Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky: Biography, mabasa, zvoupfumi maonero

Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski - a Russian-wokuUkraine Economist, kuwedzera zvedzidzo basa rakasvika pakutanga ari XX remakore. Aivawo inozivikanwa wezvematongerwo enyika uye yokutungamirira. Tugan-Baranowski ari mumiririri dzinonzi pamutemo Marxism muna Tsarist Russia. Yozef Shumpeter vaimuona dzepamusorosoro Russian Economist nguva yake. Panguva hwake akanyora nhamba mabasa rakazvipira dzidziso kukosha, kuparadzira evanhu mari, nhoroondo management uye yakavakirwa kwemajoini utariri.

Tugan-Baranowski: Biography

Future akahwina mubayiro weNobel akaberekwa musi January 8, 1865 pamwe. Salt, pedo Kharkov. Nhasi, ndiwo muganhu Ukraine, asi panguva iyoyo nyika vaiva Russian Empire. Tugan-Baranowski akasvika - mutsetse yemadzibaba - kubva Lipka Tatars mhando. Scientist mai rakanga dzinza Ukrainian kubva Poltava nharaunda. Tugan-Baranowski akaenda kuchikoro muKiev uye Kharkov. Kubvira pauduku, aifarira uzivi, akadzidza mabasa Emmanuila Kanta. Muna 1884 akapinda paYunivhesiti Kharkov, apo akaramba kudzidza sayenzi yepanyama. Makore mana gare gare, Tugan-Baranowski mune miteva. Asi nguva ino ndakanga kare aifarira zvematongerwo upfumi, saka akasarudza kuramba dzidzo yavo. Muna 1890, Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski ndina mumwe dhigirii. A gore yapfuura, akawana mwanasikana mutungamiriri St. Petersburg Conservatory, Lidii Davydovoy. Akanga vachishingaira mumabasa enzanga uye akavaka ibudirire zvedzidzo basa. Mukutanga 1919, Tugan-Baranowski yakatumwa musangano muParis sezvo musoro Ukrainian vacho. Pavaifamba, akatambura kurwisa mbiri angina pectoris uye akafira muchitima pedyo Odessa pedyo wechitatu.

The echimurenga mudhu

Pandaidzidza paUniversity Tugan-Baranowski akatanga vachishingaira mubasa echimurenga kufamba pamusoro tsarist hurumende kuRussia. Aiziva mukoma Vladimir Lenin vake, Aleksandr Ulyanov, uyo akaurayiwa muna 1887 kuti kutora chikamu mune kuedza musi upenyu Alexander III. Friendship kwedzimwe vasungwe Tugan-Baranowski yokupedzisira chikamu vairatidzira mudzidzi muSt Petersburg, yakatsaurirwa kuna wa25 raiyeukwa rufu munyori Nikolai Dobrolyubov.

Yokutanga kubudirira Nyaya

A inobudirira zvedzidzo basa Tugan-Baranowski akatanga muna 1890. Nyaya yake yokutanga, rakanzi "Dzidziso shoma utility kuti zvikomborero zvoupfumi" yakabudiswa muna October mumagazini inonzi "Legal Gazette". In basa iri iye zvinogutsa nharo kuti basa dzidziso ukoshi vake vemazuva marginalist zvoupfumi havasi nenzira anopikisana nharo, asi mukwanisi mumwe.

"Upenyu inozvikudza vanhu"

Mushure kubudirira wokutanga mumunda yokungotaura sayenzi Tugan-Baranowski akasarudza kunyora pfupi Biography uye muchidimbu zvoupfumi maonero Pierre-Dzhozefa Prudona, uye John Stuart Mill, nokuti mabhuku akatevedzana, vakanga rakabudiswa kwokubudisa imba Pavlenkova. Akashandura zvishoma basa, mapeji 80 chete. It Mikhail Tugan-Baranowski Proudhon akatsoropodza nokuda kwayo kushayikwa yomunyika kusachinja-chinja pane rokupedzisira bvunzo, ayo manyorero kuvhiringidzika, kushaya fungidziro uye kutsigira nounyengeri kuti utongi Napoleon vake. The maonero pamusoro Mill akawira Mikhail Ivanovich mweya, nokuti akaratidza kunzwisisa zvakarurama mweya sayenzi yemazuva, kunobva pakudzidza zvakasikwa.

ruzivo Preparation kunze

Sezvo Karl Marx uye Friedrich Shona, Tugan-Baranovsky akaona England muenzaniso kusimukira, kunyanya Russia. Naizvozvo, tsime uye 1891 musayendisiti yaiitwa muBritish Museum zhizha, kudzidza muunganidzwa wemabhuku isingawanzowanikwi uye Statistical basa. Akabva adzoka St. Petersburg. akapedza kudzidza dzebhizimisi zvinogara dzidziso maviri akatevera. Panguva ino akanyora pamwero mukuru basa "Industrial nematambudziko muna Modern England. Chinokonzera nezvainoita upenyu hwevanhu" Nokuti 1894, tenzi wacho dhigirii mune zvematongerwo upfumi kubva University of Moscow. Pashure paizvozvo, akadzokera St. Petersburg, akakwanisa kuenda payunivhesiti pambiru wapurofesa. Tugan-Baranowski mubheka kusvikira 1899, apo akanga vaendeswa enyika unreliability.

