Ndiani akavaka mapiramidhi? Zvakavanzika Marudzi Ekare

Anenge chero mumiriri wevanhu vemazuva ano kamwe chete muupenyu hwake aishamisika pamusoro pekuti ndiani kana ane rubatsiro rwakakura rwezvivako zvekare zvekare zvakagadzirwa, zvipi zvishandiso, zvishandiso uye nzira dzinoshandiswa panguva yekuvakwa kwamadzitateguru edu uye kana pane mhinduro kumapapiro emipiramidi yekare?

Kutanga, tinokurudzira kutanga kuti tizive mamwe mazano, nguva munhoroondo, uyewo nemaonero evanhu vakasiyana-siyana.

Chii chinonzi piramidi?

Kubva pakugadzira nzvimbo yekuona, piramidi iyo yakagadzirwa ne polyhedron, kazhinji ine zviso zvina zvitatu. Vanhu vekare vorudzi urwu rwemapuranga vakashanda semakuva (mausoleums), temberi kana zvigadziriswa zvidhori.

Nhoroondo yemapiramidhi inotanga kumativi mazana matatu emireniyamu BC. Aya ndiwo mafananidzo anovhiringidza vanyori venhau dzakawanda. Zvakaoma kutenda kuti vanhu vakagadzira zvishandiso panguva iyoyo, kana zvizvarwa zvevamwe vavo vachiri kubatanidzwa mukuvhima uye kuunganidza, izvo zvinoratidzirwa nehutano hwekutanga.

Masayendisiti emazuva ano anosiyanisa pfungwa dzinoverengeka dzinokosha dzekutungidzirwa kwemapiramidi ekare.

Ijipiti

Haisi chakavanzika chokuti "nyika yemipiramidi" ndiro zita rechipiri reEgypt. Chirevo chakadaro chakafanirwa zvakakodzera. Yaiva pano iyo piramidhi yekutanga yekutanga munyika yakavakwa. Iko iri panzvimbo yepaGiza, panharaunda yeguva rekare.

Kusvikira ikozvino, mamwe chete emipiramidi yeAkare yeEgipita yakapona. Aya ndiwo mapiramidi e Cheops, Mykerin naKhafre. Maererano nevasayendisiti, vasati vasvika zvakawanda.

Iyo piramidi ye Cheops inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo inonyanya kukosha, nokuti ndiyo piramidi yakakwirira. Yakarongeka, inoonekwa seimwe yezvishamiso zvenyika. Iyo yakakwirira mamita makumi mana, iyo inofananidzwa nekukwirira kwemaimba gumi gumi nenyaya. Mativi ezvigadziko, uyewo, ane urefu hwemaita mamita makumi maviri. Nharaunda yeimba iyi makiromita makumi mashanu.

Kukura kwepiramidi ye Cheops munguva yake yakakundwa neNapoleon guru. Maererano nekutaura kwake, dombo rakagadzirwa nemapiramidhi eEgypt yaizokwanisa kukomberedza France zvakakwana nemadziro-mita-yakakwirira rusvingo.

Iyo piramidi yeKhafre yakavakwa seguva kumwanakomana weKeops. Kukura kwaro kune zvishoma kudarika pane yapfuura.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kuumbwa kwemajeri aya, kusiyana nemamwe mapiramidi, kunosanganisira guru rakakurumbira Sphinx. Maererano neimwe yezvinyorwa, sphinx inotarisa inotungamirirwa kuGomo Kailas, mumvura yakadzika iyo, maererano netsika dzekare, ruzivo rwakavanzika rwakarodzwa.

Piramidi yeMikerin inoonekwa sediki uye "mudukuse". Kureba kwayo ndiko mamita makumi matanhatu, uye urefu hwemativi acho hwakaenzana nehurefu hwebhokisi yebhokisi. Pano pane mazano asati piramidi yakakura zvishoma, sezvo chivakwa chepakutanga chakanga chakafukidzwa nehomwe yegranite, iyo inogona kunge yakarasika semugumisiro waMameluke kuparadza. Mukuvaka piramidhi iyi yekare yeEgipita, Farao Menkura akarayira kushandiswa kwematombo ematombo, akawanda kukunda mapiramidi eKephren neKeops. Akabvumirawo vashandi kuti vashandise dombo racho kwete. Ichokwadi ndechekuti Farao aida kupedza guva asati afa uye munzira dzose akaedza kukurumidzira kuvaka. Zvisinei, kusvikira pakuguma kwake, Menkur aisagona kurarama.

