudzidza integers, pasina kuswedera unyanzvi uye pfungwa nezvimwe mapazi wemasvomhu. Fibonacci nhamba, duku Fermat wokupedzisira theorem no, - Ndivo rakajairika, chinozivikanwa kunyange vechikoro pfungwa kubva dzidziso iyi.

Dzidziso vazhinji (kana mutemo vazhinji) - subsection fungidziro yokuti, anotsvaka kuratidza kuti svomhu kunoreva (musi mumwe - avhareji thumbs) guru nzwisa pedyo takamirira (iyo inonziwo yokungotaura paavhareji) dzokuenzanisira pasi ezvinhu ane wakaiswa nokuparadzirwa.

Dzidziso anongoitika nhamba dzakaparadzana zvose zviitiko zviri isingagari, deterministic uye asingashumbi, kuedza kuona ndingangokuvara kunzwisisa fungidziro nyore zviitiko. Chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira zvivako CONDITIONAL fungidziro dzavo chokuwanziridza theorem no, Theorem hypotheses (anowanzonzi Bayes 'payakavakirwa) nezvakadaro.

Analytic nhamba dzidziso, sezvo zviri pachena kubva zita raro, nokuti kudzidza kwemasvomhu zvakawanda uye kusanganiswa zvivako dzokudzidzisa uye unyanzvi kuti akarongeka kuongorora. Chimwe chikuru zvataurwa dzidziso iyi - uchapupu (kushandisa yakaoma kuongorora) pamusoro kuparadzirwa inonyanya nhamba.

Algebraic Number pfungwa anoshanda zvakananga nenhamba analogues dzavo (semuenzaniso, algebraic nhamba), inodzidza dzidziso divisor boka cohomology Dirichlet shanda etc.

Pakuonekwa uye kukura dzidziso iyi akatungamirira emakore-kare kuedza kuratidza Fermat kuti theorem no.

Kusvikira muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, dzidziso nhamba kwainzi husingaoneki nesayenzi, "vakachena art masvomhu", vasina zvachose hapana rinoshanda kana utilitarian mafomu. Nhasi, rinoshandiswa mune computation pamusoro cryptographic protocols, pakuverenga ari trajectories ose satellites uye nzvimbo Yatanga Kuongorora, zvirongwa. Economics, mari, kombiyuta sainzi, zvemaumbirwo - sayenzi zvose izvi nhasi hazviitiki pasina dzidziso nhamba.