zvematongerwo enyika

Muna 1895, M. Tugan-Baranowski, pamwe co-munyori P. B. Struve akabatana Free Economic Association. Muna 1896 akava sachigaro wayo uye akanyora rimwe ake kupfuura yakakurumbira nyaya ake "The kukosha hupfumi chinhu munhau." Pasinei nokuti upfumi Tugan-Baranowski akanga Marxist zvakasikwa, musayendisiti kumbova zvekodzero pachivande zvemagariro democratic kufamba, izvo yakabuda senguva panguva iyi mu Russia. Muna 1898 akaona chiedza basa rake mukuru, "Russian fekitari waro kare uye iye zvino." Nokuti naye, akagamuchira doctorate ake pana Moscow State University. Kubva 1901 kusvika 1905 Tugan-Baranowski vaiitawo vachishingaira pachena upenyu Poltava nharaunda. Akatanga kushanda munharaunda zemstvo. Pashure paizvozvo, musayendisiti vakadzokera St. Petersburg. Pano Akashanda ari mudzidzisi uye purofesa nemari mumadhipatimendi ose yakatarwa pakati polytechnic uye ezvokutengeserana masangano, uyewo private yunivhesiti Shanyavsky muMoscow.

Neokantianism uye zvematongerwo enyika

Zvishoma nezvishoma, kufarira pamutemo Marxism muna Tugan-Baranowski ukadzimwa. Anofarira chiNazi kuti rinowanika munyika dzakawanda mabasa ake chepakuvamba XX remakore, yakatsaurirwa kuna pamwe kufamba. Muna 1901 akabudisa "Notes kubva munhoroondo enyika upfumi" mu "nyika upfumi" magazini. basa iri, uyewo yaro rakazotevera, rakashandurirwa mumutauro wokuGermany muna 1915. Muna 1919 makanga basa musayendisiti mumutauro wokuUkraine anonzi yokutanga "Cooperation, pezvawakaita uye chinangwa." Sezvo 1906 akashanda pamwe Mihailom Grushevskim. Naye akanyora enisaikoropidhiya "The Ukrainian vanhu waro kare uye ramangwana." Tugan-Baranowski aiva nhengo Ukrainian Social-Federalist Party uye basa kubva General Secretariat yaNovember 20, 1917 kuratidzira achirwisa kuziviswa Third Universal of Central Batsirai, izvo akataura tinofanira kupa zvikuru kuzvionera kuUkraine.

zvoupfumi maonero

Mabasa ose Tugan-Baranowski inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata akawanda maererano yenyaya inoenderana:

1. On zvinokosha gutsaruzhinji.
2. Maererano kuparadzira pfungwa.
3. Maererano dzidziso shoma utility.
4. Pahwaro pamwe.
5. Maererano dzidziso maindasitiri zvinogara.

Pamusoro nezvigadziko gutsaruzhinji

Tugan-Baranowski akaita rakakura nokudzidza pamwe. Akapfupikisa Russian uye dzimwe ruzivo. Mubhuku rake "The Social nheyo Cooperation", rakabudiswa muna 1916, musayendisiti vaiita pfungwa pamwe kufamba uye rudzi ezvoupfumi zvebhizimisi sezvo pamwe. Akakodzera wokutanga kusikwa mugovanisi Tauriranai, munhu mutsva, uye wechipiri - kubatsira hupfumi kuti zvakanaka mukati capitalist vanamba kurima. Zvisinei, chinangwa chikuru chimiro ichi kambani haasiri purofiti, uye kuwedzera basa mari vanhu vanoshanda pairi, uye yokuderedza kuti mutengi mari. Pane nzira dzakasiyana-siyana cooperatives: vanhuwo zvavo, zviduku-Bourgeois uye proletarian. The dzakananga mhando zvavakanga vachida kuita zvinoenderana zvinangwa mukirasi, iyo pave izvozvo. For Tugan-Baranowski pamwe - zvakaoma pamusoro capitalism, asi kwete zvombo uye kwezvinovharidzira, asi achishandisa murunyararo.

kuparadzirwa pfungwa

Dzidziso Tugan-Baranowski inosanganisira yoga chikamu kururama kugoverana evanhu chigadzirwa. The musayendisiti akataura dambudziko aripo nokuparadzirwa mashandiro, apo vanatenzi ezvinhu vari asiri kushanda makirasi. Mubayiro mushandi anowana zvakanyanyisa duku chikamu evanhu chigadzirwa. Zviri kumusoro proletariat seboka kunoenderana pakuvaka gutsaruzhinji, nekuti chete anogona kusunungura upfumi kubva capitalists uye vairemekedzwa. Recent vanogamuchira unearned mari, saka, Irwai navo.