Mesopotamiya

Zvingaita sokuti kubva kuMesopotamiya kuenda kuEgypt haisi kure kwazvo, mamiriro ezvinhu ekugadzira uye zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvakafanana, saka, haafanisi kusiyana nemaitiro avo ekugadzira. Asi ikoko kwaiva.

Mipiramidhi yeMesopotamiya ndiyo zvivakwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvechitendero - ziggurats (yakashandurwa kubva kuBhabhironi "pamusoro pegomo"). Simba ravo rekunze rakafanana nemipiramidhi yeEgipita, asi kusiyana navo, mazinga echigurati akanga akabatanidzwa nenzira yezvikwiriso, uye pamucheto wegadziro, uyewo, mazamu anokosha (zvinyoronyoro zvishoma) aitungamirirwa kutemberi.

Chimwe chiitiko chechimiro chezvipupuriro ndechevhu rakaputsika remadziro, rakagadzirwa nerubatsiro rwekushongedza.

Muchiitiko chekuti kuvapo kwemahwindo ekuzarura kwaidiwa muchimiro, zvaiwanzogadzirirwa pamucheto wepamusoro pamadziro. Vakanga vari tsanga rakamanikana.

Zvinoshamisa kuti vanhu veMesopotamiya havana kushandisa ziggurats sezvivako zvemufaro nekuda kwekuti havana kuona kuwirirana pakati pekuchengetedzwa kwemuviri wevakafa uye nekuwana kusafa kune imwe nyika, sezvakaita vaEgipita vekare.

Sudan

Pane imwe nguva madzimambo eSudan akadzosa tsika yekare yeEgipita inobatanidza nekushandiswa kwemipiramidi senzvimbo dzevigwa dzevatongi venyika.

Kakawanda, tsika dzeEkare yeEgipita neSudan dzakanga dzakabatana. Nokudaro, zvivakwa zvakave nezvakafanana.

MuSudan Yekare, paiva nemhando dzakatevera dzemipiramidhi: zvivakwa zvekare (maererano neshoko remuzinda weEgypt) uye mastabas, sechimiro chepiramidhi yakaiswa pasi. Kusiyana neEgypt, zvivako zveSudan zvine chiteshi chakakwirira.

Mapiramidhi anozivikanwa zvikuru ndiwo matongo ekuchera matongo eguta reMeroe. Muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechitanhatu BC, guta guru rakatamiswa pano, iro rakazove chiitiko chechitendero uye chechitendero chehurumende.

Mazuva ano masayendisiti muMeroe ave akaverengwa mazana maviri emipiramidi, yakachengetedzwa kusvikira nhasi. Muna 2011, nzvimbo idzi dzekuchera matongo dzakaziviswa zviri pamutemo seWorld Heritage Site.

Nigeria

Pano, maererano netsika, mapiramidi akaiswa mukukudza kwaMwari. Vanhu vekare vaifunga kuti ndezvezvivako izvo zvamunokwanisa kutaurira huMwari. Vakatenda kuti pamusoro pemipiramidi ndiyo inogara.

Kuzarurirwa kwemasimba kwezvivako zvechitendero izvi kwakaitika mumakore makumi matatu emakore ekupedzisira. Zvadaro, nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo Jones yakakurumbira akatora mifananidzo yakawanda yemipiramidhi yezvinyorwa zvake (kunyange zvakadaro yakabudiswa makore masere makumi mapfumbamwe gare gare).

Mukuona kwake, zvivako zveNigeria zvakavakwa kare kare kupfuura mapiramidhi eEgypt Ancient, uyewo kuti hupfumi hwemunharaunda hwakakura kudarika dzimwe dzakawanda. Zvinosuruvarisa, mapiramidhi akapararira kusvikira nhasi nhasi mune imwe nzvimbo yakaoma.