Dzidziso shoma utility

Tugan-Baranovsky haana kubvumirana pfungwa basa ukoshi Marx. The shoma utility nokuti - ichi ndicho chikonzero kukosha zvoupfumi zvinhu. Hazvifaniri wokumubatsira mutengo webasa, asi chinhu chinodiwa mukwanisi. Maererano Tugan-Baranowski, chinonetsa ndechokuti dzidziso shoma utility vanowanzotadza kuzvinzwisisa. Dzidziso Ricardo kwakaita pfungwa pachinangwa zvinhu zvinokosheswa, uye Menger - Nyaya. Saka, havana vakandishora zvakasikwa. Kusiyana neizvi, basa dzidziso kukosha Ricardo uye Marx mukwanisi pfungwa shoma utility, vari kutaurwa Menger. Zvose zvinoenderana vakakwana. The musayendisiti kwakaratidza kuti shoma utility kuti vakasununguka reproducible zvinhu anogara Proportional wavo basa ukoshi. nzvimbo iyi kazhinji nezvavo savakuru theorem no kuti Tugan-Baranowski. Lenin haana kuudza ichi maonero kuUkraine Economist. Tugan-Baranovsky aidavira kuti gutsaruzhinji iri kugadzirira ezvinhu - vanoshandiswa nzira varanda uye mukuru urombo kwevanhu. Scientist vakarwira rinokosha mukirasi pakati sezvo kubatana pakati vashandi uye intelligentsia. Zvisinei, muna Soviet Union nedzidzo yake vaiva nematambudziko makuru. Nokufamba kwenguva, kunyange Lenin anoziva kuti ivakwe gutsaruzhinji - ndiwo ramangwana.

Pfungwa okuwana zvinogara

maonero Economic pamusoro Tugan-Baranowski vakanga yakafara zvakakwana. Chinonyanya ano ndiyo dzidziso yake inivhesitimendi zvinogara. Tugan-Baranowski akanga marapirwo maindasitiri nematambudziko muEngland. chikonzero wavo akaona mu disproportionate guta yavaive, iyo kunosimbiswa dzisina bhengi kupfuma. In basa rake "Industrial nematambudziko mu Modern England", akasimbisa kuti capitalist zvoupfumi pachayo anogona kusika pamusika, saka hakuna painogumira nokuda kwayo kubudirira uye kukura. Zvisinei, Tugan-Baranowski akapikisa kuti vakasununguka makwikwi anogona kudzivisa kuwedzera kugadzirwa. Mhaka nematambudziko akasarangarira kwete chete pasi-kuparadzwa, asiwo matambudziko ari chikwereti uye mari kufamba kweropa. Sehwaro kwayo mari kutenderera dzidziso musayendisiti akatora pfungwa Marx kuti maindasitiri nokufamba chokuita kudiwa nguva nenguva yokuti wakaiswa guru. Saka, maererano Tugan-Baranowski, kuti maindasitiri chokutambudzika kutenderera rinotsanangurwa mitemo inivhesitimendi. Nokufamba kuitika nokuda kwokushayiwa parallelism munzvimbo dzakasiyana nzvimbo upfumi panguva unokwira, mumwe mismatch pakati oupfumi uye mari, disproportion mu mitengo kuti mutengi uye guta nhumbi. Tugan-amutsvaka uye basa mubereko for upfumi. Akati kuti zvibereko zvayo chiratidzo chokuti nyika ine guru zvishoma, uye yokupedzisira ndiyo kukonzera dambudziko, maererano musayendisiti.

Tugan-Baranowski: mabasa

1. "The maindasitiri dambudziko muBritain ano, zvinangwa zvavo uye kubatsira hwevanhu" (1894).
2. "The Russian Factory kare uye chipo" (1898).
3. "Dzidziso shoma utility" (1890).
4. "Proudhon, upenyu hwake uye basa" (1891).
5. "Essays pamusoro History Political Economy" (1901).
6. A nhamba mabasa muna German.
7. "Yokunyora nokudhirowa kubva munhoroondo ichangobva enyika zvoupfumi uye gutsaruzhinji" (1903).
8. "Yokungotaura nheyo Marxism" (1905).
9. "Socialism sedzidziso positive" (1918).

Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky - kunoshamisa Economist pakutanga XX remakore. A kanoda pokumuka zvoupfumi sechinhu sainzi anotora dzidziso yake maindasitiri zvinogara, iyo yakava akatangira pfungwa pamwe inivhesitimendi. The musayendisiti akaona mhaka dambudziko harisi chete overproduction, asi Kusakwana ezvinhu mari uye zvikwereti kufamba kweropa. Haasi chete mumiririri wepamutemo Marxism, asi mumwe yakakurumbira nezvoupfumi wekupedzisira remakore. Ane basa, uyo vanozviitira dzidziso kukosha, zvemagariro mari kuparadzirwa pfungwa, kukura zvinokosha management. Nhaka Mikhail Ivanovich anopfuurira kuti afuridzire masayendisiti ano uye mhedziso Tugan-Baranowski asisina kushanda kwavo nhasi.