Mexico

Kubvira kare kare nyika iyi yakagarwa navanhu, avo vanyori vezvakaitika kare vemazuva ano vanotaura nezvepfuma yakawanda uye netsika yemararamiro - maAztec.

Kunyange zvazvo ruzha rwekubudirira rwakadzokera kumashure ezana remakore rechi14 nezana remakore rechi16, mapiramidi echiAztec akavakwa nguva refu zvisati zvaitika. Semuenzaniso, piramidi yakakurumbira yeSain, iyo inowirirana nechetatu munyika muhukuru uye mamita manomwe chete pasi peguva re Cheops, maererano nevanyori vezvakaitika kare, yakagadzirirwa kunenge kusvika 150 BC.

Mipiramidhi yeTeotihuacan, zvakare, inoonekwa sechinhu chakakosha chekuona hupenyu husingaperi huripo.

Kwemazana manomwe emakore, mapiramidhi eAztec akanga ari nyenyeri inotungamirira, iyo mazhenje ayo akadanwa kuti vose vane nyota yekuravira kurota kwakanaka. Zvinotendwa kuti guta reTeotihuacan raifungidzirwa nepfungwa yekurongeka uye nguva dzose. Zvisinei, rudo nekubatana hazvina kudzivirira kubuda kweropa revanhu kubva pamakumbo echisimba uye nehuipi. Aktec imwe neimwe inopesana yakaurayiwa uye isina kuvanzika uye yakabayirwa kuna vamwari.

Mipiramidhi, apo zvibayiro izvi zvakaitwa, zvakange zvakafanana nezvishamiso zveMesopotamiya: dzaivewo "dzakatama" maitiro, uye pakange panewo rampamende (ndiyo ndiyo chete inotungamirira kumusoro kwepamusoro wegadziriro).

Zvinosuruvarisa, kwete mapiramidi ose eAztec angapona uye mazuva edu. Vazhinji vavo vakaparadzwa panguva yekupinda kwenharaunda yeMexico neveEuropean colonizers, iyo yakaitika muzana remakore rechi16.

China

Zvechokwadi, vamwe vaverengi, vachiona iyi mutsara, vakashamiswa zvikuru. Mushure mezvose, maPiramidi echiChinese haatomborevi kana kunyorwa.

Pakazara, pane anenge zana masayendisiti akadaro. Vakaita semakuva ekuviga kwevatongi vezvinyorwa zvekuChinese zvakakurumbira. Chimiro chepiramidhi chaiva nechimiro chetatu (kufanana neSudan scale). Pamusana pezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemahombekombe, dzimwe dzimba huru dzave dzakasvibira makomo.

Zvose zvinonakidza ndiyo mhuka yemapiramidi. Ichokwadi ndechokuti mumabhuku akanyorwa, ayo akadzokera kumashure ezana remakore rechishanu BC, zvivako zvave zvanzi "yekare". Ko mapiramidi akaonekwa kare kare kupfuura nguva yekunyora rugwaro? Tinofanira kubvuma kuti vanhu havakwanisi kudzidza nezvazvo. Kuongororwa kwakawanda kwezvivakwa, sezvakaitwa muEgypt, zvinenge zvisingakwanisi: kuchera munzvimbo dzavanowanikwa kunowanzorambidzwa nehurumende.

North America

Muzana remakore rechi1, apo hondo dzisingagumi dzakaitwa muEurope, kune rumwe rutivi rwehemisphere, mu Mississippi Valley, kubudirira kwevaIndia kwakabudirira murugare. Vakakurumidza kuvaka dzimba dzavo, vakavandudza hupfumi.

Uyewo, maIndia ekare aive netsika yekuvakira matanho chaiwo, nzvimbo inenge inenge gumi nemaviri yebhora masango. Ikoko vakaita zvose zvinenge zvese: kupemberera mazororo, maitiro ezvitendero, mitambo yemitambo, nezvimwewo. Kazhinji kacho kuvhara kwakashumira vanhu uye sevigwa remakuva (nzvimbo dzekuviga). Chimwe chezvakanyanya kukwirira ndeyeChokia - boka re 109 kuvanzwa mound. Yakazoziviswawo kuti World Heritage Site.

Ndiani akavakira ivo?

Vanhu vave vachivhiringidza pamusoro peiyi nyaya kwemakore mazhinji. Hazvigoneki kuti ani zvake achakwanisa kuwana chokwadi chokuti kuvakwa kwepiramidhi panzvimbo yakamboitwa nevanhu vekare, kunyange nhasi inzvimbo yakaoma kunzwisisa, ichifunga nzira dzemazuva ano uye technologies. Ko, sei muenzaniso, vaIjipita vakatakura matombo akareba mamita 7-10 kusvika kumusoro kweimba ine gumi, uye ivo vakakwanisa sei kugadzirisa zvakakwana ivo (dzimwe nguva kunyange sara haigoni kuvhara pakati pezvibvumirano zvisina kuiswa)?

Pari zvino, pane mazano akawanda uye mafungiro ayo anonyanya kufungidzirwa.

I. Kuvapo kwehurumende yakabudirira zvikuru

Munhu wose akajairika kufunga kuti munhu nhasi unhu hwakanyatsogadziridzwa uye hunovhenekerwa, uyo unhu hwemadzimai pachahwo humwe nguva huri pasi, uye makumi ezviuru zvemakore apfuura vanhu vakange vari vapenyu vanoita kuti vagutse zvido zvavo zvepakutanga. Zvisinei, vashomanana vanhu vakafunga kuti kamwechete pane pasi redu kwaive kune humwe hupenyu hwakadaro, hune hupamhi hwehuchenjeri uye teknolojia. Zvichida vaiziva zvakawanda zvezvatiri kuwanazve nhasi?

Maererano neimwe shanduro, inobudirira ingangodaro iAtlanteans, avo vanovaka mapiramidhi pachavo vachishandisa teknolojia dzisingawaniki kune dzimwe dzidzo, kana kuti vakabatsirwa kuita izvi.

Maererano nezvimwe, vanhu vekare vakakwanisa kuwana nekukurumidza kugadzirisa kushandisa teknolojia yekare, asi yakanyangarika hupfumi hwakabudirira.

Imwe shanduro inotaura kuti vanhu vekare (ivo vaIjipitachetevo) ivo pachavo vakanga vari pamatunhu akakwirira ekufambira mberi, zvose mupfungwa uye nehupfumi.

Zvose izvi zvinogona kuramba chokwadi bedzi - mumanyoro ekare haatauri kushamwaridzana nezvose zvakasimudzika.

II. Alien Intervention

Iyi nyanzvi yemakabva mapiramidi ndiyo yakawanda uye inokurukurwa. Maererano naye, vamiririri vehupfumi huri kunze kwenyika vakabatsira kuvaka vanhu vemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvivakwa.

Chokutanga, ngationei kuti sei kamwe kamwe vatorwa kubva kunze (kana vakatovapo) vabatsire vasina kusimbiswa panguva iyoyo vanhu vanovaka mapiramidi enyika?

Maererano neimwe shanduro, zvivako zvakashumira vamiririri vezvekugara kunze kwenyika sechinhu chine simba, chero bedzi chisinganzwisisiki kuvanhu, kana sevatauriri vekukurukurirana pakati pemapuraneti (chimiro chechimiro chepiramidi sechivakwa chekuvaka chakazara chinonziwo pano).

Pane imwe dzidziso. Icho ndechekuti vanhu vekare, vachisangana nevatorwa, vanogona kuvatora ivo vamwari.

Vatorwa, nemichina yavo uye "ngoro dzinotyisa," vaiva nemikana yakawandisa yemikana kupfuura vanhu uye vanoshandiswa, vachitaura kune vamiririri vevanhu vakabudirira zvikuru pakubatsira munyaya dzakadai sekuvaka mapiramidi.

Vakawanda vefologist vanofarira mubvunzo wekuti ndiani akavaka mapiramidi anofarira hukama pakati pehutano hwemipiramidi uye mapeji ematenga ane nyeredzi. Mune maonero avo, kuwirirana uku kuri pachena, nokuti, somuenzaniso, chinzvimbo chakakurumbira cheGiza muEgypt, chatakagara tichitaura nezvemazuva ano, chinofananidzwa neredzi nhatu dzakakurumbira dziri mune boka renyeredzi Orion. Zvichida nheyo yemuenzaniso uyu ndeyekuti boka renyeredzi iri raiva rekufananidzira kune vaIjipita: rinomiririra mwari Osiris - mumwe wemifananidzo inokosha zvikuru yekare yeEgipita.

Asi mumwe mubvunzo unomuka pakarepo: sei vaIjipita vakazodza mazita evanamwari pamwechete nenyeredzi? Mukufunga kwevanyori vayo, ingangodaro yaive yakabatana pakati pe "ivo vamwari" chaivo uye vanogara.

Sechimwe uchapupu hwekuvapo kwevatorwa pasi pano, unogona kuuya nemifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana, iyo inoratidzira mhedziso dzisinganzwisisiki, uye dzimwe nguva zvisikwa zvinonzi humanoid. Izvi zvisikwa zvinoratidzwa muhupenyu hwechokwadi here kana kuti zvinongova mabasa emufananidzo ane fuma yakawanda?

Zvakakosha kutaura nezvemavara ekare eEgypt, ayo anoreva imwe hondo yeMwari ane simba. Chii kana kuti vanhu vaigona kudana kuti vamwari, chii chaiva hondo iyi, kana yaivapo chaiye kana kuti inongova nhoroondo dzengano? Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi dzave dzichivigwa pasina huripo.

III. Skeptical theory

Maererano naye, vanhu vekare vakakwanisa kuvaka piramidhi yenyika pachavo. Maererano nevasayendisiti vanotora pfungwa iyi, vanhu vanogona kunge vakagadzirisa zvakakwana pakuvakwa kwezvivako zvakadai: kufunga kwechitendero, chido chekushanda kuwana mari yekuvapo, chido chekumira kunze kwechimiro chekuvakwa kwakasiyana.

Munyori wenhau dzakare kare Herodotus ndiye wekutanga wechiGiriki, uyo mumabasa ake akakwanisa kutsanangura zvakadzama mapiramidhi anozivikanwa eGiza. Mukufunga kwake, nokuda kwekuvakwa kwemhando yakadaro yekuvakira kwenguva pfupi (kana iwe uchitenda zvitsanangudzo, nguva yekuvakwa kwepiramidi imwe yaive, semutemo, makore 15-20), zvaive zvakakosha kusanganisira anenge zana nemazana nemaoko.

Izvi hazvirevi basa risina kubhadharwa revaranda nevasungwa, avo vakafa zviuru zvezvivako zvekuvaka zvezvirwere, nzara nenyota, basa risingaregererwi, kutsamwa kwevanatenzi. Kusiyana navo, matombo ematombo, vagadziri vemaiti, vavaki vakagamuchira mari yekuvaka mapiramidhi ekare.

Kuvaka mapiramidhi, varimi vanogonawo kushandiswa. Izvi zvinogona kuva nemhando yemhando yebasa rebasa, kureva kuti, vanhu vakadaro vakadanwa kushanda mushure meimwe nguva yenguva (zvichida, kamwechete pagore kana maviri kwemavhiki mashoma). Nokudaro, vaIjipita vaiva nemukana wekugadzirisa zviri nyore vashandi.

Hazvisi zvachose kuti pakati pevashandi vanobatanidzwa mukuvakwa kwemapiramidhi, rudzi rwe "makwikwi" rwakaitwa, avo vakakunda vanogona kutsanangurwa nehuwandu hwebasa rakaitwa pamwe chete muboka uye zvisingatauriki, nehuhu hwavo, nezvimwe. Avo vanogona kumira pakati pevamwe vakagamuchira Various kukurudzira.

Sezvo hwokuti Herodotus 'dzidziso kunogona kukonzera akawanda vashandi kuvigwa uye ezvivako yakawanikwa nevanochera matongo, uyewo ramps pedyo konekwa piramidhi, iyo zvichida achikwira ibwe zvinogumbura. Nokuti zvakafanana makuva zvinogona kuonekwa, uye zvakaoma sei raiva basa rokuvaka zvivako kushanda nguva. mhedziso iyi inogona kuitwa nokuongorora zvisaririra vekare vanhu: vakawanda kungoda aporeswa mitswe akawanikwa pamapfupa avo.

Uyezve, zvakamisa hurongwa mudziyo, izvo kungangova zvikabva yazvino vakawanikwa pakati kondo. Kunenge kuti pakuvaka mapiramidhi nokukurumidza uye nyore chete nokushandisa mashandiro ichi. Zvinogoneka kuti pane dzimwe mano mazhinji.

Vatsoropodzi vane zvimwe maonero pakuvaka unyanzvi pakati mapiramidhi.

Kutanga muitiro achikurukura wokutanga chokutambudzika zvinomera mhando iyi - zvaAtemisi Dzokuvaka. Zvinonzi nesayenzi nekusimba kuti vaya akavaka mapiramidhi, sezvo dzinokosha zvakashandiswa "nyoro" reraimu, uyewo yakasimba girenayiti, quartzite uye basalt. Zvisinei, pfungwa dziri sei akatanga kuvaka anoverengeka vakaparadzana.

Maererano neimwe shanduro, iyo chinogumbura dzokubudisa akanga kuitwa chaiyo akadzika, izvo riri pedyo nenzvimbo yacho chepiramidhi kuvakwa. Zvakaipira dzidziso iri kuti kushandiswa yamabwe izvi zvaizoita chete omesa kuvaka kwacho, uye yokufambisa zviyero zvaizoita kuti muitiro seisingashandi.

Imwe pfungwa inoti: misa castings anobudiswa pamusoro-nzvimbo kubva reraimu kongiri. Vateveri varo vanodavira kuti vaya akavaka mapiramidhi, vakakwanisa kuita kongiri mixes dzakasiyana hardwood. Zvisinei, pane vavengi dzidziso pakuvaka zvivako yekare. Vanoti nemaonero avo, kureva chokwadi kuti mune dzimwe nzvimbo, apo mapiramidhi dzakavakwa vazhinji, anongoti vasina mari kuti pave bhainda kongiri mhinduro.

Achitaura pamusoro hypotheses kutamira zvinogumbura, zvinokosha kutaura pano kuti maonero ari nyanzvi 'zvakapatsanurwa.

Rakajairika panyaya iyi ndiyo shanduro pamufananidzo dzakabatana. Sezvo umbowo dzidziso iyi, mumwe vaitungamirira vezvakaitika kare venyika murals vekare muEgipita, apo varume vanenge zana nemakumi mashanu wakaratidza kudhonza kuti shongwe Dzhehutihotepa II. Muchiitiko chino, vashandi kushandisa nechireyi-itsvedzerere. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti skids dzavo, vanotaurwa muna seinäkartta, akadurura mvura, izvo kazhinji kunge yakashandiswa kuderedza kukweshera uye kuti aivabatsira muitiro. pfungwa iyi anekodzero kuramba chokwadi chokuti zvichiitika chaizvo nguva unoparadza uye kashoma vaya akavaka mapiramidhi, vaizokwanisa kuzviita nokukurumidza.

Imwe dzidziso iri kukurukurwa - kushandiswa yekare vanhu vakasiyana siyana zvigadziriswe. Yakakurumbira tsvagai mano vanonzi "kuti mbereko" mashandiro, mativi vhiri technology (kushandiswa dzinokosha Lanes), womukati murwere, uye zvichingodaro. On. Asi, maonero akawanda, ruzivo izvi havana kuwanikwa asi panguva.

Achiratidza

Pachishandiswa zvataurwa, zvinganzi vakagumisa kuti mubvunzo ndiani akavaka mapiramidhi uye chii chinangwa chavo chikuru akaramba akakodzera nguva dzose. Ungangove, kuti vanhu vachange kumboziva. Nokufamba kwenguva, vose achienda yokukanganwa: manyoro, Pamifananidzo, mifananidzo. Uye zvenhoroondo dzekare izvi mazuva ano uye kuti shoma.

Pachena ndechokuti zvakavanzika mapiramidhi haana kusiya murume hanya.